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Grundmann NS, Heydari N, Jäggi SI, Blacque O, Alberto R. Optimizing Photocatalytic H 2 Production by Introduction of Pyrazinyls to WRCs and a New tris-Rhenium Photosensitizer. Chemistry 2024:e202401595. [PMID: 38818937 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The replacement of pyridyl by pyrazinyl in ligands of polypyridyl-based cobalt water reducing catalysts (WRC) shifts reduction potentials anodically. Together with a new, trinuclear ReI photosensitizer, these WRCs show strongly improved photocatalytic performances in turnover numbers (TONs) and maximal H2 evolution rate. Depending on the catalyst structure, up to 65 kTONs at 1 μM WRC concentration were reached. Under electrocatalytic conditions in both DMF and H2O, one of the reported WRCs displays remarkable stability, producing H2 steadily over 21 and 14 d, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora S Grundmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Neda Heydari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Sarah I Jäggi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
| | - Roger Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Switzerland
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Sugiyama K, Watanabe K, Komatsu S, Yoshida K, Ono T, Fujimura T, Kashiwagi Y, Sato K. Electropolymerization of Azure A and pH Sensing Using Poly(azure A)-modified Electrodes. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:893-896. [PMID: 33132234 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A modified electrode was developed by immobilizing poly(azure A) (pAA) onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode via the electropolymerization of azure A (AA). The pAA immobilized on the electrode exhibited redox response during cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The redox reaction obeyed the Nernst equation because of the involvement of H+ ions. In addition, the peak potential was shifted according to the solution pH. The shifts of the oxidation peak potential could be more easily observed using DPV than when using CV, indicating that the developed electrode could be useful as a pH sensor. This pH measurement method can be successfully applied in the pH range of 1 to 10 and can be successfully repeated more than 50 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Sugiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Sachiko Komatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Tetsuya Ono
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University
| | - Tsutomu Fujimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Katsuhiko Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University.,Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tsuruoka College
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Monteiro MCO, Jacobse L, Touzalin T, Koper MTM. Mediator-Free SECM for Probing the Diffusion Layer pH with Functionalized Gold Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2237-2243. [PMID: 31874560 PMCID: PMC6977089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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Probing
pH gradients during electrochemical reactions is important
to better understand reaction mechanisms and to separate the influence
of pH and pH gradients from intrinsic electrolyte effects. Here, we
develop a pH sensor to measure pH changes in the diffusion layer during
hydrogen evolution. The probe was synthesized by functionalizing a
gold ultramicroelectrode with a self-assembled monolayer of 4-nitrothiophenol
(4-NTP) and further converting it to form a hydroxylaminothiophenol
(4-HATP)/4-nitrosothiophenol (4-NSTP) redox couple. The pH sensing
is realized by recording the tip cyclic voltammetry and monitoring
the Nernstian shift of the midpeak potential. We employ a capacitive
approach technique in our home-built Scanning Electrochemical Microscope
(SECM) setup in which an AC potential is applied to the sample and
the capacitive current generated at the tip is recorded as a function
of distance. This method allows for an approach of the tip to the
electrode that is electrolyte-free and consequently also mediator-free.
Hydrogen evolution on gold in a neutral electrolyte was studied as
a model system. The pH was measured with the probe at a constant distance
from the electrode (ca. 75 μm), while the electrode potential
was varied in time. In the nonbuffered electrolyte used (0.1 M Li2SO4), even at relatively low current densities,
a pH difference of three units is measured between the location of
the probe and the bulk electrolyte. The time scale of the diffusion
layer transient is captured, due to the high time resolution that
can be achieved with this probe. The sensor has high sensitivity,
measuring differences of more than 8 pH units with a resolution better
than 0.1 pH unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C O Monteiro
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Leon Jacobse
- DESY NanoLab , Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron DESY , Notkestrasse 85 , D-22607 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Touzalin
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA , Leiden , The Netherlands
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Maerten C, Jierry L, Schaaf P, Boulmedais F. Review of Electrochemically Triggered Macromolecular Film Buildup Processes and Their Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:28117-28138. [PMID: 28762716 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular coatings play an important role in many technological areas, ranging from the car industry to biosensors. Among the different coating technologies, electrochemically triggered processes are extremely powerful because they allow in particular spatial confinement of the film buildup up to the micrometer scale on microelectrodes. Here, we review the latest advances in the field of electrochemically triggered macromolecular film buildup processes performed in aqueous solutions. All these processes will be discussed and related to their several applications such as corrosion prevention, biosensors, antimicrobial coatings, drug-release, barrier properties and cell encapsulation. Special emphasis will be put on applications in the rapidly growing field of biosensors. Using polymers or proteins, the electrochemical buildup of the films can result from a local change of macromolecules solubility, self-assembly of polyelectrolytes through electrostatic/ionic interactions or covalent cross-linking between different macromolecules. The assembly process can be in one step or performed step-by-step based on an electrical trigger affecting directly the interacting macromolecules or generating ionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Maerten
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Jierry
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- INSERM, Unité 1121 "Biomaterials and Bioengineering" , 11 rue Humann, F-67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), and Fédération des Matériaux et Nanoscience d'Alsace (FMNA), Université de Strasbourg , 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study , 5 allée du Général Rouvillois, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fouzia Boulmedais
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR 22 , 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg Cedex, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study , 5 allée du Général Rouvillois, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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Pinyou P, Ruff A, Pöller S, Alsaoub S, Leimkühler S, Wollenberger U, Schuhmann W. Wiring of the aldehyde oxidoreductase PaoABC to electrode surfaces via entrapment in low potential phenothiazine-modified redox polymers. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 109:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Pinyou P, Ruff A, Pöller S, Ma S, Ludwig R, Schuhmann W. Design of an Os Complex-Modified Hydrogel with Optimized Redox Potential for Biosensors and Biofuel Cells. Chemistry 2016; 22:5319-26. [PMID: 26929043 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multistep synthesis and electrochemical characterization of an Os complex-modified redox hydrogel exhibiting a redox potential ≈+30 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl 3 M KCl) is demonstrated. The careful selection of bipyridine-based ligands bearing N,N-dimethylamino moieties and an amino-linker for the covalent attachment to the polymer backbone ensures the formation of a stable redox polymer with an envisaged redox potential close to 0 V. Most importantly, the formation of an octahedral N6-coordination sphere around the Os central atoms provides improved stability concomitantly with the low formal potential, a low reorganization energy during the Os(3+/2+) redox conversion and a negligible impact on oxygen reduction. By wiring a variety of enzymes such as pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and the FAD-dependent dehydrogenase domain of cellobiose dehydrogenase, low-potential glucose biosensors could be obtained with negligible co-oxidation of common interfering compounds such as uric acid or ascorbic acid. In combination with a bilirubin oxidase-based biocathode, enzymatic biofuel cells with open-circuit voltages of up to 0.54 V were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanut Pinyou
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha Pöller
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Su Ma
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/1/56, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11/1/56, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry, Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Electrochemical response of vertically-aligned, ferrocene-functionalized mesoporous silica films: effect of the supporting electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Pinyou P, Pöller S, Chen X, Schuhmann W. Optimization of Os-Complex Modified Redox Polymers for Improving Biocatalysis of PQQ-sGDH Based Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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