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Adnan A, Behjati S, Félez-Guerrero N, Ojha K, Koper MTM. Tracking the surface structure and the influence of cations and anions on the double-layer region of a Au(111) electrode. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:21419-21428. [PMID: 39086202 PMCID: PMC11323936 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
We examined the electric double-layer (EDL) of a Au(111) electrode in a dilute perchloric acid solution using a combination of capacitance measurements and in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy under electrochemical conditions (ECSTM). The "camel-shaped" capacitance curve of the EDL is studied with different cations and anions, including their impact on the potential of zero charge (PZC). We show that the ECSTM images of thermally reconstructed and of the potential-induced surface reconstruction of Au(111) in perchloric acid electrolyte resemble previous work in sulphuric acid, displaying a herringbone pattern for a thermally reconstructed surface. Once the reconstruction is lifted, the Au(111) forms islands with an average of 1 atomic step height. When the potential is lowered below that of the PZC, the potential-induced surface reconstruction results in a more disoriented pattern than the thermally reconstructed surface. ECSTM images at different potentials are correlated with the voltammogram to understand the time and potential dependence of the surface. This correlation has led to the development of a potential window technique that can be used to reveal the surface structure of Au(111) based on observing the changes in PZC in the voltammogram. This method provides an indirect approach to understanding the surface structure without always relying on ECSTM. From the voltammogram, we also observed that anions (SO42-, CH3SO3-, ClO4-, F-) interact more strongly with the Au(111) surface than the alkali cations. The cation capacitance peak shape does not depend strongly on the identity of the alkali metal cation (Li+, Na+, K+). However, the anion capacitance peak depends strongly on the anion identity. It suggests that some level of specific adsorption cannot be excluded, even for anions that are traditionally not considered to adsorb specifically (perchlorate, fluoride).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariba Adnan
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - Saeid Behjati
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - Núria Félez-Guerrero
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
- Chemistry Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasinath Ojha
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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Pang B, Iqbal D, Sarfraz A, Biedermann PU, Erbe A. Differences in perchlorate adsorption to azobenzene monolayers on gold formed from thioacetate and thiol precursors. Z PHYS CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2021-3143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Modification of metal surfaces with complex molecules opens interesting opportunities to build additional functionality into these surfaces. In this work, self assembled monolayers (SAMs) based on the same photoswitchable azobenzene motif but with different head groups have been synthesized and their SAMs on Au(111)/Si substrates have been characterized. 3-[(4-phenylazo)phenoxy]propyl thiol (PAPT) and its acetyl group protected analog, 3-[(4-phenylazo)phenoxy]propyl thioacetate (PAPA), have been synthesized. SAMs from PAPT and PAPA have been characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The SAM-forming units of both SAMs are the same, as confirmed by IR and XPS, and the SAMs have similar surface coverage, as evidenced by analysis of the reductive desorption peaks in CVs. The tilt angle of the azobenzene moiety was ca. 75° with respect to the surface normal as determined by IR spectroscopy, i.e., the molecules are lying quite flat on the gold surface. Despite similar surface coverages, the CVs for PAPT in aqueous perchlorate solution show a typical perchlorate adsorption peak to gold, whereas the corresponding experiments with PAPA show no perchlorate adsorption at all. In conclusion, SAM formation can lead to an increase in the number of electrochemically accessible surface sites on the final, SAM covered surface. Whether the amount of such sites increases or decreases, depends on the precursor. The precursor most likely affects the adsorption mechanism and thus the atomic surface structure of the metal at the metal/SAM interface. Thus, details of the SAM formation mechanism, which is affected by the precursor used, can have quite strong effects on the electrochemical properties, and likely also electrocatalytic properties, of the resulting modified surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Pang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Danish Iqbal
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Adnan Sarfraz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - P. Ulrich Biedermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH , Max-Planck-Str., 1, 40237 Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Andreas Erbe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
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Li J, Li LY, Jia P, Okulov IV. Electrochemical Behavior of Nanoporous Gold/Polypyrrole Supercapacitor under Deformation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132149. [PMID: 35807984 PMCID: PMC9267961 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high demand of wearable electronics, flexible supercapacitors have been extensively developed in recent years. Yet, the effect of deformation in the interior electrode material suffered in practical applications on the performance received less attention. Here, we study the electrochemical behavior of macroscopic nanoporous gold/polypyrrole (NPG/PPy) in situ under compression deformation. Dealloying-driven NPG, a network constructed by bi-continuous nano-scaled ligaments and pores, can serve as a compression-tolerant substrate for PPy supercapacitor material. The electrochemical capacitance of NPG/PPy subjected to compression deformation is revealed to decrease at the scan rates and discharge current densities applied in this work. At the same time, the charge transfer resistance of NPG/PPy is found to increase. This electrochemical behavior is due to the locally reduced mass transport of electrolyte caused by the formation of new connections between the neighboring ligaments under the application of compression loads. The fundamental understanding of the effect of deformation on the performance of energy storage materials revealed in this study paves the way for their practical application in wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Materials Mechanics, Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence: or (J.L.); (I.V.O.)
| | - Liang-Yu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Peng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China;
| | - Ilya V. Okulov
- Leibniz Institute for Materials Engineering-IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Correspondence: or (J.L.); (I.V.O.)
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Verma AM, Laverdure L, Melander MM, Honkala K. Mechanistic Origins of the pH Dependency in Au-Catalyzed Glycerol Electro-oxidation: Insight from First-Principles Calculations. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand M. Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Laura Laverdure
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko M. Melander
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Karoliina Honkala
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Strobl JR, Scherson D. The adsorption of perchlorate, sulfate, selenate and water on Au(111)-textured electrodes from aqueous solutions: Simultaneous voltammetric, optical and microgravimetric studies. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tu K, Morhart TA, Read ST, Rosendahl SM, Burgess IJ. Probing Heterogeneity in Attenuated Total Reflection Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) Response with Synchrotron Infrared Microspectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:1198-1206. [PMID: 33709793 PMCID: PMC8446892 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211005817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of metal island films electrodeposited on conductive metal oxide modified internal reflection elements is shown to provide a variable attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) response. A self-assembled monolayer of a ferrocene-terminated thiol monolayer (FcC11SH) was formed on the gold islands covering a single substrate, which was measured using both a conventional spectrometer and a custom-built horizontal microscope. Cyclic voltammetry and ATR-SEIRAS results reveal that the FcC11SH-modified substrate undergoes a reversible electron transfer and an associated re-orientation of both the ferrocene/ferrocenium headgroup and the hydrocarbon backbone. The magnitude of the absorption signal arising from the redox changes in the monolayer, as well as the IR signature arising from the ingress/egress of the perchlorate counterions, is shown to depend significantly on the size of the infrared beam spot when using a conventional Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. By performing equivalent measurements on a horizontal microscope, the primary cause of the differences in the signal level is found to be the heterogeneity in the density of gold islands on the conductive metal oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyang Tu
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon,
Canada
| | - Tyler A. Morhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon,
Canada
| | | | | | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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7
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Electrochemical and surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy studies of TEMPO self-assembled monolayers. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Some Questionable Approaches in Interfacial Electrochemistry—The Charged State of Adsorbed Species and Their Involvement in Redox Processes. ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem1020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of a survey on the relevant literature it can be stated that some views and approaches concerning the charged state of adsorbed species and the charge transfer processes occurring with them are far from being unambiguous even in some respect they contradict fundamental physical and physicochemical principles. The meaning of the electrosorption valency, the misleading formulation of the Gibbs adsorption equation, and the interpretation of redox processes occurring with adsorbed species, is discussed in detail. It has been concluded that although the electrosorption valency of an adsorbed species as usually defined is an extra-thermodynamic and self-contradictory concept, experimental determined formal partial charge numbers can be a useful tool for scientists investigating adsorption phenomena, since the observed deviation between its value and the charge number of the same species in the solution phase unequivocally indicates a non-simple mechanism of the adsorption process, which should be taken into account in theoretical interpretation of the experimental data. It has been emphasized that the evaluation of voltammetric curves obtained in the presence of adsorbed redox partners requires a cautious analysis of the accompanying chemical transformations. In the framework of a critical analysis it is demonstrated that probably one of the most important sources of the misinterpretations and misunderstandings is the inadequate approach to the concept of electrode charge. The possibility of a general and straightforward presentation of the Gibbs adsorption equation has also been discussed.
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Morhart TA, Unni B, Lardner MJ, Burgess IJ. Electrochemical ATR-SEIRAS Using Low-Cost, Micromachined Si Wafers. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11818-11824. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A. Morhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Bipinlal Unni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Michael J. Lardner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Gómez-Marín AM, Boronat A, Feliu JM. Electrocatalytic oxidation and reduction of H2O2 on Au single crystals. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193517090063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Tivony R, Klein J. Modifying surface forces through control of surface potentials. Faraday Discuss 2017; 199:261-277. [PMID: 28436529 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combining direct surface force measurements with in situ regulation of surface potential provides an exceptional opportunity for investigating and manipulating interfacial phenomena. Recently, we studied the interaction between gold and mica surfaces in water with no added salt, while controlling the metal potential, and found that the surface charge at the metal may vary, and possibly even change its sign, as it progressively approaches the (constant-charge) mica surface [Langmuir, 2015, 31(47), 12845-12849]. Such a variation was found to directly affect the nature of the contact and adhesion between them due to exclusion of all mobile counterions from the intersurface gap. In this work, we extend this to examine the potential-dependent response of the adhesion and interaction between gold and mica to externally applied voltages and in electrolyte solution. Using a surface force balance (SFB) combined with a three-electrode electrochemical cell, we measured the normal interaction between gold and mica under surface potential regulation, revealing three interaction regimes - pure attraction, non-monotonic interaction from electrostatic repulsion to attraction (owing to charge inversion) and pure repulsion. Accordingly, the adhesion energy between the surfaces was found to vary both in no added salt water and, more strongly, in electrolyte solution. We justify this potential-dependent variation of adhesion energy in terms of the interplay between electrostatic energy and van der Waals (vdW) interaction at contact, and attribute the difference between the two cases to the weaker vdW interaction in electrolyte solution. Finally, we showed that through abruptly altering the gold surface potential from negative to positive and vice versa, the adhesion between gold and mica can be reversibly switched on and off. We surmise that the process of bringing the surface into contact is associated with the formation of a strong electric field O (108 V m-1) in the intersurface gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tivony
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Jacob Klein
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Laurinavichyute VK, Nizamov S, Mirsky VM. The Role of Anion Adsorption in the Effect of Electrode Potential on Surface Plasmon Resonance Response. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1552-1560. [PMID: 28294502 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance, being widely used in bioanalytics and biotechnology, is influenced by the electrical potential of the resonant gold layer. To evaluate the mechanism of this effect, we have studied it in solutions of various inorganic electrolytes. The magnitude of the effect decreases according to the series: KBr>KCl>KF>NaClO4 . The data were treated by using different models of the interface. A quantitative description was obtained for the model, which takes into account the local dielectric function of gold being affected by the free electron charge, diffuse ionic layer near the gold/water interface, and specific adsorption of halides to the gold surface with partial charge transfer. Taking into account that most biological experiments are performed in chloride-containing solutions, detailed analysis of the model at these conditions was performed. The results indicate that the chloride adsorption is the main mechanism for the influence of potential on the surface plasmon resonance. The dependencies of surface concentration and residual charge of chloride on the applied potential were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shavkat Nizamov
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir M Mirsky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, 01968, Senftenberg, Germany
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Quirk A, Unni B, Burgess IJ. Surface Enhanced Infrared Studies of 4-Methoxypyridine Adsorption on Gold Film Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2184-2191. [PMID: 26862774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work uses electrochemical surface sensitive vibrational spectroscopy to characterize the adsorption of a known metal nanoparticle stabilizer and growth director, 4-methoxypyridine (MOP). Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) is employed to study the adsorption of 4-methoxypyridine on gold films. Experiments are performed under electrochemical control and in different electrolyte acidities to identify both the extent of protonation of the adsorbed species as well as its orientation with respect to the electrode surface. No evidence of adsorbed conjugated acid is found even when the electrolyte pH is considerably lower than the pKa. Through an analysis of the transition dipole moments, determined from DFT calculations, the SEIRA spectra support an adsorption configuration through the ring nitrogen which is particularly dominant in neutral pH conditions. Adsorption is dependent on both the electrical state of the Au film electrode as well as the presence of ions in the electrolyte that compete for adsorption sites at positive potentials. Combined differential capacitance measurements and spectroscopic data demonstrate that both a horizontal adsorption geometry and a vertical adsorption phase can be induced, with the former being found on negatively charged surfaces in acidic media and the latter over a wide range of polarizations in neutral solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Quirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Bipinlal Unni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Ian J Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
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Beykal B, Herzberg M, Oren Y, Mauter MS. Influence of surface charge on the rate, extent, and structure of adsorbed Bovine Serum Albumin to gold electrodes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 460:321-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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