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Bezinge L, Shih CJ, Richards DA, deMello AJ. Electrochemical Paper-Based Microfluidics: Harnessing Capillary Flow for Advanced Diagnostics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401148. [PMID: 38801400 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical paper-based microfluidics has attracted much attention due to the promise of transforming point-of-care diagnostics by facilitating quantitative analysis with low-cost and portable analyzers. Such devices harness capillary flow to transport samples and reagents, enabling bioassays to be executed passively. Despite exciting demonstrations of capillary-driven electrochemical tests, conventional methods for fabricating electrodes on paper impede capillary flow, limit fluidic pathways, and constrain accessible device architectures. This account reviews recent developments in paper-based electroanalytical devices and offers perspective by revisiting key milestones in lateral flow tests and paper-based microfluidics engineering. The study highlights the benefits associated with electrochemical sensing and discusses how the detection modality can be leveraged to unlock novel functionalities. Particular focus is given to electrofluidic platforms that embed electrodes into paper for enhanced biosensing applications. Together, these innovations pave the way for diagnostic technologies that offer portability, quantitative analysis, and seamless integration with digital healthcare, all without compromising the simplicity of commercially available rapid diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léonard Bezinge
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Chih-Jen Shih
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Holman JB, Shi Z, Fadahunsi AA, Li C, Ding W. Advances on microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108093. [PMID: 36603801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of the first electrochemical devices on paper substrates, many different reports of microfluidic paper-based electroanalytical devices (μPEDs), innovative hydrophobic barriers and electrode fabrication processes have allowed the incorporation of diverse materials, resulting in different applications and a boost in performance. These advancements have led to the creation of paper-based devices with comparable performance to many standard conventional devices, with the added benefits of pumpless fluidic transport, component separation and reagent storage that can be exploited to automate and handle sample preprocessing. Herein, we review μPEDs, summarize the characteristics and functionalities of μPEDs, such as separation, fluid flow control and storage, and outline the conventional and emerging fabrication and modification approaches for μPEDs. We also examine the recent application of μPEDs in biomedicine, the environment, and food and water safety, as well as some limitations and challenges that must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Benjamin Holman
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhengdi Shi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Adeola A Fadahunsi
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Chengpan Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Weiping Ding
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
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3
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Sun Y, Jiang Q, Chen F, Cao Y. Paper‐based electrochemical sensor. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Forensic Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Qiao‐Yan Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Forensic Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing Jiangsu P. R. China
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4
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Effect of sintering technology on the stability of solution-filled external pressure balanced reference electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Mazurkiewicz W, Podrażka M, Jarosińska E, Kappalakandy Valapil K, Wiloch M, Jönsson‐Niedziółka M, Witkowska Nery E. Paper‐Based Electrochemical Sensors and How to Make Them (Work). ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Mazurkiewicz
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Marta Podrażka
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jarosińska
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Wiloch
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Emilia Witkowska Nery
- Institute of Physical ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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Chunin N, Phooplub K, Kaewpet M, Wattanasin P, Kanatharana P, Thavarungkul P, Thammakhet-Buranachai C. A novel 3D-printed solid phase microextraction device equipped with silver-polyaniline coated pencil lead for the extraction of phthalate esters in cosmeceutical products. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1091:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Electroanalytical cells pencil drawn on PVC supports and their use for the detection in flexible microfluidic devices. Talanta 2019; 199:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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de Oliveira TR, Fonseca WT, de Oliveira Setti G, Faria RC. Fast and flexible strategy to produce electrochemical paper-based analytical devices using a craft cutter printer to create wax barrier and screen-printed electrodes. Talanta 2018; 195:480-489. [PMID: 30625573 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple, low-cost, and highly flexible rapid prototyping method to construct electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) for multiplexed analyte determinations. The ePAD was composed of two electrochemical cell (EC) compartments, separated by hydrophobic barriers of wax, and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) deposited directly over the surface of the filter paper. The ePAD was entirely constructed using an inexpensive craft cutter printer with no needed of a wax printer. The rapid prototyping method involves two steps: the deposition of the SPEs and the creation of the wax barriers. In this case, the SPEs were screen-printed on filter paper by using adhesive tape as mask by cutting the electrodes pattern with the cutter printer. Following, the wax barriers were created using stamps made of filter paper also cut with the printer and impregnated with wax. In the ePAD, each ECs containing an array of 4-working electrodes, allowing up to 4 replicates in a single measurement. Both ECs shared one counter and one reference electrodes, permitting the simultaneous multianalysis. The ePAD was successfully applied to simultaneous detection of paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF), and ascorbic acid (AA) in drugs. PAR and CAF were detected in a sample using one EC and AA was detected, in a different sample, on the other EC, both with no chemical modifications in the working electrodes. Limits of detection of 0.04 mmol L-1 for PAR, 0.22 mmol L-1 for CAF, and 0.40 mmol L-1 for AA were obtained. The construction process proposed provide an easy way to implement screen-printing electrodes and wax barriers in filter paper to create electrochemical devices for fast and simultaneous multianalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tássia Regina de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Wilson Tiago Fonseca
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Grazielle de Oliveira Setti
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Ronaldo Censi Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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10
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de Oliveira RAG, Nicoliche CYN, Pasqualeti AM, Shimizu FM, Ribeiro IR, Melendez ME, Carvalho AL, Gobbi AL, Faria RC, Lima RS. Low-Cost and Rapid-Production Microfluidic Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors for Fast and Sensitive Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12377-12384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. G. de Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Caroline Y. N. Nicoliche
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Anielli M. Pasqualeti
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Flavio M. Shimizu
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Iris R. Ribeiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Matias E. Melendez
- Centro de Pesquisa em Oncologia Molecular, Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brasil
| | - André L. Carvalho
- Centro de Pesquisa em Oncologia Molecular, Hospital de Câncer de Barretos, Barretos, São Paulo 14784-400, Brasil
| | - Angelo L. Gobbi
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
| | - Ronaldo C. Faria
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brasil
| | - Renato S. Lima
- Laboratório Nacional de Nanotecnologia, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brasil
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11
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Chen TH, Yeh YC, Liao YC. Healable and Foldable Carbon Nanotube/Wax Conductive Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24217-24223. [PMID: 29931978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a composite material with healable and foldable features is formulated to print conductive patterns on rough surfaces, such as paper, cloth, and three-dimensional (3D) printed objects. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are mixed with wax to formulate a solid composite for pen writing. The composite has a low percolation threshold of 2.5 wt % CNTs and can be written on various rough substrates, such as paper and cloth, to create conductive patterns for electronic conductors. Because of the strong infrared (IR) absorption of CNTs, the printed patterns can be selectively sintered by noncontact IR radiation efficiently to show great electrical conductivity. The electrical resistance of the written patterns on paper also show an insignificant increase after bending, folding, and crumpling. Furthermore, the conductive composite exhibits great healability after destructive damages. The conductivity of the damaged patterns after severe folding or knife cutting recovers to its original value with thermal or IR heating. Several examples, such as conductive tracks on paper, cloth, or 3D printed objects, are also demonstrated to show the potential of this healable conductive composite for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tso-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center of Green Materials Science & Technology, Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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12
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Dias AA, Cardoso TMG, Chagas CLS, Oliveira VXG, Munoz RAA, Henry CS, Santana MHP, Paixão TRLC, Coltro WKT. Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper-based Analytical Devices. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson A. Dias
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | - Thiago M. G. Cardoso
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | - Cyro L. S. Chagas
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo A. A. Munoz
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Uberlândia, MG 38408-100 Brazil
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO 80523 United States of America
| | - Mário H. P. Santana
- Unidade Técnico-Científica -; Superintendência Regional da Polícia Federal em MG; Uberlândia, MG 38408-6630 Brazil
| | - Thiago R. L. C. Paixão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química; Universidade de São Paulo; 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia, GO 74690-900 Brazil
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13
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Trouillon R, Gijs MAM. Paper-Based Polymer Electrodes for Bioanalysis and Electrochemistry of Neurotransmitters. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1164-1172. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Trouillon
- Laboratory of Microsystems 2; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Martin A. M. Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems 2; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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15
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Li Z, Li F, Xing Y, Liu Z, You M, Li Y, Wen T, Qu Z, Ling Li X, Xu F. Pen-on-paper strategy for point-of-care testing: Rapid prototyping of fully written microfluidic biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 98:478-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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16
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Natiele Tiago da Silva E, Marques Petroni J, Gabriel Lucca B, Souza Ferreira V. Pencil graphite leads as simple amperometric sensors for microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2733-2740. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais; Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; São Mateus Brazil
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul; Campo Grande Brazil
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Nantaphol S, Channon RB, Kondo T, Siangproh W, Chailapakul O, Henry CS. Boron Doped Diamond Paste Electrodes for Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4100-4107. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Nantaphol
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Robert B. Channon
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit
23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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David IG, Popa DE, Buleandra M. Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2017; 2017:1905968. [PMID: 28255500 PMCID: PMC5307002 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1905968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Gabriela David
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana-Elena Popa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Buleandra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, Panduri Av. 90–92, District 5, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
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Dossi N, Toniolo R, Impellizzieri F, Tubaro F, Bontempelli G, Terzi F, Piccin E. A paper-based platform with a pencil-drawn dual amperometric detector for the rapid quantification of ortho-diphenols in extravirgin olive oil. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 950:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pencil It in: Exploring the Feasibility of Hand-Drawn Pencil Electrochemical Sensors and Their Direct Comparison to Screen-Printed Electrodes. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6030045. [PMID: 27589815 PMCID: PMC5039664 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We explore the fabrication, physicochemical characterisation (SEM, Raman, EDX and XPS) and electrochemical application of hand-drawn pencil electrodes (PDEs) upon an ultra-flexible polyester substrate; investigating the number of draws (used for their fabrication), the pencil grade utilised (HB to 9B) and the electrochemical properties of an array of batches (i.e, pencil boxes). Electrochemical characterisation of the PDEs, using different batches of HB grade pencils, is undertaken using several inner- and outer-sphere redox probes and is critically compared to screen-printed electrodes (SPEs). Proof-of-concept is demonstrated for the electrochemical sensing of dopamine and acetaminophen using PDEs, which are found to exhibit competitive limits of detection (3σ) upon comparison to SPEs. Nonetheless, it is important to note that a clear lack of reproducibility was demonstrated when utilising these PDEs fabricated using the HB pencils from different batches. We also explore the suitability and feasibility of a pencil-drawn reference electrode compared to screen-printed alternatives, to see if one can draw the entire sensing platform. This article reports a critical assessment of these PDEs against that of its screen-printed competitors, questioning the overall feasibility of PDEs' implementation as a sensing platform.
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Jiang X, Fan ZH. Fabrication and Operation of Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:203-222. [PMID: 27070184 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the fabrication techniques and operational components of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs). Being low-cost, user-friendly, fast, and simple, μPADs have seen explosive growth in the literature in the last decade. Many different materials and technologies have been employed to fabricate μPADs for various applications, including those that employ patterning, the creation of physical boundaries, and three-dimensional structures. In addition to fabrication techniques, flow control and other operational components in μPADs are of great interest. These components enable μPADs to control flow rates, direct flow paths via valves, sequentially deliver reagents automatically, and display test results, all of which will make μPADs more suitable for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Jiang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Carbon Nanotube Paper-Based Electroanalytical Devices. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7040072. [PMID: 30407444 PMCID: PMC6189827 DOI: 10.3390/mi7040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on carbon nanotube paper-based electroanalytical devices. A highly aligned-carbon nanotube (HA-CNT) array, grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD), was processed to form bi-layered paper with an integrated cellulose-based Origami-chip as the electroanalytical device. We used an inverse-ordered fabrication method from a thick carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet to a thin CNT sheet. A 200-layered HA-CNT sheet and a 100-layered HA-CNT sheet are explored as a working electrode. The device was fabricated using the following methods: (1) cellulose-based paper was patterned using a wax printer, (2) electrical connection was made using a silver ink-based circuit printer, and (3) three electrodes were stacked on a 2D Origami cell. Electrochemical behavior was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). We believe that this platform could attract a great deal of interest for use in various chemical and biomedical applications.
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Gabardo CM, Soleymani L. Deposition, patterning, and utility of conductive materials for the rapid prototyping of chemical and bioanalytical devices. Analyst 2016; 141:3511-25. [PMID: 27001624 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping is a critical step in the product development cycle of miniaturized chemical and bioanalytical devices, often categorized as lab-on-a-chip devices, biosensors, and micro-total analysis systems. While high throughput manufacturing methods are often preferred for large-volume production, rapid prototyping is necessary for demonstrating and predicting the performance of a device and performing field testing and validation before translating a product from research and development to large volume production. Choosing a specific rapid prototyping method involves considering device design requirements in terms of minimum feature sizes, mechanical stability, thermal and chemical resistance, and optical and electrical properties. A rapid prototyping method is then selected by making engineering trade-off decisions between the suitability of the method in meeting the design specifications and manufacturing metrics such as speed, cost, precision, and potential for scale up. In this review article, we review four categories of rapid prototyping methods that are applicable to developing miniaturized bioanalytical devices, single step, mask and deposit, mask and etch, and mask-free assembly, and we will focus on the trade-offs that need to be made when selecting a particular rapid prototyping method. The focus of the review article will be on the development of systems having a specific arrangement of conductive or semiconductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gabardo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Canada
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25
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Zhao C, Liu X. A portable paper-based microfluidic platform for multiplexed electrochemical detection of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibodies in serum. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024119. [PMID: 27158287 PMCID: PMC4833732 DOI: 10.1063/1.4945311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a portable paper-based microfluidic platform for multiplexed electrochemical detection of antibody markers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in serum samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first paper-based electrochemical immunosensing platform, with multiplexing and telemedicine capabilities, for diagnosing HIV/HCV co-infection. The platform consists of an electrochemical microfluidic paper-based immunosensor array (E-μPIA) and a handheld multi-channel potentiostat, and is capable of performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays simultaneously on eight samples within 20 min (using a prepared E-μPIA). The multiplexing feature of the platform allows it to produce multiple measurement data for HIV and HCV markers from a single run, and its wireless communication module can transmit the results to a remote site for telemedicine. The unique integration of paper-based microfluidics and mobile instrumentation renders our platform portable, low-cost, user-friendly, and high-throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
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26
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Foster CW, Brownson DAC, Ruas de Souza AP, Bernalte E, Iniesta J, Bertotti M, Banks CE. Pencil it in: pencil drawn electrochemical sensing platforms. Analyst 2016; 141:4055-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00402d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by recent reports concerning the utilisation of hand drawn pencil macroelectrodes (PDEs), we report the fabrication, characterisation (physicochemical and electrochemical) and implementation (electrochemical sensing) of various PDEs drawn upon a flexible polyester substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Foster
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
- UK
| | - Dale A. C. Brownson
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
- UK
| | | | - Elena Bernalte
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
- UK
- Departamento de Química Analítica e IACYS
| | - Jesus Iniesta
- Physical Chemistry Department and Institute of Electrochemistry
- University of Alicante
- 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig
- Spain
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Instituto de Química – Universidade de São Paulo
- São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and Engineering
- Manchester Metropolitan University
- Manchester M15 GD
- UK
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27
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Duy PK, Sohn JR, Chung H. A mechanical pencil lead-supported carbon nanotube/Au nanodendrite structure as an electrochemical sensor for As(iii) detection. Analyst 2016; 141:5879-5885. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00803h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A mechanical pencil lead (MPL), an easily obtainable carbon-based material with a consistent size, was used as a frame to construct an MPL-supported carbon nanotube/Au nanodendrite (MPL-CNT/AuND) sensor through simple electrodeposition of Au onto the MPL in the presence of CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pham Khac Duy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Materials Design
- College of Natural Sciences
- Hanyang University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Jong-Ryeul Sohn
- BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction
- Department of Public Health Sciences
- Graduate School
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
| | - Hoeil Chung
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Materials Design
- College of Natural Sciences
- Hanyang University
- Seoul
- Korea
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Pan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - M. Jamal Deen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada, L8S 4K1
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L7
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Dossi N, Terzi F, Piccin E, Toniolo R, Bontempelli G. Rapid Prototyping of Sensors and Conductive Elements by Day-to-Day Writing Tools and Emerging Manufacturing Technologies. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ryan P, Zabetakis D, Stenger DA, Trammell SA. Integrating Paper Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection for the Trace Analysis of TNT in Soil. SENSORS 2015; 15:17048-56. [PMID: 26184223 PMCID: PMC4541921 DOI: 10.3390/s150717048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development of an electrochemical probe for the trace analysis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in soil samples. The probe is a combination of graphite electrodes, filter paper, with ethylene glycol and choline chloride as the solvent/electrolyte. Square wave chromatovoltammograms show the probes have a sensitivity for TNT of 0.75 nA/ng and a limit of detection of 100 ng. In addition, by taking advantage of the inherent paper chromatography step, TNT can be separated in both time and cathodic peak potential from 4-amino-dinitrotolene co-spotted on the probe or in soil samples with the presence of methyl parathion as a possible interferent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ryan
- Science and Engineering Apprenticeship Program, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Daniel Zabetakis
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - David A Stenger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Scott A Trammell
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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Chagas CLS, Costa Duarte L, Lobo-Júnior EO, Piccin E, Dossi N, Coltro WKT. Hand drawing of pencil electrodes on paper platforms for contactless conductivity detection of inorganic cations in human tear samples using electrophoresis chips. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1837-44. [PMID: 25929980 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the fabrication of pencil drawn electrodes (PDE) on paper platforms for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C(4) D) on electrophoresis microchips. PDE-C(4) D devices were attached on PMMA electrophoresis chips and used for detection of K(+) and Na(+) in human tear samples. PDE-C(4) D devices were produced on office paper and chromatographic paper platforms and their performance were thoroughly investigated using a model mixture containing K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) . In comparison with chromatographic paper, PDE-C(4) D fabricated on office paper has exhibited better performance due to its higher electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the detector response was similar to that recorded with electrodes prepared with copper adhesive tape. The fabrication of PDE-C(4) D on office paper has offered great advantages including extremely low cost (< $ 0.004 per unit), reduced fabrication time (< 5 min), and minimal instrumentation (pencil and paper). The proposed electrodes demonstrated excellent analytical performance with good reproducibility. For an inter-PDE comparison (n = 7), the RSD values for migration time, peak area, and separation efficiency were lower than 2.5, 10.5, and 14%, respectively. The LOD's achieved for K(+) , Na(+) , and Li(+) were 4.9, 6.8, and 9.0 μM, respectively. The clinical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated with the quantitative analysis of K(+) and Na(+) in tear samples. The concentration levels found for K(+) and Na(+) were, respectively, 20.8 ± 0.1 mM and 101.2 ± 0.1 mM for sample #1, and 20.4 ± 0.1 mM and 111.4 ± 0.1 mM for sample #2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Evandro Piccin
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica (INCTBio), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Dossi N, Toniolo R, Terzi F, Piccin E, Bontempelli G. Simple pencil-drawn paper-based devices for one-spot electrochemical detection of electroactive species in oil samples. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1830-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Dossi
- Department of Food Science; University of Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Rosanna Toniolo
- Department of Food Science; University of Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Fabio Terzi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Science; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena Italy
| | - Evandro Piccin
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte Brazil
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Bandodkar AJ, Jia W, Ramírez J, Wang J. Biocompatible enzymatic roller pens for direct writing of biocatalytic materials: "do-it-yourself" electrochemical biosensors. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1215-24. [PMID: 25721554 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of enzymatic-ink-based roller pens for direct drawing of biocatalytic sensors, in general, and for realizing renewable glucose sensor strips, in particular, is described. The resulting enzymatic-ink pen allows facile fabrication of high-quality inexpensive electrochemical biosensors of any design by the user on a wide variety of surfaces having complex textures with minimal user training. Unlike prefabricated sensors, this approach empowers the end user with the ability of "on-demand" and "on-site" designing and fabricating of biocatalytic sensors to suit their specific requirement. The resulting devices are thus referred to as "do-it-yourself" sensors. The bio-active pens produce highly reproducible biocatalytic traces with minimal edge roughness. The composition of the new enzymatic inks has been optimized for ensuring good biocatalytic activity, electrical conductivity, biocompati-bility, reproducible writing, and surface adherence. The resulting inks are characterized using spectroscopic, viscometric, electrochemical, thermal and microscopic techniques. Applicability to renewable blood glucose testing, epidermal glucose monitoring, and on-leaf phenol detection are demonstrated in connection to glucose oxidase and tyrosinase-based carbon inks. The "do-it-yourself" renewable glucose sensor strips offer a "fresh," reproducible, low-cost biocatalytic sensor surface for each blood test. The ability to directly draw biocatalytic conducting traces even on unconventional surfaces opens up new avenues in various sensing applications in low-resource settings and holds great promise for diverse healthcare, environmental, and defense domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amay J. Bandodkar
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Wenzhao Jia
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Julian Ramírez
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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35
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Adkins J, Boehle K, Henry C. Electrochemical paper-based microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1811-24. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Adkins
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Katherine Boehle
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Charles Henry
- Department of Chemistry; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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36
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Li Z, Li F, Hu J, Wee WH, Han YL, Pingguan-Murphy B, Lu TJ, Xu F. Direct writing electrodes using a ball pen for paper-based point-of-care testing. Analyst 2015; 140:5526-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00620a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A simple strategy to fabricate paper-based electrochemical devices has been developed by directly writing using a pressure-assisted ball pen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zedong Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Jie Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P.R. China
| | - Wei Hong Wee
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P.R. China
| | - Yu Long Han
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P.R. China
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC)
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education
- School of Life Science and Technology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P.R. China
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37
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Cate DM, Adkins JA, Mettakoonpitak J, Henry CS. Recent Developments in Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2014; 87:19-41. [PMID: 25375292 DOI: 10.1021/ac503968p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Cate
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaclyn A. Adkins
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jaruwan Mettakoonpitak
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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