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Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Han H, Li A, Xia C. The CO 2 electrolysing mechanism in single-phase mixed-conducting cathode of solid oxide cell. Front Chem 2024; 12:1421125. [PMID: 39100917 PMCID: PMC11294939 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1421125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In the field of solid oxide cells (SOC), unveiling the electrochemical reaction and transfer mechanisms in mixed ionic and electronic conducting (MIEC) electrodes is of great importance. Due to the chemical capacitance effects of MIEC materials, SOC often shows large capacitance current during electrochemical tests, which might interfere with the polarization behaviors. This work presents a numerical multiphysical model based on the transport of oxygen species, which accurately and concisely replicates the current-voltage curves of a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) with MIEC electrodes under various scanning rates. The scanning IV and electrochemical impedance spectra measurement under different SOEC working conditions are combined to enable the separation of Faradic and charging currents. Thus, both the bulk diffusion and surface gaseous diffusion of the oxygen species are encompassed, which explains how the current being generated due to intertwined chemical capacitance effects and chemical reactions in the MIEC electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidi Zhu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunan Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Energy Materials Center, Anhui Estone Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hairui Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aijun Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changrong Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Energy Materials Center, Anhui Estone Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
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2
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Saha D, Yu HJ, Wang J, Prateek, Chen X, Tang C, Senger C, Pagaduan JN, Katsumata R, Carter KR, Zhou G, Bai P, Wu N, Watkins JJ. Mesoporous Single Atom-Cluster Fe-N/C Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts Synthesized with Bottlebrush Block Copolymer-Templated Rapid Thermal Annealing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:13729-13744. [PMID: 38457643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Current electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are either expensive (such as IrO2, RuO2) or/and exhibit high overpotential as well as sluggish kinetics. This article reports mesoporous earth-abundant iron (Fe)-nitrogen (N) doped carbon electrocatalysts with iron clusters and closely surrounding Fe-N4 active sites. Unique to this work is that the mechanically stable mesoporous carbon-matrix structure (79 nm in pore size) with well-dispersed nitrogen-coordinated Fe single atom-cluster is synthesized via rapid thermal annealing (RTA) within only minutes using a self-assembled bottlebrush block copolymer (BBCP) melamine-formaldehyde resin composite template. The resulting porous structure and domain size can be tuned with the degree of polymerization of the BBCP backbone, which increases the electrochemically active surface area and improves electron transfer and mass transport for an effective OER process. The optimized electrocatalyst shows a required potential of 1.48 V (versus RHE) to obtain the current density of 10 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH aqueous electrolyte and a small Tafel slope of 55 mV/decade at a given overpotential of 250 mV, which is significantly lower than recently reported earth-abundant electrocatalysts. Importantly, the Fe single-atom nitrogen coordination environment facilitates the surface reconstruction into a highly active oxyhydroxide under OER conditions, as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy, while the atomic clusters boost the single atoms reactive sites to prevent demetalation during the OER process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support that the iron nitrogen environment and reconstructed oxyhydroxides are electrocatalytically active sites as the kinetics barrier is largely reduced. This work has opened a new avenue for simple, rapid synthesis of inexpensive, earth-abundant, tailorable, mechanically stable, mesoporous carbon-coordinated single-atom electrocatalysts that can be used for renewable energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Saha
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hsin-Jung Yu
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jiacheng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Prateek
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13850, United States
| | - Chaoyun Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Claire Senger
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - James Nicolas Pagaduan
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kenneth R Carter
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Guangwen Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13850, United States
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nianqiang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - James J Watkins
- Conte Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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3
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Che Z, Yuan Y, Qin J, Li P, Chen Y, Wu Y, Ding M, Zhang F, Cui M, Guo Y, Wang S. Progress of Nonmetallic Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1945. [PMID: 37446461 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
As a key role in hindering the large-scale application of fuel cells, oxygen reduction reaction has always been a hot issue and nodus. Aiming to explore state-of-art electrocatalysts, this paper reviews the latest development of nonmetallic catalysts in oxygen reduction reactions, including single atoms doped with carbon materials such as N, B, P or S and multi-doped carbon materials. Afterward, the remaining challenges and research directions of carbon-based nonmetallic catalysts are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Che
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yanan Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jianxin Qin
- Qingdao Haiwang Paper Co., Ltd., 1218, Haiwang Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao 266431, China
| | - Peixuan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yulei Chen
- Qingdao Haiwang Paper Co., Ltd., 1218, Haiwang Road, Huangdao District, Qingdao 266431, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Min Cui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yingshu Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 3501, Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan 250353, China
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Hao MG, Dun RM, Su YM, Li WM. Highly active Fe-N-doped porous hollow carbon nanospheres as oxygen reduction electrocatalysts in both acidic and alkaline media. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15115-15127. [PMID: 32657297 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02763d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical iron-nitrogen-codoped porous hollow carbon spheres have been synthesized by using melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin spheres as templates, nitrogen sources and pore-forming agents. FeCl3, 1,10-phenanthroline and carbon black were used as iron, nitrogen and carbon sources. The as-obtained porous hollow carbon spheres possess a high specific surface area of 807 m2 g-1, as well as exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in both acidic and alkaline media. In 0.1 M HClO4 solution, the onset potential was 0.857 V (vs. RHE) and the half-wave potential was 0.715 V, which are only 78 and 80 mV less than those of the 20% Pt/C catalyst, respectively. In addition, in 0.1 M KOH solution, the onset potential was 1.017 V and the half-wave potential was 0.871 V for the ORR, which are 22 and 28 mV more positive than those of the Pt/C catalyst, respectively. Meanwhile, the catalyst also exhibited excellent methanol tolerance and long-term durability with a more effective four-electron pathway compared to the 20% Pt/C catalyst in both acidic and alkaline media. When used as an air-cathode catalyst for a Zn-air battery, the maximum power density of a Zn-air battery with the MF-C-Fe-Phen-800 cathode was 235 mW cm-2 at a high current density of 371 mA cm-2, and a high open-circuit potential of 1.654 V, superior to that of Pt/C (199 mW cm-2, 300 mA cm-2, 1.457 V). A series of designed experiments suggested that the remarkable performance was attributed to the high specific area, hollow carbon spheres, unique hierarchical micro-mesoporous structures, high contents of pyridinic-N and graphitic-N. The superiority of the as-prepared catalyst makes it promising for use in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Geng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong-Min Dun
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Miao Su
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Mu Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China.
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5
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Li Dong, Chen X, Ma J, Shao Q, Li A, Yan W, Zhang J. Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchical Porous Hollow Carbon Microspheres for Electrochemical Energy Conversion. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193519110053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Hu Y, Yang R, Chen H, Han S, Wang J, Wang X, Deng X, He CH, He Q, Jiang Z, Gu M. One-Pot Synthesis of a Highly Active 3-Dimensional Fe−N x
−CNTs/rGO Composite Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Ruoou Yang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Hengquan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Shaobo Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Southern University of Science and Technology; No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Junhu Wang
- Mössbauer Effect Data Center Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian; 116023 Liaoning China
| | - Xiaojiang Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Xin Deng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Chao-Hong He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Qinggang He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University Hangzhou; Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201204 China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Southern University of Science and Technology; No. 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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7
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Ma J, Yu Y, Chen C, Xiao D, Li K, Ma J, Liao Y, Zuo X. Using Multifunctional Polymeric Soft Template for Synthesizing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Co-Doped Mesoporous Carbon Frameworks Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Changli Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dejian Xiao
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zuo
- Department of Chemistry; Capital Normal University; 100048 Beijing, P. R. China
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Yu Y, Xiao D, Ma J, Chen C, Li K, Ma J, Liao Y, Zheng L, Zuo X. The self-template synthesis of highly efficient hollow structure Fe/N/C electrocatalysts with Fe-N coordination for the oxygen reduction reaction. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24509-24516. [PMID: 35539203 PMCID: PMC9082314 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of highly efficient catalysts to replace noble metal platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction, on which M/N/C catalysts have shed brilliant light, is greatly significant but challenging. This paper presents a strategy for synthesizing highly efficient and stabilized hollow structure Fe/N/C catalysts with iron and nitrogen doped into the carbon layer by the self-template method. The prepared Fe/N/C catalysts with NaCl protection during pyrolysis are characterized by a unique hollow structure, porous morphology and Fe-N coordination as the active sites, all of which significantly endow the materials with excellent properties towards the ORR, including high electrical conductivity, long-term durability and outstanding capacity for methanol tolerance. We employed X-ray absorption fine structure spectrometry to investigate the chemical state and coordination environment of the central iron atoms of the Fe/N/C catalysts, which also clarified the promoting effect of the NaCl protection for Fe-N coordination during pyrolysis. In particular, the Fe/N/C catalysts exhibit positive half-wave potentials (0.84 V vs. RHE) and Tafel slope comparable to 20% commercial Pt/C, possessing four-electron transfer pathway as well as excellent long-term stability and methanol tolerance in alkaline medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
| | - Dejian Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
| | - Changli Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Xia Zuo
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University Beijing 100048 P. R. China +86-10-68903040 +86-10-68903086
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9
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High performance ORR electrocatalysts prepared via one-step pyrolysis of riboflavin. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(17)62885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Fiber-reinforced three-dimensional graphene aerogels for electrically conductive epoxy composites with enhanced mechanical properties. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-017-1972-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Yang HF, Feng YY, Du LX, Liu ZH, Kong DS. Dealloyed PdAg core Pt monolayer shell electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A core–shell nanostructure with dealloyed PdAg nanoparticles as the core and a Pt monolayer as the shell shows much higher catalytic properties for oxygen reduction reaction as compared with its counterpart with alloyed PdAg as the core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- China
| | - Li-Xia Du
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- China
| | - Zeng-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- China
| | - De-Sheng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Qufu Normal University
- Qufu
- China
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12
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Ozoemena KI. Nanostructured platinum-free electrocatalysts in alkaline direct alcohol fuel cells: catalyst design, principles and applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the fundamental principles that allow for the intelligent design and synthesis of non-precious metal nanostructured electrocatalysts for ADAFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Ikechukwu Ozoemena
- Energy Materials
- Materials Science and Manufacturing
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
- Pretoria 0001
- South Africa
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