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Yano K, Matsuie Y, Sato A, Okada M, Akimoto T, Sugimoto I. Characterization of plasma polymerized acetonitrile film for fluorescence enhancement and its application to aptamer-based sandwich assay. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:5311-5320. [PMID: 39028106 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00795f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Among biosensing systems for sensitive diagnoses fluorescence enhancement techniques have attracted considerable attention. This study constructed a simple multilayered structure comprising a plane metal mirror coated with a plasma-polymerized film (PPF) as an optical interference layer on a glass slide for fluorescence enhancement. Plasma polymerization enables the easy deposition of organic thin films containing functional groups, such as amino groups. This study prepared PPFs using acetonitrile as a monomer, and the influences of washing and the output powers of plasma polymerization on PPF thickness were examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This is because controlling the PPF thickness is vital in fluorescence enhancement. Multilayered glass slides prepared using a silver layer with 84 nm-thick acetonitrile PPFs exhibited 11- and 281-fold fluorescence enhancements compared with those obtained from the substrates with a bare surface and only modified by the silver layer, respectively. Oligonucleotides labeled with a thiol group and cyanine5 were successfully immobilized on the multilayered substrates, and the fluorescence of the acetonitrile PPFs was superior to that of the allylamine and cyclopropylamine PPFs. Furthermore, an aptamer-based sandwich assay targeting thrombin was performed on the multilayered glass slides, resulting in an approximately 5.1-fold fluorescence enhancement compared with that obtained from the substrate with a bare surface. Calibration curves revealed the relationship between fluorescence intensity and thrombin concentration of 10-1000 nM. This study demonstrates that PPFs can function as materials for fluorescence enhancement, immobilization for biomaterials, and aptamer-based sandwich assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Yano
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Yutaro Matsuie
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Sato
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Maiko Okada
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Takuo Akimoto
- Graduate School of Bionics, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan.
| | - Iwao Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Computer Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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Ji C, Wei J, Zhang L, Hou X, Tan J, Yuan Q, Tan W. Aptamer-Protein Interactions: From Regulation to Biomolecular Detection. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12471-12506. [PMID: 37931070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Serving as the basis of cell life, interactions between nucleic acids and proteins play essential roles in fundamental cellular processes. Aptamers are unique single-stranded oligonucleotides generated by in vitro evolution methods, possessing the ability to interact with proteins specifically. Altering the structure of aptamers will largely modulate their interactions with proteins and further affect related cellular behaviors. Recently, with the in-depth research of aptamer-protein interactions, the analytical assays based on their interactions have been widely developed and become a powerful tool for biomolecular detection. There are some insightful reviews on aptamers applied in protein detection, while few systematic discussions are from the perspective of regulating aptamer-protein interactions. Herein, we comprehensively introduce the methods for regulating aptamer-protein interactions and elaborate on the detection techniques for analyzing aptamer-protein interactions. Additionally, this review provides a broad summary of analytical assays based on the regulation of aptamer-protein interactions for detecting biomolecules. Finally, we present our perspectives regarding the opportunities and challenges of analytical assays for biological analysis, aiming to provide guidance for disease mechanism research and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailing Ji
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Junyuan Wei
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xinru Hou
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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Li S, Zhang H, Zhu M, Kuang Z, Li X, Xu F, Miao S, Zhang Z, Lou X, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for Whole Blood Analysis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37262362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood, as one of the most significant biological fluids, provides critical information for health management and disease monitoring. Over the past 10 years, advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and biomarker research have spurred the development of powerful miniaturized diagnostic systems for whole blood testing toward the goal of disease monitoring and treatment. Among the techniques employed for whole-blood diagnostics, electrochemical biosensors, as known to be rapid, sensitive, capable of miniaturization, reagentless and washing free, become a class of emerging technology to achieve the target detection specifically and directly in complex media, e.g., whole blood or even in the living body. Here we are aiming to provide a comprehensive review to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of electrochemical sensors for whole blood analysis. Further, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhujun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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He L, Huang R, Xiao P, Liu Y, Jin L, Liu H, Li S, Deng Y, Chen Z, Li Z, He N. Current signal amplification strategies in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor: A review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Malecka K, Mikuła E, Ferapontova EE. Design Strategies for Electrochemical Aptasensors for Cancer Diagnostic Devices. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030736. [PMID: 33499136 PMCID: PMC7866130 DOI: 10.3390/s21030736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Improved outcomes for many types of cancer achieved during recent years is due, among other factors, to the earlier detection of tumours and the greater availability of screening tests. With this, non-invasive, fast and accurate diagnostic devices for cancer diagnosis strongly improve the quality of healthcare by delivering screening results in the most cost-effective and safe way. Biosensors for cancer diagnostics exploiting aptamers offer several important advantages over traditional antibodies-based assays, such as the in-vitro aptamer production, their inexpensive and easy chemical synthesis and modification, and excellent thermal stability. On the other hand, electrochemical biosensing approaches allow sensitive, accurate and inexpensive way of sensing, due to the rapid detection with lower costs, smaller equipment size and lower power requirements. This review presents an up-to-date assessment of the recent design strategies and analytical performance of the electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors for cancer diagnosis and their future perspectives in cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Malecka
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Str. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Edyta Mikuła
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Str. 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Elena E. Ferapontova
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-87156703
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Lateral Flow Aptasensor for Simultaneous Detection of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and Thrombin. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24040756. [PMID: 30791526 PMCID: PMC6412872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a lateral flow aptasensor (LFA) for the simultaneous detection of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and thrombin. Two pairs of aptamers, which are specific against PDGF-BB and thrombin, respectively, were used to prepare the LFA. Thiolated aptamers were immobilized on a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) surface and biotinylated aptamers were immobilized on the test zones of an LFA nitrocellulose membrane. The assay involved the capture of PDGF-BB and thrombin simultaneously in sandwich-type formats between the capture aptamers on the test zones of LFA and AuNP-labeled detection aptamers. AuNPs were thus captured on the test zones of the LFA and gave red bands to enable the visual detection of target proteins. Quantitative results were obtained by reading the test band intensities with a portable strip reader. By combining the highly specific molecular recognition properties of aptamers with the unique properties of lateral flow assay (low-cost, short assay time and a user-friendly format), the optimized aptasensor was capable of simultaneously detecting 1.0 nM of PDGF-BB and 1.5 nM of thrombin in association with a 10-min assay time. The biosensor was also successfully applied to detect PDGF-BB and thrombin in spiked human serum samples. The LFA shows great promise for the development of aptamer-based lateral flow strip biosensors for point-of-care or for the in-field detection of disease-related protein biomarkers.
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Masud MK, Na J, Younus M, Hossain MSA, Bando Y, Shiddiky MJA, Yamauchi Y. Superparamagnetic nanoarchitectures for disease-specific biomarker detection. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5717-5751. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00174c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, bio-functionalization, and multifunctional activities of superparamagnetic-nanostructures have been extensively reviewed with a particular emphasis on their uses in a range of disease-specific biomarker detection and associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA)
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Physical Sciences
- Shahjalal University of Science & Technology
- Sylhet 3114
- Bangladesh
| | - Md. Shahriar A. Hossain
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering
| | - Yoshio Bando
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
- Institute of Molecular Plus
| | - Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky
- School of Environment and Sciences and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMMC)
- Griffith University
- QLD 4111
- Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitechtonics (MANA)
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Guo C, Su F, Song Y, Hu B, Wang M, He L, Peng D, Zhang Z. Aptamer-Templated Silver Nanoclusters Embedded in Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework for Bifunctional Electrochemical and SPR Aptasensors toward Carcinoembryonic Antigen. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:41188-41199. [PMID: 29112366 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reported a novel biosensor based on the nanocomposite of zirconium metal-organic framework (Zr-MOF, UiO-66) embedded with silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs) using the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-targeted aptamer as template (AgNCs@Apt@UiO-66). The synthesized AgNCs@Apt@UiO-66 nanocomposite not only possesses good biocompatibility, active electrochemical performance, and strong bioaffinity, but also can be dispersed to form two-dimensional nanocomposite with nanoscale thickness. As such, the use of the AgNCs@CEA-aptamer enables AgNC@Apt@UiO-66 with sensitive and selective detection capacity of trace CEA, further concurrently being exploited as scaffold for surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR) and electrochemical biosensors. The results showed that the proposed electrochemical AgNC@Apt@UiO-66-based aptasensor exhibits high sensitivity with a low detection limit (LOD) of 8.88 and 4.93 pg·mL-1 deduced from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry, respectively, within a broad linear range of the CEA concentration (0.01-10 ng·mL-1). Meanwhile, the developed SPR biosensor exhibited a slightly high LOD of 0.3 ng·mL-1 within the CEA concentration of 1.0-250 ng·mL-1. Both the electrochemical and SPR aptasensors displayed high selectivity, good reproducibility, stability, acceptable regenerability, and applicability in real human serum samples. These results proved that the proposed aptamer-targeted Zr-MOF nanocomposite can be utilized in multiple-functionally biosensing, further promoting the potential application of Zr-MOF-related nanomaterials in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpan Guo
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Su
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yingpan Song
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Linghao He
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Donglai Peng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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Zhang Z, Ji H, Song Y, Zhang S, Wang M, Jia C, Tian JY, He L, Zhang X, Liu CS. Fe(III)-based metal-organic framework-derived core-shell nanostructure: Sensitive electrochemical platform for high trace determination of heavy metal ions. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 94:358-364. [PMID: 28319903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A new core-shell nanostructured composite composed of Fe(III)-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MOF) and mesoporous Fe3O4@C nanocapsules (denoted as Fe-MOF@mFe3O4@mC) was synthesized and developed as a platform for determining trace heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. Herein, the mFe3O4@mC nanocapsules were prepared by calcining the hollow Fe3O4@C that was obtained using the SiO2 nanoparticles as the template, followed by composing the Fe-MOF. The Fe-MOF@mFe3O4@mC nanocomposite demonstrated excellent electrochemical activity, water stability and high specific surface area, consequently resulting in the strong biobinding with heavy-metal-ion-targeted aptamer strands. Furthermore, by combining the conformational transition interaction, which is caused by the formation of the G-quadruplex between a single-stranded aptamer and high adsorbed amounts of heavy metal ions, the developed aptasensor exhibited a good linear relationship with the logarithm of heavy metal ion (Pb2+ and As3+) concentration over the broad range from 0.01 to 10.0nM. The detection limits were estimated to be 2.27 and 6.73 pM toward detecting Pb2+ and As3+, respectively. The proposed aptasensor showed good regenerability, excellent selectivity, and acceptable reproducibility, suggesting promising applications in environment monitoring and biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Hongfei Ji
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Yingpan Song
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Minghua Wang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Changchang Jia
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Jia-Yue Tian
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Linghao He
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
| | - Chun-Sen Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
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