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de Jong D, Carrell C, Maganga JK, Mhango L, Shigella PS, Gill M, Shogren R, Mullins B, Warrick JW, Changalucha JM, van Dam GJ, Pham K, Downs JA, Corstjens PLAM. Flow-S: A Field-Deployable Device with Minimal Hands-On Effort to Concentrate and Quantify Schistosoma Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) from Large Urine Volumes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:820. [PMID: 38667466 PMCID: PMC11048900 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14080820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A laboratory-based lateral flow (LF) test that utilizes up-converting reporter particles (UCP) for ultrasensitive quantification of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen (CAA) in urine is a well-accepted test to identify active infection. However, this UCP-LF CAA test requires sample pre-treatment steps not compatible with field applications. Flow, a new low-cost disposable, allows integration of large-volume pre-concentration of urine analytes and LF detection into a single field-deployable device. We assessed a prototype Flow-Schistosoma (Flow-S) device with an integrated UCP-LF CAA test strip, omitting all laboratory-based steps, to enable diagnosis of active Schistosoma infection in the field using urine. Flow-S is designed for large-volume (5-20 mL) urine, applying passive paper-based filtration and antibody-based CAA concentration. Samples tested for schistosome infection were collected from women of reproductive age living in a Tanzania region where S. haematobium infection is endemic. Fifteen negative and fifteen positive urine samples, selected based on CAA levels quantified in paired serum, were analyzed with the prototype Flow-S. The current Flow-S prototype, with an analytical lower detection limit of 1 pg CAA/mL, produced results correlated with the laboratory-based UCP-LF CAA test. Urine precipitates occurred in frozen banked samples and affected accurate quantification; however, this should not occur in fresh urine. Based on the findings of this study, Flow-S appears suitable to replace the urine pre-treatment required for the laboratory-based UCP-LF CAA test, thus allowing true field-based applications with fresh urine samples. The urine precipitates observed with frozen samples, though less important given the goal of testing fresh urines, warrant additional investigation to evaluate methods for mitigation. Flow-S devices permit testing of pooled urine samples with applications for population stratified testing. A field test with fresh urine samples, a further optimized Flow-S device, and larger statistical power has been scheduled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle de Jong
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jane K. Maganga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Loyce Mhango
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Peter S. Shigella
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Maddy Gill
- Salus Discovery LLC, Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | | | | | | | - John M. Changalucha
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Govert J. van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Khanh Pham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Downs
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Paul L. A. M. Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Song X, Cao Y, Yan F. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification-Based Lateral Flow Testing for the Detection of Plant Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4237. [PMID: 38673821 PMCID: PMC11050433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Isothermal nucleic acid amplification-based lateral flow testing (INAA-LFT) has emerged as a robust technique for on-site pathogen detection, providing a visible indication of pathogen nucleic acid amplification that rivals or even surpasses the sensitivity of real-time quantitative PCR. The isothermal nature of INAA-LFT ensures consistent conditions for nucleic acid amplification, establishing it as a crucial technology for rapid on-site pathogen detection. However, despite its considerable promise, the widespread application of isothermal INAA amplification-based lateral flow testing faces several challenges. This review provides an overview of the INAA-LFT procedure, highlighting its advancements in detecting plant viruses. Moreover, the review underscores the imperative of addressing the existing limitations and emphasizes ongoing research efforts dedicated to enhancing the applicability and performance of this technology in the realm of rapid on-site testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yuhao Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Kim H, Noh H. Signal Amplification by Spatial Concentration for Immunoassay on Cellulose Media. Small 2024; 20:e2307556. [PMID: 38012537 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassay is one of the most common bioanalytical techniques from lab-based to point-of-care settings. Over time, various approaches have been developed to amplify signals for greater sensitivity. However, the need for effective, versatile, and simple signal amplification methods persists yet. This paper presents a novel signal amplification method for immunoassay that utilizes spatial concentration of a cellulose-based plate possessing sensor transducers, specifically gold nanoparticles. By modifying the dimensions of the plate, the density of nanoparticles increased, resulting in intensified color signals. The coating material, polydopamine, which is utilized to protect the gold nanoparticles. Chemical changes in nanocomposites are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The application of this method to colorimetric quantification demonstrated great consistency across various concentrations of nanoparticles, with better reliability at lower concentration ranges. A model immunoassay is designed to evaluate the analytical performance. As a result, this method successfully corrected a false-negative result with a lowered Kd of 0.509 pmol per zone. This method shows strong signal enhancement capability that can correct false-negative signals in the immunoassays, with potential benefits including versatility, simplicity, low cost, and the ability to operate multiple plates simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokjung Kim
- Department of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
| | - Hyeran Noh
- Department of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
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Grebely J, Matthews S, Causer LM, Feld JJ, Cunningham P, Dore GJ, Applegate TL. We have reached single-visit testing, diagnosis, and treatment for hepatitis C infection, now what? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2024; 24:177-191. [PMID: 38173401 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2292645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progress toward hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination is impeded by low testing and treatment due to the current diagnostic pathway requiring multiple visits leading to loss to follow-up. Point-of-care testing technologies capable of detecting current HCV infection in one hour are a 'game-changer.' These tests enable diagnosis and treatment in a single visit, overcoming the barrier of multiple visits that frequently leads to loss to follow-up. Combining point-of-care HCV antibody and RNA tests should improve cost-effectiveness, patient/provider acceptability, and testing efficiency. However, implementing HCV point-of-care testing programs at scale requires multiple considerations. AREAS COVERED This commentary explores the need for point-of-care HCV tests, diagnostic strategies to improve HCV testing, key considerations for implementing point-of-care HCV testing programs, and remaining challenges for point-of-care testing (including operator training, quality management, connectivity and reporting systems, regulatory approval processes, and the need for more efficient tests). EXPERT OPINION It is exciting that single-visit testing, diagnosis, and treatment for HCV infection have been achieved. Innovations afforded through COVID-19 should facilitate the accelerated development of low-cost, rapid, and accurate tests to improve HCV testing. The next challenge will be to address barriers and facilitators for implementing point-of-care testing to deliver them at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Matthews
- Flinders University International Centre for Point-of-Care Testing, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Louise M Causer
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip Cunningham
- Flinders University International Centre for Point-of-Care Testing, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gregory J Dore
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tanya L Applegate
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- NSW State Reference Laboratory for HIV, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Wang R, Li B, Shi M, Zhao Y, Lin J, Chen Q, Liu P. Rapid Visual Detection of Peronophythora litchii on Lychees Using Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with Lateral Flow Assay Based on the Unique Target Gene Pl_101565. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:555. [PMID: 38498516 PMCID: PMC10891779 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Downy blight, caused by Peronophythora litchii, is a destructive disease that impacts lychee fruit throughout the pre-harvest, post-harvest, and transportation phases. Therefore, the prompt and precise identification of P. litchii is crucial for the effective management of the disease. A novel gene encoding a Rh-type ammonium transporter, Pl_101565, was identified in P. litchii through bioinformatic analysis in this study. Based on this gene, a coupled recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow (RPA-LF) assay for the rapid visual detection of P. litchii was developed. The assay has been shown to detect P. litchii accurately, without cross-reactivity to related pathogenic oomycetes or fungi. Moreover, it can be performed effectively within 15 to 25 min at temperatures ranging from 28 to 46 °C. Under optimized conditions, the RPA-LF assay could detect as low as 1 pg of P. litchii genomic DNA in a 25 μL reaction system. Furthermore, the RPA-LF assay successfully detected P. litchii in infected lychee samples within a 30 min timeframe. These attributes establish the RPA-LF assay as a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for diagnosing P. litchii early; it is particularly suitable for applications in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Mingyue Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Yumei Zhao
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinlong Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Qinghe Chen
- Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572000, China;
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China; (R.W.); (B.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (J.L.)
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Mermiga E, Pagkali V, Kokkinos C, Economou A. An Aptamer-Based Lateral Flow Biosensor for Low-Cost, Rapid and Instrument-Free Detection of Ochratoxin A in Food Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:8135. [PMID: 38138623 PMCID: PMC10746035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a simple and cost-efficient aptasensor strip is developed for the rapid detection of OTA in food samples. The biosensor is based on the lateral flow assay concept using an OTA-specific aptamer for biorecognition of the target analyte. The strip consists of a sample pad, a conjugate pad, a nitrocellulose membrane (NC) and an absorbent pad. The conjugate pad is loaded with the OTA-specific aptamer conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The test line of the NC membrane is loaded with a specific OTA-aptamer probe and the control line is loaded with a control probe. The assay is based on a competitive format, where the OTA present in the sample combines with the OTA aptamer-AuNP conjugate and prevents the interaction between the specific probe immobilized on the test line and the OTA aptamer-AuNP conjugates; therefore, the color intensity of the test line decreases as the concentration of OTA in the sample increases. Qualitative detection of OTA is performed visually, while quantification is performed by reflectance colorimetry using a commercial scanner and image analysis. All the parameters of the assay are investigated in detail and the analytical features are established. The visual limit of detection (LOD) of the strip is 0.05 ng mL-1, while the LOD for semi-quantitative detection using reflectance colorimetry is 0.02 ng mL-1. The lateral flow strip aptasensor is applied to the detection of OTA in wine, beer, apple juice and milk samples with recoveries in the range from 91 to 114%. The assay exhibits a satisfactory selectivity for OTA with respect to other mycotoxins and lasts 20 min. Therefore, the lateral flow strip aptasensor could be useful for the rapid, low-cost and fit-for-purpose on-site detection of OTA in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anastasios Economou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece; (E.M.); (V.P.); (C.K.)
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Warrener L, Andrews N, Koroma H, Alessandrini I, Haque M, Garcia CC, Matos AR, Caetano B, Lemos XR, Siqueira MM, Samuel D, Brown DW. Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for measles IgM detection; accuracy and the reliability of visual reading using sera from the measles surveillance programme in Brazil, 2015. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e151. [PMID: 37539522 PMCID: PMC10548541 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory-based case confirmation is an integral part of measles surveillance programmes; however, logistical constraints can delay response. Use of RDTs during initial patient contact could enhance surveillance by real-time case confirmation and accelerating public health response. Here, we evaluate performance of a novel measles IgM RDT and assess accuracy of visual interpretation using a representative collection of 125 sera from the Brazilian measles surveillance programme. RDT results were interpreted visually by a panel of six independent observers, the consensus of three observers and by relative reflectance measurements using an ESEQuant Reader. Compared to the Siemens anti-measles IgM EIA, sensitivity and specificity of the RDT were 94.9% (74/78, 87.4-98.6%) and 95.7% (45/47, 85.5-99.5%) for consensus visual results, and 93.6% (73/78, 85.7-97.9%) and 95.7% (45/47, 85.5-99.5%), for ESEQuant measurement, respectively. Observer agreement, determined by comparison between individuals and visual consensus results, and between individuals and ESEQuant measurements, achieved average kappa scores of 0.97 and 0.93 respectively. The RDT has the sensitivity and specificity required of a field-based test for measles diagnosis, and high kappa scores indicate this can be accomplished accurately by visual interpretation alone. Detailed studies are needed to establish its role within the global measles control programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenesha Warrener
- Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK
| | - Nick Andrews
- Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Division, UKHSA, London, UK
| | - Halima Koroma
- Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK
| | | | - Mahmoud Haque
- Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK
| | - Cristiana C. Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Exanthematics, Enteroviruses and Viral Emergencies (LVRE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline R. Matos
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Exanthematics, Enteroviruses and Viral Emergencies (LVRE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Braulia Caetano
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Exanthematics, Enteroviruses and Viral Emergencies (LVRE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Xenia R. Lemos
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Exanthematics, Enteroviruses and Viral Emergencies (LVRE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda M. Siqueira
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Exanthematics, Enteroviruses and Viral Emergencies (LVRE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dhanraj Samuel
- Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK
| | - David W. Brown
- Public Health Microbiology Division, UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), London, UK
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses, Exanthematics, Enteroviruses and Viral Emergencies (LVRE), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Campos-Ruiz M, Flamarich C, Fernández-Navarro A, Roura S, Martin L, Pillado P, Cardona PJ, Fernández-Rivas G. Clinical Performance of Lateral Flow Assay for Cryptosporidium spp. Diagnosis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2140. [PMID: 37626637 PMCID: PMC10452195 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. is an apicomplexan protozoan parasite associated with gastroenteritis in humans. In 2018, Spain showed 1511 confirmed cases, with a growing trend since 2014. Despite this fact, Cryptosporidium spp. is not usually routinely examined when a parasitological study is ordered, although accurate diagnosis is fundamental to prevent the spread of the illness. The main objectives of the present work is to demonstrate the circulation and to study the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in patients who were being tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. parasites in the faeces in the Metropolitan North Area of Barcelona, Maresme, and Vallés Occidental using a two-step algorithm. The stool samples were analysed using the Cryptosporidium/Giardia spp. immunochromatographic test; the positive samples were visualised under a microscope using auramine staining. The proportion of Cryptosporidium spp. cases was around 2% in the studied patients, with a pronounced seasonal incidence peak in late summer-early autumn. In our cohort, weight loss was the main symptom related to confirmed cases. The mean age of confirmed patients was 19 years old, and they were younger than the unconfirmed group. Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the parasites that currently circulate in many areas in Europe. Prevalence must be taken into account for active searching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Campos-Ruiz
- Microbiology Department, Clinical Laboratory North Metropolitan Area, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Clara Flamarich
- CAP Sant Roc. Catalan Institut of Health, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Anabel Fernández-Navarro
- Microbiology Department, Clinical Laboratory North Metropolitan Area, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Silvia Roura
- North Metropolitan International Health Program (PROSICS), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08196 Badalona, Spain
| | - Laura Martin
- CAP Doctor Robert Catalan Institut of Health, 08915 Badalona, Spain
| | - Pablo Pillado
- Microbiology Department, Clinical Laboratory North Metropolitan Area, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Microbiology Department, Clinical Laboratory North Metropolitan Area, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Gema Fernández-Rivas
- Microbiology Department, Clinical Laboratory North Metropolitan Area, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Barton P, Robinson N, Middleton S, O’Brien A, Clarke J, Dominguez M, Gillgan S, Selmes J, Rhodes S. Evaluation of Antibody Tests for Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Pigs and Deer. Vet Sci 2023; 10:489. [PMID: 37624276 PMCID: PMC10458400 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addressed the need in Great Britain for supplementary blood tests for deer and pig herds under movement restrictions due to confirmed Mycobacterium bovis infection-to enhance the overall sensitivity and reliability of tuberculosis (TB) testing and contribute to an exit strategy for these herds. We evaluated four antibody tests (lateral flow DPP VetTB Assay for Cervids, M. bovis IDEXX ELISA, Enferplex Cervid and Porcine antibody tests and an in-house comparative PPD ELISA) using serum samples from defined cohorts of TB-infected and TB-free deer and pigs. TB-infected deer included two separate cohorts; farmed deer that had received a tuberculin skin test less than 30 days prior, and park deer that had received no prior skin test. In this way, we were able to assess the effect of the skin test anamnestic boost upon antibody test sensitivity. We tested a total of 402 TB-free pigs and 416 TB-free deer, 77 infected farmed deer and 105 infected park deer, and 29 infected pigs (including 2 wild boar). For deer, we found an equivalent high performance of all four tests: specificity range 98.8-99.5% and sensitivity range 76.6-85.7% for skin test-boosted infected deer, and 51.4-58.1% for non-boosted infected deer. These data suggest an overall approximate 25% increase in test sensitivity for infected deer following a skin test boost. For pigs, the tests again had equivalent high specificity of 99-99.5% and a sensitivity range of 62.1-86.2%, with substantial agreement for three of the four tests. Retrospective application of the ELISA tests to individual culled park deer and wild boar that showed no obvious evidence of TB at larder inspection identified a significant seropositivity within wild boar suggestive of low-level M. bovis infection that would otherwise not have been detected. Overall this investigation provided a robust evaluation of four antibody tests, which is essential to generate confidence in test performance before a wider deployment within TB control measures can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Barton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK; (P.B.); (N.R.); (S.M.); (M.D.); (S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Nick Robinson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK; (P.B.); (N.R.); (S.M.); (M.D.); (S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Sonya Middleton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK; (P.B.); (N.R.); (S.M.); (M.D.); (S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Amanda O’Brien
- Enfer Scientific, W91 FD74 Naas, County Kildare, Ireland; (A.O.); (J.C.)
| | - John Clarke
- Enfer Scientific, W91 FD74 Naas, County Kildare, Ireland; (A.O.); (J.C.)
| | - Maria Dominguez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK; (P.B.); (N.R.); (S.M.); (M.D.); (S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Steve Gillgan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK; (P.B.); (N.R.); (S.M.); (M.D.); (S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - John Selmes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK; (P.B.); (N.R.); (S.M.); (M.D.); (S.G.); (J.S.)
| | - Shelley Rhodes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge KT15 3NB, UK; (P.B.); (N.R.); (S.M.); (M.D.); (S.G.); (J.S.)
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Ding Q, Qiu W, Sun C, Ren H, Liu G. Comparison of DNA-Gold Nanoparticle Conjugation Methods: Application in Lateral Flow Nucleic Acid Biosensors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114480. [PMID: 37298955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lateral flow nucleic acid biosensors (LFNABs) have attracted extensive attention due to their rapid turnaround time, low cost, and results that are visible to the naked eye. One of the key steps to develop LFNABs is to prepare DNA-gold nanoparticle (DNA-AuNP) conjugates, which affect the sensitivity of LFNABs significantly. To date, various conjugation methods-including the salt-aging method, microwave-assisted dry heating method, freeze-thaw method, low-pH method, and butanol dehydration method-have been reported to prepare DNA-AuNP conjugates. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the analytical performances of LFNABs prepared with the above five conjugation methods, and we found that the butanol dehydration method gave the lowest detection limit. After systematic optimization, the LFNAB prepared with the butanol dehydration method had a detection limit of 5 pM for single-strand DNA, which is 100 times lower than that of the salt-aging method. The as-prepared LFNAB was applied to detect miRNA-21 in human serum, with satisfactory results. The butanol dehydration method thus offers a rapid conjugation approach to prepare DNA-AuNP conjugates for LFNABs, and it can also be extended to other types of DNA biosensors and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Ding
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, No.100, Dongtinghu Road, Nantong 226133, China
- Enfin Biotech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., No.100, Dongtinghu Road, Nantong 226133, China
| | - Wanwei Qiu
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
| | - Chunxue Sun
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, No.100, Dongtinghu Road, Nantong 226133, China
- Enfin Biotech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., No.100, Dongtinghu Road, Nantong 226133, China
| | - Hongxin Ren
- Enfin Biotech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., No.100, Dongtinghu Road, Nantong 226133, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China
- Enfin Biotech (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd., No.100, Dongtinghu Road, Nantong 226133, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Linyi 276000, China
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11
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Lai MY, Zen LPY, Abdul Hamid MH, Jelip J, Mudin RN, Ivan VJS, Francis LNP, Saihidi I, Lau YL. Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Malaria Using a Simple, Purification-Free DNA Extraction Method Coupled with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification- Lateral Flow. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:199. [PMID: 37104326 PMCID: PMC10140920 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a protocol suitable for point-of-care diagnosis of malaria utilizing a simple and purification-free DNA extraction method with the combination of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay and lateral flow (LAMP-LF). The multiplex LAMP-LF platform developed here can simultaneously detect Plasmodium knowlesi, P. vivax, P. falciparum, and Plasmodium genus (for P. malariae and P. ovale). Through the capillary effect, the results can be observed by the red band signal on the test and control lines within 5 min. The developed multiplex LAMP-LF was tested with 86 clinical blood samples on-site at Hospital Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia. By using microscopy as the reference method, the multiplex LAMP-LF showed 100% sensitivity (95% confidence interval (CI): 91.4 to 100.00%) and 97.8% specificity (95% CI: 88.2% to 99.9%). The high sensitivity and specificity of multiplex LAMP-LF make it ideal for use as a point-of-care diagnostic tool. The simple and purification-free DNA extraction protocol can be employed as an alternative DNA extraction method for malaria diagnosis in resource-limited settings. By combining the simple DNA extraction protocol and multiplex LAMP-LF approach, we aim to develop a simple-to-handle and easy-to-read molecular diagnostic tool for malaria in both laboratory and on-site settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yee Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.Y.L.); (L.P.Y.Z.)
| | - Lee Phone Youth Zen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.Y.L.); (L.P.Y.Z.)
| | | | - Jenarun Jelip
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | - Rose Nani Mudin
- Vector Borne Disease Sector, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Izreena Saihidi
- Hospital Kapit, Pathology Unit, Jalan Mamora, Kapit 96800, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Lau
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (M.Y.L.); (L.P.Y.Z.)
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12
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Zucchini L, Ajčević M, Coda Zabetta CD, Greco C, Fernetti C, Moretto C, Pennini S, Accardo A. Characterization of a Novel Approach for Neonatal Hematocrit Screening Based on Penetration Velocity in Lateral Flow Test Strip. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:2813. [PMID: 36905017 PMCID: PMC10006883 DOI: 10.3390/s23052813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Hematocrit (HCT) is a crucial parameter for both adult and pediatric patients, indicating potentially severe pathological conditions. Most common methods for HCT assessment are microhematocrit and automated analyzers; however, developing countries present specific needs often not addressed by these technologies. Paper-based devices can be suitable for those environments being inexpensive, rapid, easy to use, and portable. The aim of this study is to describe and validate against a reference method, a novel HCT estimation method based on penetration velocity in lateral flow test strips complying with the requirements in low- or middle-income country (LMIC) scenarios. To calibrate and test the proposed method, 145 blood samples of 105 healthy neonates with gestational age greater than 37 weeks were collected (29 calibration set, 116 test set) in the range of HCT values (31.6-72.5%). The time difference (Δt) from the whole blood sample loading into the test strip instant till the nitrocellulose membrane saturation instant was measured by a reflectance meter. A nonlinear relation was observed between HCT and Δt and was estimated by a third-degree polynomial equation (R2 = 0.91) valid in 30% to 70% HCT interval. The proposed model was subsequently used to estimate HCT values on the test set showing a good agreement between the estimated HCT and the HCT measured by the reference method (r = 0.87, p < 0.001), with a low mean difference of 0.53 ± 5.04% and a slight trend of overestimation for higher hematocrit values. The mean absolute error was 4.29%, while the maximum absolute error was 10.69%. Although the proposed method did not present a sufficient accuracy to be used for diagnostic purposes, it could be suitable as a fast, low-cost, easy-to-use screening tool especially in LMIC scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zucchini
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Miloš Ajčević
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Agostino Accardo
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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13
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Dobiáš R, Stevens DA, Havlíček V. Current and Future Pathways in Aspergillus Diagnosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12. [PMID: 36830296 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus has been designated by the World Health Organization as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Some commercially available diagnostics for many forms of aspergillosis rely on fungal metabolites. These encompass intracellular molecules, cell wall components, and extracellular secretomes. This review summarizes the shortcomings of antibody tests compared to tests of fungal products in body fluids and highlights the application of β-d-glucan, galactomannan, and pentraxin 3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. We also discuss the detection of nucleic acids and next-generation sequencing, along with newer studies on Aspergillus metallophores.
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14
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Knuutila A, Duncan J, Li F, Eletu S, Litt D, Fry N, He Q. Oral fluid-based lateral flow point-of-care assays for pertussis serology. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 36763084 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Current serological diagnosis of pertussis is usually performed by ELISA, which is typically performed in larger diagnostic or reference laboratories, requires trained staff, and due to sample batching may have longer turnaround times.Hypothesis and Aim. A rapid point-of-care (POC) assay for pertussis serology would aid in both the diagnosis and surveillance of the disease.Methodology. A quantitative lateral flow (LF)-based immunoassay with fluorescent Eu-nanoparticle reporters was developed for the detection of anti-pertussis toxin (PT) and adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) antibodies from oral fluid samples (N=100), from suspected pertussis cases with respiratory symptoms.Results. LF assay results were compared to those obtained with anti-PT IgG oral fluid ELISA. For an ELISA cut-off value of 50 arbitrary units, the overall agreement between the assays was 91/100 (91 %), the sensitivity was 63/70 (90 %) and the specificity was 28/30 (93 %). No ACT-specific antibodies were detected from oral fluid samples; however, the signal readout positively correlated to those patients with high anti-PT IgG antibodies.Conclusion. The developed LF assay was a specific, sensitive and rapid test for serological diagnosis of pertussis with anti-PT antibodies and is a suitable POC test using oral fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
| | - John Duncan
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Fu Li
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Seyi Eletu
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - David Litt
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Norman Fry
- Vaccine Preventable Bacteria Section, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.,Immunisation and Vaccine Preventable Diseases, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland.,InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
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15
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Zuo J, Yan T, Tang X, Zhang Q, Li P. Dual-Modal Immunosensor Made with the Multifunction Nanobody for Fluorescent/Colorimetric Sensitive Detection of Aflatoxin B 1 in Maize. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:2771-2780. [PMID: 36598495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, dual-modal immunosensors based on synthetic nanomaterials have provided accurate and sensitive detection. However, preparation of nanomaterial probes can be time-consuming, laborious, and not limited to producing inactive and low-affinity antibodies. These challenges can be addressed through the multifunction nanobody without conjugation. In this study, a nanobody-enhanced green fluorescent (Nb26-EGFP) was novel produced with a satisfactory affinity and fluorescent properties. Then, a dual-modal fluorescent/colorimetric immunosensor was constructed using the Nb26-EGFP-gold nanoflowers (AuNFs) composite as a probe, to detect the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). In the maize matrix, the proposed immunosensor showed high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0024 ng/mL and a visual LOD of 1 ng/mL, which is 20-fold and 325-fold compared with the Nb26-EGFP-based single-modal immunosensor and original nanobody Nb26-based immunoassay. The performance of the dual-modal assay was validated by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The recoveries were between 83.19 and 108.85%, with the coefficients of variation below 9.43%, indicating satisfied accuracy and repeatability. Overall, the novel Nb26-EGFP could be used as the detection probe, and the dual-modal immunosensor could be used as a practical detection method for AFB1 in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasi Zuo
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei430062, China
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16
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Patil AA, Kaushik P, Jain RD, Dandekar PP. Assessment of Urinary Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases Using Lateral Flow Assays: A Comprehensive Overview. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:9-22. [PMID: 36512677 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Screening of biomarkers is a powerful approach for providing a holistic view of the disease spectrum and facilitating the diagnosis and prognosis of the state of infectious diseases. Unaffected by the homeostasis mechanism in the human body, urine accommodates systemic changes and reflects the pathophysiological condition of an individual. Easy availability in large volumes and non-invasive sample collection have rendered urine an ideal source of biomarkers for various diseases. Infectious diseases may be communicable, and therefore early diagnosis and treatment are of immense importance. Current diagnostic approaches preclude the timely identification of clinical conditions and also lack portability. Point-of-care (POC) testing solutions have gained attention as alternative diagnostic measures due to their ability to provide rapid and on-site results. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the mainstay in POC device development and have attracted interest owing to their potential to provide instantaneous results in resource-limited settings. The discovery and optimization of a definitive biomarker can render POC testing an excellent platform, thus impacting unwarranted antibiotic administration and preventing the spread of infectious diseases. This Review summarizes the importance of urine as an emerging biological fluid in infectious disease research and diagnosis in clinical settings. We review the academic research related to LFAs. Further, we also describe commercial POC devices based on the identification of urinary biomarkers as diagnostic targets for infectious diseases. We also discuss the future use of LFAs in developing more effective POC tests for urinary biomarkers of various infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini A Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Preeti Kaushik
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh D Jain
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
| | - Prajakta P Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N.P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019, India
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17
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Dinga DK, Kasprzycka E, Assunção IP, Winterstein F, Alizade A, Caliskanyürek V, Blödorn D, Winkle J, Kynast U, Lezhnina M. High brightness red emitting polymer beads for immunoassays: Comparison between trifluoroacetylacetonates of Europium. Front Chem 2023; 11:1179247. [PMID: 37153529 PMCID: PMC10157089 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1179247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficiently luminescing spherical polymer particles (beads) in the nanoscale regime of up to approximately 250 nm have become very valuable tools in bioanalytical assays. Eu3+- complexes imbedded in polymethacrylate and polystyrene in particular proved to be extraordinarily useful in sensitive immunochemical and multi-analyte assays, and histo- and cytochemistry. Their obvious advantages derive from both, the possibility to realize very high ratios of emitter complexes to target molecules, and the intrinsically long decay times of the Eu3+-complexes, which allows an almost complete discrimination against bothersome autofluorescence via time-gated measuring techniques; the narrow line emission in conjunction with large apparent Stokes shifts are additional benefits with regard to spectral separation of excitation and emission with optical filters. Last but not least, a reasonable strategy to couple the beads to the analytes is mandatory. We have thus screened a variety of complexes and ancillary ligands; the four most promising candidates evaluated and compared to each other were β-diketonates (trifluoroacetylacetonates, R-CO-CH-CO-CF3, R = - thienyl, -phenyl, -naphthyl and -phenanthryl); highest solubilities in polystyrene were obtained with trioctylphosphine co-ligands. All beads had overall quantum yields in excess of 80% as dried powders and lifetimes well beyond 600 µs. Core-shell particles were devised for the conjugation to model proteins (Avidine, Neutravidine). Their applicability was tested in biotinylated titer plates using time gated measurements and a Lateral Flow Assay as practical examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K. Dinga
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Ewa Kasprzycka
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Israel P. Assunção
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Winterstein
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Amina Alizade
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Volkan Caliskanyürek
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Ulrich Kynast
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marina Lezhnina, ; Ulrich Kynast,
| | - Marina Lezhnina
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences, Steinfurt, Germany
- Quantum Analysis GmbH, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marina Lezhnina, ; Ulrich Kynast,
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18
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Bienes KM, Mao L, Selekon B, Gonofio E, Nakoune E, Wong G, Berthet N. Rapid Detection of the Varicella-Zoster Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification- Lateral Flow System. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122957. [PMID: 36552964 PMCID: PMC9777233 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the etiological agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). VZV infections are ubiquitous and highly contagious, and diagnosis is mostly based on the assessment of signs and symptoms. However, monkeypox, an emerging infectious disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), has clinical manifestations that are similar to those of VZV infections. With the recent monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic regions, VZV infections are likely to be misdiagnosed in the absence of laboratory testing. Considering the lack of accessible diagnostic tests that discriminate VZV from MPXV or other poxviruses, a handy and affordable detection system for VZV is crucial for rapid differential diagnosis. Here, we developed a new detection method for VZV using recombinase-aided amplification technology, combined with the lateral flow system (RAA-LF). Given the prevalence of VZV worldwide, this method can be applied not only to distinguish VZV from other viruses causing rash, but also to foster early detection, contributing substantially to disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrina Mae Bienes
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lingjing Mao
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Ella Gonofio
- Institut Pasteur of Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (N.B.)
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19
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Willemsen L, Wichers J, Xu M, Van Hoof R, Van Dooremalen C, Van Amerongen A, Peters J. Biosensing Chlorpyrifos in Environmental Water Samples by a Newly Developed Carbon Nanoparticle-Based Indirect Lateral Flow Assay. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12090735. [PMID: 36140120 PMCID: PMC9496275 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are used in agriculture to prevent pests. Chlorpyrifos (CHLP) is an insecticide with potentially detrimental effects on humans, bees, and the aquatic environment. Its effects have led to a total ban by the European Union (EU), but outside the EU, CHLP is still produced and used. An indirect lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of CHLP was developed and integrated into a cassette to create a lateral flow device (LFD). Species-specific reporter antibodies were coupled to carbon nanoparticles to create a detector conjugate. Water samples were mixed with a specific CHLP monoclonal antibody and detector conjugate and applied to the LFD. Dose-response curves elicited the detection of low concentrations of CHLP (<1 µg/L). This sensitivity was recorded through a rapid handheld digital imaging device but also visually by naked eye. The CHLP LFD was applied to a range of European surface water samples, fortified with CHLP, revealing a sensitivity in these matrices of 2 µg/L, both by digital and visual analysis. To improve the simplicity of the CHLP LFIA, the assay reagents were dried in tubes, enabling to carry out the test by simply adding water samples and inserting the LFIA strips. This CHLP LFIA is thus suited for the on-site screening of surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Willemsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wichers
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mang Xu
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Van Hoof
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Aart Van Amerongen
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-317-480579
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20
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Mills C, Dillon MJ, Kulabhusan PK, Senovilla-Herrero D, Campbell K. Multiplex Lateral Flow Assay and the Sample Preparation Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Three Marine Toxins. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12210-12217. [PMID: 35951987 PMCID: PMC9454242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) has been developed to detect the primary marine biotoxin groups: amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins, paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins. The performance characteristics of the multiplex LFA were evaluated for its suitability as a screening method for the detection of toxins in shellfish. The marine toxin-specific antibodies were class-specific, and there was no cross-reactivity between the three toxin groups. The test is capable of detecting all three marine toxin groups, with working ranges of 0.2-1.5, 2.5-65.0, and 8.2-140.3 ng/mL for okadaic acid, saxitoxin, and domoic acid, respectively. This allows the multiplex LFA to detect all three toxin groups at the EU regulatory limits, with a single sample extraction method and dilution volume. No matrix effects were observed on the performance of the LFA with mussel samples spiked with toxins. The developed LFA uses a simple and pocket-sized, portable Cube Reader to provide an accurate result. We also evaluated the use of this Cube Reader with commercially available monoplex lateral flow assays for marine toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Mills
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
| | - Michael J. Dillon
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
- Faculty
of Health, Peninsula Medical School, University
of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, U.K.
| | - Prabir Kumar Kulabhusan
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
- Kavli
Institute for NanoScience Discovery, Department of Physics, New Biochemistry
Building, University of Oxford, Dorothy Hodgkin Rd, Oxford OX13QU, U.K.
| | - Diana Senovilla-Herrero
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute
for Global Food Security, School of Biological
Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, U.K.
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21
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Kabwe KP, Nsibande SA, Pilcher LA, Forbes PBC. Development of a mycolic acid-graphene quantum dot probe as a potential tuberculosis biosensor. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1881-1890. [PMID: 35989462 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of amine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (GQDs) linked to mycolic acids (MAs) as a potential fluorescent biosensor to detect tuberculosis (TB) biomarkers is described. GQDs have attractive properties: high fluorescence, excellent biocompatibility, good water solubility, and low toxicity. MAs are lipids that are found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are antigenic, however, they are soluble only in chloroform and hexane. Chloroform-soluble MAs were covalently linked to synthesized water-soluble GQDs using an amide connection to create a potential fluorescent water-soluble TB biosensor: MA-GQDs. Fluorescence results showed that GQDs had a narrow emission spectrum with the highest emission at 440 nm, while MA-GQDs had a broader spectrum with the highest emission at 470 nm, after exciting at 360 nm. The appearance of the peptide bond (amide linkage) in the Fourier-transform infrared spectrum of MA-GQDs confirmed the successful linking of MAs to GQDs. Powder X-ray diffraction exhibited an increase in the number of peaks for MA-GQDs relative to GQDs, suggesting that linking MAs to GQDs changed the crystal structure thereof. The linked MA-GQDs showed good solubility in water, high fluorescence, and visual flow through a nitrocellulose membrane. These properties are promising for biomedical fluorescence sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapambwe P Kabwe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sifiso A Nsibande
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lynne A Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patricia B C Forbes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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22
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Mayran C, Foulongne V, Van de Perre P, Fournier-Wirth C, Molès JP, Cantaloube JF. Rapid Diagnostic Test for Hepatitis B Virus Viral Load Based on Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Combined with a Lateral Flow Read-Out. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12030621. [PMID: 35328174 PMCID: PMC8946908 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B (HBV) infection is a major public health concern. Perinatal transmission of HBV from mother to child represents the main mode of transmission. Despite the existence of effective immunoprophylaxis, the preventive strategy is inefficient in neonates born to mothers with HBV viral loads above 2 × 105 IU/mL. To prevent mother-to-child transmission, it is important to identify highly viremic pregnant women and initiate antiviral therapy to decrease their viral load. We developed a simple innovative molecular approach avoiding the use of automatic devices to screen highly viremic pregnant women. This method includes rapid DNA extraction coupled with an isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with direct visual detection on a lateral flow assay (LFA). We applied our RPA-LFA approach to HBV DNA-positive plasma samples with various loads and genotypes. We designed a triage test by adapting the analytical sensitivity to the recommended therapeutic decision threshold of 2 × 105 IU/mL. The sensitivity and specificity were 98.6% (95% CI: 92.7−99.9%) and 88.2% (95% CI: 73.4−95.3%), respectively. This assay performed excellently, with an area under the ROC curve value of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99−1.00, p < 0.001). This simple method will open new perspectives in the development of point-of-care testing to prevent HBV perinatal transmission.
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23
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Pham MD, Stoove M, Crowe S, Luchters S, Anderson D. A profile of the Visitect® CD4 and Visitect® CD4 advanced disease for management of people living with HIV. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:247-252. [PMID: 35226590 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2048372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CD4 testing plays an important role in clinical management and epidemiological surveillance of HIV disease. Rapid, point-of-care (POC) CD4 tests can improve patients' access to CD4 testing, enabling decentralization of HIV services. AREAS COVERED We conducted a profile review of the Visitect®CD4 and the Visitect®CD4 Advanced Disease (Omega Diagnostics, UK) - the two lateral flow, equipment-free POC CD4 tests, which can be used to identify people with HIV who have CD4 of less than 350 and 200 cells/μl, respectively. Using published data from independent studies, we discussed the performance and utility of these tests, highlighting the advantages as well as their limitations. EXPERT OPINION The tests are user-friendly, acceptable to health care workers, and feasible to implement in primary health care settings and can provide reliable results for clinical decision-making. Hands-on training with pictorial instructions for use is needed to enhance test's operator confidence in interpretation of test results. Quality assurance program should be in place to ensure the quality of testing. Development of a next-generation test with a cutoff of 100 cells/μl is recommended to identify patients with advanced immunosuppression for initiation of prophylaxis to reduce HIV-related death. Operational research is also needed to identify cost-effective implementation strategies in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh D Pham
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Mark Stoove
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Suzanne Crowe
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley Luchters
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia.,Institute of Human Development, Aga Khan University, Kenya.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - David Anderson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Garrido-Maestu A, Prado M. Naked-eye detection strategies coupled with isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection of human pathogens. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1913-1939. [PMID: 35122372 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification-based techniques have gained acceptance by the scientific, and general, community as reference methodologies for many different applications. Since the development of the gold standard of these techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), back in the 1980s many improvements have been made, and alternative techniques emerged reporting improvements over PCR. Among these, isothermal amplification approaches resulted of particular interest as could overcome the need of specialized equipment to accurately control temperature changes, but it was after year 2000 that these techniques have flourished in a huge number of novel alternatives with many different degrees of complexities and requirements. An added value is their possibility to be combined with many different naked-eye detection strategies, simplifying the resources needed, allowing to reduce cost, and serving as the basis for novel developments of lab-on-chip systems, and miniaturized devices, for point-of-care testing. In this review, we will go over different types of naked-eye detection strategies, combined with isothermal amplification. This will provide the readers up-to-date information for them to select the most appropriate strategies depending on the particular needs and resources for their experimental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Garrido-Maestu
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Marta Prado
- Food Quality and Safety Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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25
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Abstract
Background Lateral flow immunoassays are widely used as diagnostic tests in many applications in human and other diagnostic areas. Assays for human applications have been commercially available since the 1980s and initially were primarily used to identify pregnancy by measuring human chorionic gonadotropin in urine and serum/plasma. Content The first infectious disease lateral flow assays were commercialized in the late 1980s identifying the presence of Group A Streptococcus pyogenes collected with throat swabs; innumerable other applications followed in the intervening decades. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has brought a vast number of new assays for which emergency use authorization (EUA) has been requested in the USA. These assays have been designed for detection of the antibody response to an infection and viral antigens in respiratory samples. In view of the onslaught of new tests, this review will focus on the use of rapid lateral flow immunoassays for infectious diseases. Principles of lateral flow assays and approaches to the production of high-sensitivity point-of-care assays are presented. Market trends, customer requirements, and future directions of lateral flow assay technology and its applications in the infectious disease diagnostic space are discussed. Summary Lateral flow immunoassays play an important role in infectious disease diagnostics. Advancements in technology have led to improved performance of these assays and acceptance by professional users. With the advent of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the market has reached new levels requiring hundreds of millions of tests per year for professional and even home use.
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26
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Baker AN, Richards SJ, Pandey S, Guy CS, Ahmad A, Hasan M, Biggs CI, Georgiou PG, Zwetsloot AJ, Straube A, Dedola S, Field RA, Anderson NR, Walker M, Grammatopoulos D, Gibson MI. Glycan-Based Flow-Through Device for the Detection of SARS-COV-2. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3696-3705. [PMID: 34634204 PMCID: PMC8525701 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, and future pandemics, require diagnostic tools to track disease spread and guide the isolation of (a)symptomatic individuals. Lateral-flow diagnostics (LFDs) are rapid and of lower cost than molecular (genetic) tests, with current LFDs using antibodies as their recognition units. Herein, we develop a prototype flow-through device (related, but distinct to LFDs), utilizing N-acetyl neuraminic acid-functionalized, polymer-coated, gold nanoparticles as the detection/capture unit for SARS-COV-2, by targeting the sialic acid-binding site of the spike protein. The prototype device can give rapid results, with higher viral loads being faster than lower viral loads. The prototype's effectiveness is demonstrated using spike protein, lentiviral models, and a panel of heat-inactivated primary patient nasal swabs. The device was also shown to retain detection capability toward recombinant spike proteins from several variants (mutants) of concern. This study provides the proof of principle that glyco-lateral-flow devices could be developed to be used in the tracking monitoring of infectious agents, to complement, or as alternatives to antibody-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarojini Pandey
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational
Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS
Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX,
U.K.
| | - Collette S. Guy
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- School of Life Sciences, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Ashfaq Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick Medical School, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Muhammad Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick Medical School, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Caroline I. Biggs
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | | | - Anne Straube
- Warwick Medical School, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Simone Dedola
- Iceni Diagnostics Ltd., Norwich
Research Park, Norwich NR4 7GJ, U.K.
| | - Robert A. Field
- Iceni Diagnostics Ltd., Norwich
Research Park, Norwich NR4 7GJ, U.K.
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of
Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN,
U.K.
| | - Neil R. Anderson
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational
Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS
Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX,
U.K.
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Dimitris Grammatopoulos
- Warwick Medical School, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Institute of Precision Diagnostics and Translational
Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS
Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX,
U.K.
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick Medical School, University of
Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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27
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Ozturk A, Bozok T, Simsek Bozok T. Evaluation of rapid antibody test and chest computed tomography results of COVID-19 patients: A retrospective study. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6582-6587. [PMID: 34260078 PMCID: PMC8426893 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the SARS‐CoV‐2 immunoglobulin M/immunoglobulin G (IgM/IgG) rapid antibody test results in symptomatic patients with COVID‐19 and their chest computed tomography (CT) data. A total of 320 patients admitted to our hospital for different durations due to COVID‐19 were included in the study. Serum samples were obtained within 0–7 days from COVID‐19 patients confirmed by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and chest CT scan. According to the SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR results, the patients included in the study were divided into two groups: PCR positive group (n = 46) and PCR negative group (n = 274). The relationship between chest CT and rapid antibody test results were compared statistically. Of the 320 COVID‐19 serum samples, IgM, IgG, and IgM/IgG were detected in 8.4%, 0.3%, and 11.6% within 1 week, respectively. IgG/IgM antibodies were not detected in 79.7% of the patients. In the study, 249 (77.8%) of 320 patients had positive chest CT scans. Four (5.6%) of 71 patients with negative chest CT scans had IgM and two (2.8%) were both IgM/IgG positive. IgM was detected in 23 (9.2%), IgG in one (0.4%), and IgM/IgG in 35 (14%) of chest CT scan positive patients. The rate of CT findings in patients with antibody positivity was found to be significantly higher than those with antibody negativity. The results of the present study show the accurate and equivalent performance of serological antibody assays and chest CT in detecting SARS‐CoV‐2 within 0–7 days from the onset of COVID19 symptoms. When RT‐PCR is not available, we believe that the combination of immunochromatographic test and chest CT scan can increase diagnostic sensitivity for COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ozturk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Faculty of Medicine, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Taylan Bozok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Tugce Simsek Bozok
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Training and Research Hospital, Nigde, Turkey
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28
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Hoffman T, Kolstad L, Rönnberg B, Lundkvist Å. Evaluation of Production Lots of a Rapid Point-of-Care Lateral Flow Serological Test Intended for Identification of IgM and IgG against the N-Terminal Part of the Spike Protein (S1) of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061043. [PMID: 34072890 PMCID: PMC8230246 DOI: 10.3390/v13061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of rapid point-of-care (POC) tests has been subject of doubt due to an eventual risk of production errors. The aim was therefore to evaluate the two separate production lots of a commercial POC lateral flow test, intended for the detection of IgM and IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S1). Control samples consisted of serum from individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and pre-COVID-19 negative sera gathered from a biobank. The presence of anti-S1 IgM/IgG in the sera was verified by an in-house Luminex-based serological assay (COVID-19 SIA). One hundred samples were verified as positive for anti-S1 IgG and 74 for anti-S1 IgM. Two hundred samples were verified as negative for anti-S1 IgM/IgG. For the two lots of the POC-test, the sensitivities were 93.2% and 87.8% for IgM and 93.0% and 100% for IgG. The specificities were 100% for IgM and 99.5% for IgG. The positive predictive value was 100% for IgM and 98.9% and 99.0% for IgG. The negative predictive value was 97.6% and 95.7% for IgM, and 96.6% and 100% for IgG. The evaluated POC-test is suitable to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgM and IgG, as a measure of previous virus exposure on an individual level. The external validation of separate lots of rapid POC-tests is encouraged to ensure high sensitivity before market introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Hoffman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.H.); (L.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Linda Kolstad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.H.); (L.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Bengt Rönnberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.H.); (L.K.); (B.R.)
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 38, SE-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center (ZSC), Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (T.H.); (L.K.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence:
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Dahiya
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Promod K Mehta
- Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
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30
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Wang Z, Zhou Q, Guo Y, Hu H, Zheng Z, Li S, Wang Y, Ma Y. Rapid Detection of Ractopamine and Salbutamol in Swine Urine by Immunochromatography Based on Selenium Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:2059-2070. [PMID: 33727813 PMCID: PMC7955707 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s292648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish a lateral flow immunoassay using selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) as a probe to detect ractopamine (RAC) and salbutamol (SAL) in swine urine. Methods SDS and PEG were used as templates to prepare Se-NPs; anti-RAC monoclonal antibodies or anti-SAL monoclonal antibodies were labelled with Se-NPs; and rapid detection kits were prepared. The sensitivity, specificity, and stability were measured, and actual samples were analysed. Results The Se-NPs were spherical with a diameter of 40.63 ± 5.91 nm, and were conjugated successfully with an anti-RAC antibody to give a total diameter of 82.33 ± 17.91 nm. The detection limit of a RAC kit in swine urine was 1 ng/mL, and that of a SAL kit was 3 ng/mL. Both procedures could be completed within 5 minutes. No cross-reaction occurred with clenbuterol, bambuterol and phenylethanolamine A. Samples were tested consistently across different batches of kits for swine urine. The results of the kits were identical to those of actual clinical samples analysed by ELISA, and the coincidence rate was 100%. Conclusion The assay kit does not require any special device for reading the results, and the readout is a simple colour change that can be evaluated with the naked eye. It is easy to operate, sensitive, specific, and stable This kit is suitable for the rapid and real-time detection of RAC and SAL residues in swine urine samples. Clinical Trial Registration Swine urines samples were used under approval from the Experimental Animal Ethics committee of the Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan University.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizeng Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqwen Zhou
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafei Guo
- School of Laboratory, Sanquan college of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangzhan Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulian Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People's Republic of China
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31
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Reagan KL, McHardy I, Thompson GR, Sykes JE. Clinical performance of a point-of-care Coccidioides antibody test in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:965-969. [PMID: 33675146 PMCID: PMC7995422 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Point‐of‐care (POC) Coccidioides antibody assays may provide veterinarians with rapid and accurate diagnostic information. Objectives To determine the agreement of a POC lateral flow assay (LFA), sona Coccidioides (IMMY, Norman, Oklahoma) with the current diagnostic standard, the immunodiffusion assay (agar gel immunodiffusion [AGID]; Coccidioidomycosis Serology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California). Animals Forty‐eight sera specimens from 48 dogs. Methods Sera specimens were collected from client‐owned dogs that had a clinical suspicion for coccidioidomycosis. Animals were classified as Coccidioides antibody‐positive (n = 36) based on a positive AGID or Coccidioides antibody‐negative (n = 12) based on a negative AGID. The performance of the LFA assay was determined by comparing results to AGID results. Results The LFA assay demonstrated agreement in 32 of 36 Coccidioides antibody‐positive specimens and 12 of 12 Coccidioides antibody‐negative specimens, resulting in a positive percentage agreement of 88.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 74.7‐95.6%) and negative percentage agreement of 100% (95% CI, 75.8‐100%) as compared to AGID. A receiver operator characteristic curve was constructed, and the area under the curve was 0.944 (CI, 0.880‐1.000). Conclusion and Clinical importance This LFA is a rapid alternative to the traditional AGID. The LFA provides excellent predictive value for positive results. Positive agreement was lower in dogs with low AGID titers; therefore, confirmatory testing is recommended if a high index of suspicion exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystle L Reagan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ian McHardy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Rong X, Ailing F, Xiaodong L, Jie H, Min L. Monitoring hepatitis B by using point-of-care testing: biomarkers, current technologies, and perspectives. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:195-211. [PMID: 33467927 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1876565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Liver diseases caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) are pandemic infectious diseases that seriously endanger human health, conventional diagnosis methods can not meet the requirements in resource-limited areas. The point of acre detection methods can easily resolve those problems. Herein, we review the most recent advances in POC-based hepatitis B detection methods and present some recommendations for future development. It aims to provide ideas for future research.Areas covered: Epidemiological data on Hepatitis B, conventional diagnostic methods for hepatitis B detection, some latest point of care detection methods for hepatitis B detection and list out the recommendations for future development.Expert opinion: This manuscript summarized traditional biomarkers of different hepatitis B stages and recent-developed POCT platforms (including microfluidic platforms and lateral-flow strips) and discuss the challenges associated with their use. Some emerging biomarkers that can be used in hepatitis B diagnosis are also listed. This manuscript has certain guiding significance to the development of hepatitis B detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Rong
- Institute of Physics & Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Feng Ailing
- Institute of Physics & Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Li Xiaodong
- Institute of Physics & Optoelectronics Technology, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, China
| | - Hu Jie
- Suzhou DiYinAn Biotech Co., Ltd. & Suzhou Innovation Center for Life Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Min
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Jarvi SI, Atkinson ES, Kaluna LM, Snook KA, Steel A. Development of a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA-EXO) and lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) based on the ITS1 gene for the detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in gastropod intermediate hosts. Parasitology 2021; 148:251-258. [PMID: 33143812 PMCID: PMC11010179 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode known to infect humans through the ingestion of third stage larvae which can cause inflammation and damage to the central nervous system. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most reliable diagnostic methods for detecting A. cantonensis in humans as well as in gastropod hosts, but requires expensive and specialized equipment. Here, we compare the sensitivity and accuracy of a recombinase polymerase amplification Exo (RPA-EXO) assay, and a recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow assay (RPA-LFA) with a traditional quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay currently available. The three assays were used to test 35 slugs from Hawai'i for the presence of A. cantonensis DNA. Consistent results among the three tests were shown in 23/35 samples (65.7%), while 7/35 (20%) were discordant in low infection level samples (<0.01 larvae per mg tissue), and 5/35 (14.3%) were equivocal. To evaluate sensitivity, a partial ITS1 gene was cloned, and serial plasmid dilutions were created ranging from 100 copies μL-1 to ~1 copy μL-1. All three assays consistently detected 50-100 copies μL-1 in triplicate and qPCR was able to detect ~13 copies μL-1 in triplicate. RPA-EXO was able to detect 25 copies μL-1 in triplicate and RPA-LFA was not able to amplify consistently below 50 copies μL-1. Thus, our RPA-EXO and RPA-LFA assays do not appear as sensitive as the current qPCR assay at low DNA concentrations; however, these tests have numerous advantages that may make them useful alternatives to qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan I. Jarvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Atkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Lisa M. Kaluna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Kirsten A. Snook
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Argon Steel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Hilo, Hawai‘i, USA
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Knuutila A, Barkoff AM, Mertsola J, Osicka R, Sebo P, He Q. Simultaneous Determination of Antibodies to Pertussis Toxin and Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Improves Serological Diagnosis of Pertussis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020180. [PMID: 33513780 PMCID: PMC7912298 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological diagnosis of pertussis is mainly based on anti-pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibodies. Since PT is included in all acellular vaccines (ACV), serological assays do not differentiate antibodies induced by ACVs and infection. Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is not included in the ACVs, which makes it a promising candidate for pertussis serology with the specific aim of separating infection- and ACV-induced antibodies. A multiplex lateral flow test with PT and ACT antigens was developed to measure serum antibodies from pertussis-seropositive patients (n = 46), healthy controls (n = 102), and subjects who received a booster dose of ACV containing PT, filamentous hemagglutinin, and pertactin (n = 67) with paired sera collected before and one month after the vaccination. If the diagnosis was solely based on anti-PT antibodies, 98.5–44.8% specificity (before and after vaccination, respectively) and 78.2% sensitivity were achieved, whereas if ACT was used in combination with PT, the sensitivity of the assay increased to 91.3% without compromising specificity. No increase in the level of anti-ACT antibodies was found after vaccination. This exploratory study indicates that the use of ACT for serology would be beneficial in combination with a lower quantitative cutoff for anti-PT antibodies, and particularly in children and adolescents who frequently receive booster vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aapo Knuutila
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (A.-M.B.)
| | - Alex-Mikael Barkoff
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (A.-M.B.)
| | - Jussi Mertsola
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4–8, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Radim Osicka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Peter Sebo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Bacterial Pathogens, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.O.); (P.S.)
| | - Qiushui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (A.-M.B.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xi Tou Tiao, You’an Men Wai, Feng Tai District, Beijing 100069, China
- Research Center for Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-504-722-255
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Yu CY, Chan KG, Yean CY, Ang GY. Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostic Tests for the Detection SARS-CoV-2: An Update. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010053. [PMID: 33401392 PMCID: PMC7823986 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began as a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China before spreading to over 200 countries and territories on six continents in less than six months. Despite rigorous global containment and quarantine efforts to limit the transmission of the virus, COVID-19 cases and deaths have continued to increase, leaving devastating impacts on the lives of many with far-reaching effects on the global society, economy and healthcare system. With over 43 million cases and 1.1 million deaths recorded worldwide, accurate and rapid diagnosis continues to be a cornerstone of pandemic control. In this review, we aim to present an objective overview of the latest nucleic acid-based diagnostic tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 that have been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under emergency use authorization (EUA) as of 31 October 2020. We systematically summarize and compare the principles, technologies, protocols and performance characteristics of amplification- and sequencing-based tests that have become alternatives to the CDC 2019-nCoV Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel. We highlight the notable features of the tests including authorized settings, along with the advantages and disadvantages of the tests. We conclude with a brief discussion on the current challenges and future perspectives of COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choo Yee Yu
- Independent Researcher, Kuala Lumpur 51200, Malaysia;
| | - Kok Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.Y.Y.); (G.Y.A.)
| | - Geik Yong Ang
- Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.Y.Y.); (G.Y.A.)
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Abstract
Food allergy affects up to 10% of the population, causing moderate to severe systemic symptoms and even death. Detecting allergens in food is the most critical and effective measure to reduce food allergy incidents, but the most commonly used kits, lateral flow immunoassay (LFI), are still relatively high in cost for the food industry. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) demonstrate the potential to address this challenge by substituting the multiple parts/materials in LFI with solely (cellulose) paper as the platform. This study reports the development of a single-piece lateral flow μPAD and demonstrates its capability of detecting allergic protein in various food samples within a 15 min including sample preparation. A confined reagent deposition on the testing zone of the patterned paper was achieved by blade cutting. Surface modification of the cellulose was optimized to enable the complete release of recognizing conjugates and elimination of background noise. The geometry of patterns was optimized to meet the liquid sample's requirement in flow rate. This LFI-format μPAD can detect as low as 1 ppm ovalbumin in standard solution, 0.01% (w/w) egg white protein in spiked cake mix, and the egg content in other commercial food products. Much simpler fabrication procedures and a lower material cost are required by the μPAD than that by conventional LFIs. With the potential to scale up, this study provides an alternative food monitoring option to many sectors throughout the agri-food chain and contributes to improving food safety and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Z. Hua
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Aboul-Ella H, Hamed R, Abo-Elyazeed H. Recent trends in rapid diagnostic techniques for dermatophytosis. Int J Vet Sci Med 2020; 8:115-123. [PMID: 33426048 PMCID: PMC7751388 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2020.1850204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a common contagious disease of both humans and animals. It is caused by a group of filamentous fungi known as dermatophytes, including several genera and various species. An accurate diagnosis of dermatophytes as a causative agent of a skin lesion requires up to one month of conventional laboratory diagnostics. The conventional gold standard diagnostic method is a direct microscopic examination followed by 3 to 4 weeks of Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) culturing, and it may require further post-culturing identification through biochemical tests or microculture technique application. The laborious, exhaustive, and time-consuming gold standard method was a real challenge facing all dermatologists to achieve a rapid, accurate dermatophytosis diagnosis. Various studies developed more rapid, accurate, reliable, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools. All developed techniques showed more rapidity than the classical method but variable specificities and sensitivities. An extensive bibliography is included and discussed through this review, showing recent variable dermatophytes diagnostic categories with an illustration of weaknesses, strengths, and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Aboul-Ella
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, GizaEgypt
| | - Rafik Hamed
- Bacteriology Biotechnology Diagnostics Department, Institute for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics (CLEVB), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heidy Abo-Elyazeed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, GizaEgypt
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Avellon A, Ala A, Diaz A, Domingo D, Gonzalez R, Hidalgo L, Kooner P, Loganathan S, Martin D, McPherson S, Munoz-Chimeno M, Ryder S, Slapak G, Ryan P, Valbuena M, Kennedy PT. Clinical performance of Determine HBsAg 2 rapid test for Hepatitis B detection. J Med Virol 2020; 92:3403-3411. [PMID: 32270883 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is estimated to affect 292 million people worldwide, 90% of them are unaware of their HBV status. The Determine HBsAg 2 (Alere Medical Co, Ltd Chiba Japan [Now Abbott]) is a rapid test that meets European Union (EU) regulatory requirements for Hepatitis B surface antigen 2 (HBsAg) analytical sensitivity, detecting the 0.1 IU/mL World Health Organization (WHO) International HBsAg Standard. This prospective, multicentre study was conducted to establish its clinical performance. 351 evaluable subjects were enrolled, 145 HBsAg-positive. The fingerstick whole blood sensitivity and specificity were 97.2% and 98.5% (15' reading, reference assay cut-off 0.05 IU/mL), sensitivity increasing to 97.9% with the prespecified cut-off 0.13 IU/mL (EU regulations). The venous whole blood, serum and plasma sensitivity was 97.2%, 97.9%, and 98.6%, respectively (15' reading); reaching 99%, 99.5% and 100% specificity. A testing algorithm following up an initial positive fingerstick test result with plasma/serum test demonstrates 100% specificity. The Determine HBsAg 2 test gives 15-minute results with high sensitivity and specificity, making it an ideal tool for point-of-care testing, with the potential to enable large-scale population-wide screening to reach the WHO HBV diagnostic targets. The evaluated test improves the existing methods as most of the reviewed rapid tests do not meet the EU regulatory requirements of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Avellon
- Hepatitis Unit, National Center of Microbiology, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aftab Ala
- Gastrointestinal and Liver services, Royal Surrey County Hospital and University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Antonio Diaz
- Gastroenterology department, Hospital del Sureste, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Domingo
- Gastroenterology department, Hospital Infanta Cristina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Gonzalez
- Gastroenterology department, Hospital del Sureste, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Hidalgo
- Gastroenterology department, Hospital Infanta Sofia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Kooner
- Gastroenterology department, Hospital Infanta Sofia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabarinathan Loganathan
- Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Stuart McPherson
- Liver Unit, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Stephen Ryder
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, NIHR Nottingham BRC at the Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gabrielle Slapak
- Gastrointestinal and Liver services, Barking Havering and Redbridge University NHS Trust, Romford, UK
| | - Pablo Ryan
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (HUIL), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Valbuena
- Gastroenterology department, Hospital del Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick T Kennedy
- Barts Liver Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute, London, UK
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Bond K, Nicholson S, Lim SM, Karapanagiotidis T, Williams E, Johnson D, Hoang T, Sia C, Purcell D, Mordant F, Lewin SR, Catton M, Subbarao K, Howden BP, Williamson DA. Evaluation of Serological Tests for SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Serology Testing in a Low-Prevalence Setting. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:1280-1288. [PMID: 32761124 PMCID: PMC7454699 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust serological assays are essential for long-term control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many recently released point-of-care (PoCT) serological assays have been distributed with little premarket validation. METHODS Performance characteristics for 5 PoCT lateral flow devices approved for use in Australia were compared to a commercial enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and a recently described novel surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). RESULTS Sensitivities for PoCT ranged from 51.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.1%-60.4%) to 67.9% (95% CI, 59.4%-75.6%), and specificities from 95.6% (95% CI, 89.2%-98.8%) to 100.0% (95% CI, 96.1%-100.0%). ELISA sensitivity for IgA or IgG detection was 67.9% (95% CI, 59.4%-75.6%), increasing to 93.8% (95% CI, 85.0%-98.3%) for samples >14 days post symptom onset. sVNT sensitivity was 60.9% (95% CI, 53.2%-68.4%), rising to 91.2% (95% CI, 81.8%-96.7%) for samples >14 days post symptom onset, with specificity 94.4% (95% CI, 89.2%-97.5%). CONCLUSIONS Performance characteristics for COVID-19 serological assays were generally lower than those reported by manufacturers. Timing of specimen collection relative to onset of illness or infection is crucial in reporting of performance characteristics for COVID-19 serological assays. The optimal algorithm for implementing serological testing for COVID-19 remains to be determined, particularly in low-prevalence settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Seok Ming Lim
- Department of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Theo Karapanagiotidis
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eloise Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Douglas Johnson
- Department of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of General Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tuyet Hoang
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cheryll Sia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damian Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francesca Mordant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mike Catton
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Benjamin P Howden
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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Azinheiro S, Carvalho J, Prado M, Garrido-Maestu A. Application of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification with Lateral Flow for a Naked-Eye Detection of Listeria monocytogenes on Food Processing Surfaces. Foods 2020; 9:E1249. [PMID: 32906705 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The continuous contamination of foods with L. monocytogenes, highlights the need for additional controls in the food industry. The verification of food processing plants is key to avoid cross-contaminations, and to assure the safety of the food products. In this study, a new methodology for the detection of L. monocytogenes on food contact surfaces was developed and evaluated. It combines Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) with the lateral flow (LF) naked-eye detection. Different approaches for the recovery of the bacteria from the surface, the enrichment step and downstream analysis by RPA-LF were tested and optimized. The results were compared with a standard culture-based technique and qPCR analysis. Sampling procedure with sponges was more efficient for the recovery of the bacteria than a regular swab. A 24 h enrichment in ONE broth was needed for the most sensitive detection of the pathogen. By RPA-LF, it was possible to detect 1.1 pg/µL of pure L. monocytogenes DNA, and the complete methodology reached a LoD50 of 4.2 CFU/cm2 and LoD95 of 18.2 CFU/cm2. These results are comparable with the culture-based methodology and qPCR. The developed approach allows for a next-day detection without complex equipment and a naked-eye visualization of the results.
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41
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Reddy A, Bosch I, Salcedo N, Herrera BB, de Puig H, Narváez CF, Caicedo-Borrero DM, Lorenzana I, Parham L, García K, Mercado M, Turca AMR, Villar-Centeno LA, Gélvez-Ramírez M, Ríos NAG, Hiley M, García D, Diamond MS, Gehrke L. Development and Validation of a Rapid Lateral Flow E1/E2-Antigen Test and ELISA in Patients Infected with Emerging Asian Strain of Chikungunya Virus in the Americas. Viruses 2020; 12:E971. [PMID: 32882998 PMCID: PMC7552019 DOI: 10.3390/v12090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its 2013 emergence in the Americas, Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has posed a serious threat to public health. Early and accurate diagnosis of the disease, though currently lacking in clinics, is integral to enable timely care and epidemiological response. We developed a dual detection system: a CHIKV antigen E1/E2-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lateral flow test using high-affinity anti-CHIKV antibodies. The ELISA was validated with 100 PCR-tested acute Chikungunya fever samples from Honduras. The assay had an overall sensitivity and specificity of 51% and 96.67%, respectively, with accuracy reaching 95.45% sensitivity and 92.03% specificity at a cycle threshold (Ct) cutoff of 22. As the Ct value decreased from 35 to 22, the ELISA sensitivity increased. We then developed and validated two lateral flow tests using independent antibody pairs. The sensitivity and specificity reached 100% for both lateral flow tests using 39 samples from Colombia and Honduras at Ct cutoffs of 20 and 27, respectively. For both lateral flow tests, sensitivity decreased as the Ct increased after 27. Because CHIKV E1/E2 are exposed in the virion surfaces in serum during the acute infection phase, these sensitive and specific assays demonstrate opportunities for early detection of this emerging human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Reddy
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Irene Bosch
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Helena de Puig
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Carlos F Narváez
- Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Surcolombiana, Neiva, Huila, Colombia
| | - Diana María Caicedo-Borrero
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Epidemiología de la Pontificia Universidad, Javeriana Cali y Escuela de Salud Pública de la Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ivette Lorenzana
- Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Leda Parham
- Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Kimberly García
- Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcela Mercado
- Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Angélica María Rico Turca
- Laboratorio de Virología, Dirección de Redes en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luis A Villar-Centeno
- Departments of Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander and AEDES Network, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Margarita Gélvez-Ramírez
- Departments of Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander and AEDES Network, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Natalia Andrea Gómez Ríos
- Departments of Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander and AEDES Network, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Megan Hiley
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dawlyn García
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lee Gehrke
- E25Bio, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Li Z, Chen H, Feng S, Liu K, Wang P. Development and Clinical Validation of a Sensitive Lateral Flow Assay for Rapid Urine Fentanyl Screening in the Emergency Department. Clin Chem 2020; 66:324-332. [PMID: 32040576 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid identification of fentanyl at the point-of-care is critical. Urine fentanyl concentrations in overdose cases start at single-digit nanograms per milliliter. No fentanyl point-of-care assay with a cutoff at single-digit nanograms per milliliter is available. METHODS A competitive lateral flow assay (LFA) was developed using gold nanoparticles and optimized for rapid screening of fentanyl in 5 minutes. Urine samples from 2 cohorts of emergency department (ED) patients were tested using the LFA and LC-MS/MS. The 2 cohorts consisted of 218 consecutive ED patients with urine drug-of-abuse screen orders and 7 ED patients with clinically suspected fentanyl overdose, respectively. RESULTS The LFA detected fentanyl (≥1 ng/mL) and the major metabolite norfentanyl (≥10 ng/mL) with high precision. There was no cross-reactivity with amphetamine, cocaine, morphine, tetrahydrocannabinol, methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone, and acetaminophen at 1000 ng/mL and 0.03%, 0.4%, and 0.05% cross-reactivity with carfentanil, risperidone, and 9-hydroxyrisperidone, respectively. In 218 consecutive ED patients, the prevalence of cases with fentanyl ≥1 ng/mL or norfentanyl ≥10 ng/mL was 5.5%. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the LFA were 100% (95% CI, 75.8-100%) and 99.5% (95% CI, 97.3-99.9%), respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 92.3% (95% CI, 66.7-98.6%) and 100% (95% CI, 98.2-100%), respectively. The concordance between the LFA and LC-MS/MS was 100% in the 7 suspected fentanyl overdose cases (5 positive, 2 negative). CONCLUSIONS The LFA can detect fentanyl and norfentanyl with high clinical sensitivity and specificity in the ED population with rapid fentanyl screening needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kengku Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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43
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Adams ER, Ainsworth M, Anand R, Andersson MI, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, Beer S, Bell JI, Berry T, Bibi S, Carroll M, Chinnakannan SK, Clutterbuck E, Cornall RJ, Crook DW, de Silva T, Dejnirattisai W, Dingle KE, Dold C, Espinosa A, Eyre DW, Farmer H, Fernandez Mendoza M, Georgiou D, Hoosdally SJ, Hunter A, Jefferey K, Kelly DF, Klenerman P, Knight J, Knowles C, Kwok AJ, Leuschner U, Levin R, Liu C, López-Camacho C, Martinez J, Matthews PC, McGivern H, Mentzer AJ, Milton J, Mongkolsapaya J, Moore SC, Oliveira MS, Pereira F, Perez E, Peto T, Ploeg RJ, Pollard A, Prince T, Roberts DJ, Rudkin JK, Sanchez V, Screaton GR, Semple MG, Slon-Campos J, Skelly DT, Smith EN, Sobrinodiaz A, Staves J, Stuart DI, Supasa P, Surik T, Thraves H, Tsang P, Turtle L, Walker AS, Wang B, Washington C, Watkins N, Whitehouse J. Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:139. [PMID: 33748431 PMCID: PMC7941096 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15927.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices. Methods: We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142). Results: ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar. Conclusions: Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mark Ainsworth
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rekha Anand
- NHS Blood and Transplant Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SG, UK
| | | | - Kathryn Auckland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sally Beer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John I Bell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tamsin Berry
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Senthil K Chinnakannan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thushan de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate E Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Alexis Espinosa
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Helen Farmer
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah J Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alastair Hunter
- NHS Blood and Transplant Basildon, Burnt Mills Industrial Estate, Basildon, SS13 1FH, UK
| | - Katie Jefferey
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Dominic F Kelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julian Knight
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Clarice Knowles
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Kwok
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ullrich Leuschner
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - César López-Camacho
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jose Martinez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah McGivern
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jonathan Milton
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marta S Oliveira
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Elena Perez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Timothy Peto
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rutger J Ploeg
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Pollard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Justine K Rudkin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose Slon-Campos
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Donal T Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | - Julie Staves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 ODE, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tomas Surik
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah Thraves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Pat Tsang
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Watkins
- NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
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Broughton JP, Deng X, Yu G, Fasching CL, Singh J, Streithorst J, Granados A, Sotomayor-Gonzalez A, Zorn K, Gopez A, Hsu E, Gu W, Miller S, Pan CY, Guevara H, Wadford DA, Chen JS, Chiu CY. Rapid Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Using a CRISPR-based DETECTR Lateral Flow Assay. medRxiv 2020:2020.03.06.20032334. [PMID: 32511449 PMCID: PMC7239074 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.06.20032334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of novel betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (formerly named 2019-nCoV), began in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and the COVID-19 disease associated with infection has since spread rapidly to multiple countries. Here we report the development of SARS-CoV-2 DETECTR, a rapid (~30 min), low-cost, and accurate CRISPR-Cas12 based lateral flow assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 from respiratory swab RNA extracts. We validated this method using contrived reference samples and clinical samples from infected US patients and demonstrated comparable performance to the US CDC SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xianding Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guixia Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jasmeet Singh
- Mammoth Biosciences, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jessica Streithorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea Granados
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alicia Sotomayor-Gonzalez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kelsey Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Allan Gopez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elaine Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steve Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chao-Yang Pan
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Hugo Guevara
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Debra A. Wadford
- Viral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Janice S. Chen
- Mammoth Biosciences, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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45
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Knuutila A, Rautanen C, Mertsola J, He Q. Multiplex Point-of-Care Tests for the Determination of Antibodies after Acellular Pertussis Vaccination. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E187. [PMID: 32230963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the current serological diagnosis of pertussis is based on pertussis toxin (PT) IgG antibodies and does not differentiate between vaccination and infection-induced antibodies. PT is included in all of acellular pertussis vaccines available in the world. Multiplex testing of non-vaccine antigen-related antibodies has the potential to improve the diagnostic outcome of these assays. In this study, we developed a quantitatively spatial multiplex lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of IgG antibodies directed against PT, pertactin (PRN), and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). The assay was evaluated with serum samples with varying anti-PT, anti-PRN, and anti-FHA IgG levels and the result was compared to those obtained with standardized ELISA. The developed assay showed good specificity with PT and PRN antibodies and semiquantification throughout the antigen combinations. This exploratory study indicates that the multiplex LFIA is specific and sensitive, and a similar test platform with alternative antigens could be suitable for new type of pertussis serology.
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46
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Zhao Z, Wang H, Zhai W, Feng X, Fan X, Chen A, Wang M. A Lateral Flow Strip Based on a Truncated Aptamer-Complementary Strand for Detection of Type-B Aflatoxins in Nuts and Dried Figs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E136. [PMID: 32098355 PMCID: PMC7076875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-B aflatoxins (AFB1 and AFB2) frequently contaminate food, especially nuts and fried figs, and seriously threaten human health; hence, it is necessary for the newly rapid and sensitive detection methods to prevent the consumption of potentially contaminated food. Here, a lateral flow aptasensor for the detection of type-B aflatoxins was developed. It is based on the use of fluorescent dye Cy5 as a label for the aptamer, and on the competition between type-B aflatoxins and the complementary DNA of the aptamer. This is the first time that the complementary strand of the aptamer has been used as the test line (T-line) to detect type-B aflatoxins. In addition, the truncated aptamer was used to improve the affinity with type-B aflatoxins in our study. Therefore, the lengths of aptamer and cDNA probe were optimized as key parameters for higher sensitivity. In addition, binding buffer and organic solvent were investigated. The results showed that the best pair for achieving improved sensitivity and accuracy in detecting AFB1 was formed by a shorter aptamer (32 bases) coupled with the probe complementary to the AFB1 binding region of the aptamer. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the test strip showed an excellent linear relationship in the range from 0.2 to 20 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.16 ng/mL. This aptamer-based strip was successfully applied to the determination of type-B aflatoxins in spiked and commercial peanuts, almonds, and dried figs, and the recoveries of the spiked samples were from 93.3%-112.0%. The aptamer-complementary strand-based lateral flow test strip is a potential alternative tool for the rapid and sensitive detection of type-B aflatoxins in nuts and dried figs. It is of help for monitoring aflatoxins to avoid the consumption of unsafe food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhao
- Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Lian Chi District, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.)
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian Dist. Beijing 100097, China; (W.Z.); (X.F.)
| | - He Wang
- Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Lian Chi District, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.)
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian Dist. Beijing 100097, China; (W.Z.); (X.F.)
| | - Wenlei Zhai
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian Dist. Beijing 100097, China; (W.Z.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian Dist. Beijing 100097, China; (W.Z.); (X.F.)
| | - Xia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Ailiang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Meng Wang
- Hebei University, No. 180 Wusi Dong Road, Lian Chi District, Baoding 071002, Hebei Province, China; (Z.Z.); (H.W.)
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian Dist. Beijing 100097, China; (W.Z.); (X.F.)
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47
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Elamin AA, Klunkelfuß S, Kämpfer S, Oehlmann W, Stehr M, Smith C, Simpson GR, Morgan R, Pandha H, Singh M. A Specific Blood Signature Reveals Higher Levels of S100A12: A Potential Bladder Cancer Diagnostic Biomarker Along With Urinary Engrailed-2 Protein Detection. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1484. [PMID: 31993369 PMCID: PMC6962349 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (UCB) or bladder cancer remains a major health problem with high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in the western world. UCB is also associated with the highest cost per patient. In recent years numerous markers have been evaluated for suitability in UCB detection and surveillance. However, to date none of these markers can replace or even reduce the use of routine tools (cytology and cystoscopy). Our current study described UCB's extensive expression profile and highlighted the variations with normal bladder tissue. Our data revealed that JUP, PTGDR, KLRF1, MT-TC, and RNU6-135P are associated with prognosis in patients with UCB. The microarray expression data identified also S100A12, S100A8, and NAMPT as potential UCB biomarkers. Pathway analysis revealed that natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity is the most involved pathway. Our analysis showed that S100A12 protein may be useful as a biomarker for early UCB detection. Plasma S100A12 has been observed in patients with UCB with an overall sensitivity of 90.5% and a specificity of 75%. S100A12 is highly expressed preferably in high-grade and high-stage UCB. Furthermore, using a panel of more than hundred urine samples, a prototype lateral flow test for the transcription factor Engrailed-2 (EN2) also showed reasonable sensitivity (85%) and specificity (71%). Such findings provide confidence to further improve and refine the EN2 rapid test for use in clinical practice. In conclusion, S100A12 and EN2 have shown potential value as biomarker candidates for UCB patients. These results can speed up the discovery of biomarkers, improving diagnostic accuracy and may help the management of UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayssar A Elamin
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Kämpfer
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Wulf Oehlmann
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Matthias Stehr
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Christopher Smith
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy R Simpson
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Morgan
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Brunswick, Germany
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Adams ER, Ainsworth M, Anand R, Andersson MI, Auckland K, Baillie JK, Barnes E, Beer S, Bell JI, Berry T, Bibi S, Carroll M, Chinnakannan SK, Clutterbuck E, Cornall RJ, Crook DW, de Silva T, Dejnirattisai W, Dingle KE, Dold C, Espinosa A, Eyre DW, Farmer H, Fernandez Mendoza M, Georgiou D, Hoosdally SJ, Hunter A, Jefferey K, Kelly DF, Klenerman P, Knight J, Knowles C, Kwok AJ, Leuschner U, Levin R, Liu C, López-Camacho C, Martinez J, Matthews PC, McGivern H, Mentzer AJ, Milton J, Mongkolsapaya J, Moore SC, Oliveira MS, Pereira F, Perez E, Peto T, Ploeg RJ, Pollard A, Prince T, Roberts DJ, Rudkin JK, Sanchez V, Screaton GR, Semple MG, Slon-Campos J, Skelly DT, Smith EN, Sobrinodiaz A, Staves J, Stuart DI, Supasa P, Surik T, Thraves H, Tsang P, Turtle L, Walker AS, Wang B, Washington C, Watkins N, Whitehouse J. Antibody testing for COVID-19: A report from the National COVID Scientific Advisory Panel. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [PMID: 33748431 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15927.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused >1 million infections during January-March 2020. There is an urgent need for reliable antibody detection approaches to support diagnosis, vaccine development, safe release of individuals from quarantine, and population lock-down exit strategies. We set out to evaluate the performance of ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) devices. Methods: We tested plasma for COVID (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2) IgM and IgG antibodies by ELISA and using nine different LFIA devices. We used a panel of plasma samples from individuals who have had confirmed COVID infection based on a PCR result (n=40), and pre-pandemic negative control samples banked in the UK prior to December-2019 (n=142). Results: ELISA detected IgM or IgG in 34/40 individuals with a confirmed history of COVID infection (sensitivity 85%, 95%CI 70-94%), vs. 0/50 pre-pandemic controls (specificity 100% [95%CI 93-100%]). IgG levels were detected in 31/31 COVID-positive individuals tested ≥10 days after symptom onset (sensitivity 100%, 95%CI 89-100%). IgG titres rose during the 3 weeks post symptom onset and began to fall by 8 weeks, but remained above the detection threshold. Point estimates for the sensitivity of LFIA devices ranged from 55-70% versus RT-PCR and 65-85% versus ELISA, with specificity 95-100% and 93-100% respectively. Within the limits of the study size, the performance of most LFIA devices was similar. Conclusions: Currently available commercial LFIA devices do not perform sufficiently well for individual patient applications. However, ELISA can be calibrated to be specific for detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG and is highly sensitive for IgG from 10 days following first symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Adams
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Mark Ainsworth
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rekha Anand
- NHS Blood and Transplant Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SG, UK
| | | | - Kathryn Auckland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Eleanor Barnes
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sally Beer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - John I Bell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tamsin Berry
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Sagida Bibi
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Senthil K Chinnakannan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elizabeth Clutterbuck
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Richard J Cornall
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Thushan de Silva
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Wanwisa Dejnirattisai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kate E Dingle
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christina Dold
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Alexis Espinosa
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David W Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Helen Farmer
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah J Hoosdally
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alastair Hunter
- NHS Blood and Transplant Basildon, Burnt Mills Industrial Estate, Basildon, SS13 1FH, UK
| | - Katie Jefferey
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Dominic F Kelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Julian Knight
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Clarice Knowles
- Department of Health and Social Care, UK Government, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Kwok
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Ullrich Leuschner
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Chang Liu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - César López-Camacho
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jose Martinez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah McGivern
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jonathan Milton
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Juthathip Mongkolsapaya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Shona C Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marta S Oliveira
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Elena Perez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Timothy Peto
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Rutger J Ploeg
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrew Pollard
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Tessa Prince
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David J Roberts
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Justine K Rudkin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Veronica Sanchez
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Gavin R Screaton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jose Slon-Campos
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Donal T Skelly
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | - Julie Staves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - David I Stuart
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 ODE, UK
| | - Piyada Supasa
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tomas Surik
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hannah Thraves
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Pat Tsang
- NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical & Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital (member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Beibei Wang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre,, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Watkins
- NHS Blood and Transplant Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge, CB2 0PT, UK
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Yale G, Gibson AD, Mani RS, P K H, Costa NC, Corfmat J, Otter I, Otter N, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BM, Mellanby RJ, Desai S, Naik V, Gamble L, Mazeri S. Evaluation of an Immunochromatographic Assay as a Canine Rabies Surveillance Tool in Goa, India. Viruses 2019; 11:E649. [PMID: 31311178 PMCID: PMC6669590 DOI: 10.3390/v11070649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. More than 95% of the human rabies cases in India are attributed to exposure to rabid dogs. This study evaluated the utility of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFA) (Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit, Bionote, Hwaseong-si, Korea) for rapid post mortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs. Brain tissue was collected from 202 animals that were screened through the Government of Goa rabies surveillance system. The brain tissue samples were obtained from 188 dogs, nine cats, three bovines, one jackal and one monkey. In addition, 10 dogs that died due to trauma from road accidents were included as negative controls for the study. The diagnostic performance of LFA was evaluated using results from direct fluorescence antibody test (dFT); the current gold standard post mortem test for rabies infection. Three samples were removed from the analysis as they were autolysed and not fit for testing by dFT. Of the 209 samples tested, 117 tested positive by LFA and 92 tested negative, while 121 tested positive by dFT and 88 tested negative. Estimates of LFA sensitivity and specificity were 0.96 (95% CI 0.91-0.99) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.94-1.00), respectively. The LFA is a simple and low-cost assay that aids in the rapid diagnosis of rabies in the field without the need for expensive laboratory equipment or technical expertise. This study found that Bionote LFA has potential as a screening tool in rabies endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa 403002, India.
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Reeta S Mani
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Harsha P K
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Niceta Cunha Costa
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | | | - Ilona Otter
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Hicks ITC, Goa 403507, India
| | - Nigel Otter
- Worldwide Veterinary Service, Hicks ITC, Goa 403507, India
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Barend Mark Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Santosh Desai
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | - Vilas Naik
- Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Services, Patto, Panjim, Goa 403001, India
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Genetics and Genomics, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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50
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Akter S, Kustila T, Leivo J, Muralitharan G, Vehniäinen M, Lamminmäki U. Noncompetitive Chromogenic Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Microcystins and Nodularin. Biosensors (Basel) 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 31216673 PMCID: PMC6627203 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms cause local and global health issues by contaminating surface waters. Microcystins and nodularins are cyclic cyanobacterial peptide toxins comprising numerous natural variants. Most of them are potent hepatotoxins, tumor promoters, and at least microcystin-LR is possibly carcinogenic. In drinking water, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the provisional guideline value of 1 µg/L for microcystin-LR. For water used for recreational activity, the guidance values for microcystin concentration varies mostly between 4-25 µg/L in different countries. Current immunoassays or lateral flow strips for microcystin/nodularin are based on indirect competitive method, which are generally more prone to sample interference and sometimes hard to interpret compared to two-site immunoassays. Simple, sensitive, and easy to interpret user-friendly methods for first line screening of microcystin/nodularin near water sources are needed for assessment of water quality and safety. We describe the development of a two-site sandwich format lateral-flow assay for the rapid detection of microcystins and nodularin-R. A unique antibody fragment capable of broadly recognizing immunocomplexes consisting of a capture antibody bound to microcystins/nodularin-R was used to develop the simple lateral flow immunoassay. The assay can visually detect the major hepatotoxins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF -LW, and nodularin-R) at and below the concentration of 4 µg/L. The signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the respective toxin, and the use of alkaline phosphatase activity offers a cost efficient alternative by eliminating the need of toxin conjugates or other labeling system. The easy to interpret assay has the potential to serve as a microcystins/nodularin screening tool for those involved in water quality monitoring such as municipal authorities, researchers, as well as general public concerned of bathing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Akter
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kustila
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Janne Leivo
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Gangatharan Muralitharan
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Palkalaiperur, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Markus Vehniäinen
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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