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Bai E, Zhu H, Sun C, Liu G, Xie X, Xu C, Wu S. A Comparative Study of Nafion 212 and Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Membranes with Different Degrees of Sulfonation on the Performance of Iron-Chromium Redox Flow Battery. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:820. [PMID: 37887992 PMCID: PMC10608269 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
For an iron-chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB), sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes with five various degrees of sulfonation (DSs) are studied. To select the SPEEK membrane with the ideal DS for ICRFB applications, the physicochemical characteristics and single-cell performance are taken into consideration. Following all the investigations, it has been determined that the SPEEK membrane, which has a DS of 57% and a thin thickness of 25 μm, is the best option for replacing commercial Nafion 212 in ICRFB. Firstly, it exhibits a better cell performance according to energy efficiency (EE) and coulombic efficiency (CE) at the current density range between 40 mA cm-2 and 80 mA cm-2. Additionally, it has a more stable EE (79.25-81.64%) and lower discharge capacity decay rate (50%) than the Nafion 212 (EE: 76.74-81.45%, discharge capacity decay: 76%) after 50 charge-discharge cycles, which proves its better oxidation stability as well. In addition, the longer self-discharge time during the open-circuit voltage test further demonstrates that this SPEEK membrane could be employed for large-scale ICRFB applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrui Bai
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264003, China; (E.B.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haotian Zhu
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264003, China; (E.B.); (H.Z.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Chuanyu Sun
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China;
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Hubei Xinye Energy-Storage Co., Ltd., Huangshi 435100, China;
| | - Xiaoyin Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi 435003, China
| | - Chongyang Xu
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264003, China; (E.B.); (H.Z.)
| | - Sheng Wu
- Yantai Research Institute, Harbin Engineering University, Yantai 264003, China; (E.B.); (H.Z.)
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Wu M, Fang M, Nan M, Chen X, Ma X. Recent Advances for Electrode Modifications in Flow Batteries: Properties, Mechanisms, and Outlooks. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201242. [PMID: 36644999 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Flow batteries (FBs) have been demonstrated in several large-scale energy storage projects, and are considered to be the preferred technique for large-scale long-term energy storage in terms of their high safety, environmental friendliness, and long life, including all-vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) and Fe-Cr flow batteries (ICFBs). As the electrochemical reaction site, the electrode parameters, such as the specific surface area, active site, and so on, have a significant impact on the flow battery performance and reliability. Extensive research has been carried out on electrode modification to improve the current density and energy efficiency of the FBs. In this review, the reaction mechanisms of VFBs and ICFBs are discussed in detail firstly, and then the electrodes modification methods are overviewed and summarized from four aspects: self-modification, carbon-based electrocatalysts, metal-based electrocatalysts and composite electrocatalysts. Finally, the recent catalytic mechanism, in situ characterization technology, and future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Maolin Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Mingjun Nan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Xiangnan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Xiangkun Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
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Ren H, Su Y, Zhao S, Li C, Wang X, Li B, Li Z. Research on the Performance of Cobalt Oxide Decorated Graphite Felt as Electrode of Iron‐Chromium Flow Battery. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐lin Ren
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Utilization Yingkou Institute of Technology Yingkou 115014 China
- School of Materials and Metallurgy University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Yang Su
- School of Materials and Metallurgy University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- School of Materials and Metallurgy University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Cheng‐wei Li
- School of Materials and Metallurgy University of Science and Technology Liaoning Anshan 114051 China
| | - Xiao‐min Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Utilization Yingkou Institute of Technology Yingkou 115014 China
| | - Bo‐han Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Utilization Yingkou Institute of Technology Yingkou 115014 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Storage and Utilization Yingkou Institute of Technology Yingkou 115014 China
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Xu Q, Wang S, Xu C, Chen X, Zeng S, Li C, Zhou Y, Zhou T, Niu Y. Synergistic effect of electrode defect regulation and Bi catalyst deposition on the performance of iron-chromium redox flow battery. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Su Y, Chen N, Ren HL, Guo LL, Li Z, Wang XM. Preparation and Properties of Indium Ion Modified Graphite Felt Composite Electrode. Front Chem 2022; 10:899287. [PMID: 35572110 PMCID: PMC9091195 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.899287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-chromium redox flow batteries (ICRFBs) have the advantages of high safety, long cycle life, flexible design, and low maintenance costs. Polyacrylonitrile-based graphite felt composite material has good temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, large surface area and excellent electrical conductivity, and is often used as the electrode material of ICRFB, but its chemical activity is poor. In order to improve the activity of the graphite felt electrode, In3+ was used for modification in this paper, and the modified graphite felt was used as the electrode material for iron-chromium batteries. The structure and surface morphology of the modified graphite felt were analyzed by the specific surface area analyzer and scanning electron microscope; the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out on the electrochemical workstation to study the electro catalytic activity of In3+ modified graphite felt and its performance in ICRFBS. The results show that the graphite felt electrode modified with a concentration of 0.2 M In3+ was activated at 400°C for 2 h, and its surface showed a lot of grooves, and the specific surface area reached 3.889 m2/g, while the specific surface area of the untreated graphite felt was only 0.995 m2/g significantly improved. Electrochemical tests show that the electrochemical properties of graphite felt electrodes are improved after In3+ modification. Therefore, the In3+ modified graphite felt electrode can improve the performance of ICRFB battery, and also make it possible to realize the engineering application of ICRFB battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou, China
- School of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, China
| | - Na Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou, China
| | - Hai-lin Ren
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou, China
| | - Li-li Guo
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou, China
| | - Xiao-min Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Chemical Additive Synthesis and Separation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-min Wang,
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Sun C, Zhang H. Review of the Development of First-Generation Redox Flow Batteries: Iron-Chromium System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202101798. [PMID: 34724346 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The iron-chromium redox flow battery (ICRFB) is considered the first true RFB and utilizes low-cost, abundant iron and chromium chlorides as redox-active materials, making it one of the most cost-effective energy storage systems. ICRFBs were pioneered and studied extensively by NASA and Mitsui in Japan in the 1970-1980s, and extensive studies on ICRFBs have been carried out over the past few decades. In addition, ICRFB is considered to be one of the most promising directions for cost-effective and large-scale energy storage applications, as its cost can theoretically be lower than that of zinc-bromine and all-vanadium RFBs, giving it the potential for large-scale promotion. With the resolution of problems such as hydrogen evolution and electrolyte intermixing, the ICRFB technology is moving out of the laboratory and striving for greater power and more stable industrialization requirements. This Review summarizes the history, development, and research status of key components (carbon-based electrode, electrolyte, and membranes) in the ICRFB system, aiming to give a brief guide to researchers who are involved in the related subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Sun
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Huan Zhang
- School of Textile and Material Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Liao Ning Dalian, 116034, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Liao Ning Anshan, 114051, P. R. China
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Wang Q, Qu Z, Jiang Z, Xuan J, Wang H. A pluggable current collector for in-operando current measurements in all-vanadium redox flow batteries with flow field. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Carbon Monoliths with Hierarchical Porous Structure for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. BATTERIES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/batteries7030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoliths were tested as electrodes for vanadium redox batteries. The materials were synthesised by a hard-templating route, employing sucrose as carbon precursor and sodium chloride crystals as the hard template. For the preparation process, both sucrose and sodium chloride were ball-milled together and molten into a paste which was hot-pressed to achieve polycondensation of sucrose into a hard monolith. The resultant material was pyrolysed in nitrogen at 750 °C, and then washed to remove the salt by dissolving it in water. Once the porosity was opened, a second pyrolysis step at 900 °C was performed for the complete conversion of the materials into carbon. The products were next characterised in terms of textural properties and composition. Changes in porosity, obtained by varying the proportions of sucrose to sodium chloride in the initial mixture, were correlated with the electrochemical performances of the samples, and a good agreement between capacitive response and microporosity was indeed observed highlighted by an increase in the cyclic voltammetry curve area when the SBET increased. In contrast, the reversibility of vanadium redox reactions measured as a function of the difference between reduction and oxidation potentials was correlated with the accessibility of the active vanadium species to the carbon surface, i.e., was correlated with the macroporosity. The latter was a critical parameter for understanding the differences of energy and voltage efficiencies among the materials, those with larger macropore volumes having the higher efficiencies.
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Review of Bipolar Plate in Redox Flow Batteries: Materials, Structures, and Manufacturing. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Excellent stability and electrochemical performance of the electrolyte with indium ion for iron–chromium flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen N, Zhang H, Luo XD, Sun CY. SiO2-decorated graphite felt electrode by silicic acid etching for iron-chromium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang H, Tan Y, Luo X, Sun C, Chen N. Polarization Effects of a Rayon and Polyacrylonitrile Based Graphite Felt for Iron‐Chromium Redox Flow Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of High Temperature Materials and Magnesium Resource EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan Liao Ning 114051 China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron BeamsDalian University of Technology, Dalian Liao Ning 116024 China
| | - Yi Tan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron BeamsDalian University of Technology, Dalian Liao Ning 116024 China
| | - Xu‐Dong Luo
- School of High Temperature Materials and Magnesium Resource EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan Liao Ning 114051 China
| | - Chuan‐Yu Sun
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringTianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Na Chen
- School of High Temperature Materials and Magnesium Resource EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan Liao Ning 114051 China
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