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Pazderová L, Tüzün EZ, Bavol D, Litecká M, Fojt L, Grűner B. Chemistry of Carbon-Substituted Derivatives of Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide)(1 -) Ion and Recent Progress in Boron Substitution. Molecules 2023; 28:6971. [PMID: 37836814 PMCID: PMC10574808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cobalt bis(dicarbollide)(1-) anion (1-), [(1,2-C2B9H11)2-3,3'-Co(III)](1-), plays an increasingly important role in material science and medicine due to its high chemical stability, 3D shape, aromaticity, diamagnetic character, ability to penetrate cells, and low cytotoxicity. A key factor enabling the incorporation of this ion into larger organic molecules, biomolecules, and materials, as well as its capacity for "tuning" interactions with therapeutic targets, is the availability of synthetic routes that enable easy modifications with a wide selection of functional groups. Regarding the modification of the dicarbollide cage, syntheses leading to substitutions on boron atoms are better established. These methods primarily involve ring cleavage of the ether rings in species containing an oxonium oxygen atom connected to the B(8) site. These pathways are accessible with a broad range of nucleophiles. In contrast, the chemistry on carbon vertices has remained less elaborated over the previous decades due to a lack of reliable methods that permit direct and straightforward cage modifications. In this review, we present a survey of methods based on metalation reactions on the acidic C-H vertices, followed by reactions with electrophiles, which have gained importance in only the last decade. These methods now represent the primary trends in the modifications of cage carbon atoms. We discuss the scope of currently available approaches, along with the stereochemistry of reactions, chirality of some products, available types of functional groups, and their applications in designing unconventional drugs. This content is complemented with a report of the progress in physicochemical and biological studies on the parent cobalt bis(dicarbollide) ion and also includes an overview of recent syntheses and emerging applications of boron-substituted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pazderová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ece Zeynep Tüzün
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Lukáš Fojt
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Bohumír Grűner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
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Fojt L, Grüner B, Nekvinda J, Tűzűn EZ, Havran L, Fojta M. Electrochemistry of Cobalta Bis(dicarbollide) Ions Substituted at Carbon Atoms with Hydrophilic Alkylhydroxy and Carboxy Groups. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061761. [PMID: 35335124 PMCID: PMC8953506 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we explore the effect on the electrochemical signals in aqueous buffers of the presence of hydrophilic alkylhydroxy and carboxy groups on the carbon atoms of cobalta bis(dicarbollide) ions. The oxygen-containing exo-skeletal substituents of cobalta bis(dicarbollide) ions belong to the perspective building blocks that are considered for bioconjugation. Carbon substitution provides wider versatility and applicability in terms of the flexibility of possible chemical pathways. However, until recently, the electrochemistry of compounds substituted only on boron atoms could be studied, due to the unavailability of carbon-substituted congeners. In the present study, electrochemistry in aqueous phosphate buffers is considered along with the dependence of electrochemical response on pH and concentration. The compounds used show electrochemical signals around −1.3 and +1.1 V of similar or slightly higher intensities than in the parent cobalta bis(dicarbollide) ion. The signals at positive electrochemical potential correspond to irreversible oxidation of the boron cage (the C2B9 building block) and at negative potential correspond to the reversible redox process of (CoIII/CoII) at the central atom. Although the first signal is typically sharp and its potential can be altered by a number of substituents, the second signal is complex and is composed of three overlapping peaks. This signal shows sigmoidal character at higher concentrations and may be used as a diagnostic tool for aggregation in solution. Surprisingly enough, the observed effects of the site of substitution (boron or carbon) and between individual groups on the electrochemical response were insignificant. Therefore, the substitutions would preserve promising properties of the parent cage for redox labelling, but would not allow for the further tuning of signal position in the electrochemical window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Fojt
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bohumír Grüner
- Department of Synthesis, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (B.G.); (J.N.); (E.Z.T.)
| | - Jan Nekvinda
- Department of Synthesis, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (B.G.); (J.N.); (E.Z.T.)
| | - Ece Zeynep Tűzűn
- Department of Synthesis, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 1001, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (B.G.); (J.N.); (E.Z.T.)
| | - Luděk Havran
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.)
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.F.)
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El Anwar S, Pazderová L, Bavol D, Bakardjiev M, Růžičková Z, Horáček O, Fojt L, Kučera R, Grűner B. Structurally rigidified cobalt bis(dicarbollide) derivatives, a chiral platform for labelling of biomolecules and new materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2572-2575. [PMID: 35107456 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06979a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the difunctional modification of an anionic cobalta bis(dicarbollide)(1-) cluster with a B(8,8')-oxygen bridging unit that provides structural rigidity and an organic alkylazide substituent(s) on the carbon atoms of the metallacarborane cage. These ions present a good binding motif for incorporation into organic molecules using Huisgen-Sharpless (2+3) cycloaddition reactions. In addition, the compounds are chiral, as verified by separation of enantiomers using HPLC on chiral stationary phases (CSPs) and provide a high electrochemical peak in the window located outside of typical signals of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan El Anwar
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucia Pazderová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Mário Bakardjiev
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Dpt. of Inorganic and General Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kráové, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fojt
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kráové, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumír Grűner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic.
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Electrochemistry of Icosahedral Metal Full and Half Sandwich Metallacarboranes in Phosphate Buffers. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kodr D, Yenice CP, Simonova A, Saftić DP, Pohl R, Sýkorová V, Ortiz M, Havran L, Fojta M, Lesnikowski ZJ, O'Sullivan CK, Hocek M. Carborane- or Metallacarborane-Linked Nucleotides for Redox Labeling. Orthogonal Multipotential Coding of all Four DNA Bases for Electrochemical Analysis and Sequencing. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7124-7134. [PMID: 33929195 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a series of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates bearing dicarba-nido-undecaborate ([C2B9H11]1-), [3,3'-iron-bis(1,2-dicarbollide)]- (FESAN, [Fe(C2B9H11)2]2-) or [3,3'-cobalt-bis(1,2-dicarbollide)]- (COSAN, [Co(C2B9H11)2]2-) groups prepared either through the Sonogashira cross-coupling or the CuAAC click reaction. The modified dNXTPs were substrates for KOD XL DNA polymerase in enzymatic synthesis of modified DNA through primer extension (PEX). The nido-carborane- and FESAN-modified nucleotides gave analytically useful oxidation signals in square-wave voltammetry and were used for redox labeling of DNA. The redox-modified DNA probes were prepared by PEX using tailed primers and were hybridized to electrode (gold or glassy carbon) containing capture oligonucleotides. The combination of nido-carborane- and FESAN-linked nucleotides with 7-ferrocenylethynyl-7-deaza-dATP and 7-deaza-dGTP allowed polymerase synthesis of DNA fully modified at all four nucleobases, and each of the redox labels gave four differentiable and ratiometric signals in voltammetry. Thus, the combination of these four redox labels constitutes the first fully orthogonal redox coding of all four canonical nucleobases, which can be used for determination of nucleobase composition of short DNA stretches in one simple PEX experiment with electrochemical readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kodr
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cansu Pinar Yenice
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 26 Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Simonova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague-2 12843, Czech Republic
| | - Dijana Pavlović Saftić
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 92-232 Łódź, Poland
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Sýkorová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mayreli Ortiz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 26 Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ludĕk Havran
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbigniew J Lesnikowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology PAS, Lodowa 106, 92-232 Łódź, Poland
| | - Ciara K O'Sullivan
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 26 Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo namesti 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague-2 12843, Czech Republic
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El Anwar S, Růžičková Z, Bavol D, Fojt L, Grüner B. Tetrazole Ring Substitution at Carbon and Boron Sites of the Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide) Ion Available via Dipolar Cycloadditions. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:17430-17442. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan El Anwar
- The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 25068, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- The Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Studentská 573, University of Pardubice, Pardubice 53210, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 25068, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Fojt
- The Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumír Grüner
- The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 25068, Czech Republic
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