Synergetic effects of different ion-doped polypyrrole layer coupled with β-cyclodextrin-derived hollow bottle-like carbon supporting framework for enhanced capacitive deionization performance

Sodium lignosulfonate/graphene composites for efficient desalination by incorporating CoS to control pore size

The phenomenon of overlapping double layers due to micropores inhibits capacitive deionization performance, which is improved by increasing the pore size. In this study, a novel ternary composite electrode (sodium lignosulfonate/reduced graphene oxide/cobalt sulfide, LGC) was designed using a two-step hydrothermal method. CoS with high pseudocapacitance modifies sodium lignosulfonate and graphene connected by hydrogen bonding, benefiting from the constitutive steric structure. The electrochemical performance was significantly enhanced, and the desalination capacity substantially improved. The LGC electrode specific capacitance was as high as 354.47 F g-1 at a 1 A g-1 current density. The desalination capacity of the capacitive deionization device comprising LGC and activated carbon in 1 M NaCl electrolyte reached 28.04 mg g-1 at an operating condition of 1.2 V, 7 mL min-1. Additionally, the LGC electrodes degraded naturally post the experiment by simply removing the CoS, suggesting that the LGC composites are promising material for capacitive deionization electrodes.

3D Heterostructure Constructed by Few-Layered MXenes with a MoS2 Layer as the Shielding Shell for Excellent Hybrid Capacitive Deionization and Enhanced Structural Stability

Two-dimensional (2D) layered transition-metal carbides (MXenes) are attractive faradic materials for an efficient capacitive deionization (CDI) process owing to their high capacitance, excellent conductivity, and remarkable ion storage capacity. However, the easy restacking property and spontaneous oxidation in solution by the dissolved oxygen of MXenes greatly restrict their further application in the CDI domain. Herein, a three-dimensional (3D) heterostructure (MoS₂@MXene) is rationally designed and constructed, integrating the collective advantages of MXene flakes and MoS₂ nanosheets through the hydrothermal method. In such a design, the well-dispersed MXene flakes can effectively reduce the aggregation of MoS₂ nanosheets, boost electrical conductivity, and provide efficient charge transfer paths. Furthermore, MoS₂ nanosheets as the high-capacity interlayer spacer can prevent the self-restacking of MXene flakes and provide more active sites for ion intercalation. Meanwhile, the strong chemical interactions between MXene flakes and MoS₂ nanosheets contribute to accelerating the charge transfer kinetics and enhancing structural stability. Consequently, the resulting MoS₂@MXene heterostructure electrode possesses high specific capacitance (171.4 F g^-1), fast charge transfer and permeation rate, abundant Na⁺ diffusion channels, and superior electrochemical stability. Moreover, the hybrid CDI cell (AC//MoS₂@MXene) with AC as the anode and MoS₂@MXene as the cathode delivers outstanding desalination capacity (35.6 mg g^-1), rapid desalination rate (2.6 mg g^-1 min^-1), excellent charge efficiency (90.2%), and good cyclic stability (96% retention rate). Most importantly, the MoS₂@MXene electrode can keep good structural integrity after the long-term repeated desalination process due to the effective shielding effect of the MoS₂ layer to protect MXenes from being further oxidized. This work presents the flexible structural engineering to realize excellent ion transfer and storage process by constructing the 3D heterostructure.