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Nagalingam SP, Pandiaraj S, Alzahrani KE, Alodhayb AN, Grace AN. Fabrication of a free-standing Ti 3C 2T x -PTh counter electrode via interfacial polymerization for dye-sensitized solar cells. RSC Adv 2024; 14:24000-24009. [PMID: 39086522 PMCID: PMC11289875 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The current work involves the fabrication of a MXene-Polythiophene (Ti3C2T x -PTh) composite via interfacial polymerization, alongside its deployment as a counter electrode (CE) or photocathode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The structural properties of the synthesized materials were investigated through a comprehensive array of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performance, assessed via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealed that the Ti3C2T x -PTh CE exhibits superior electro-catalytic activity, and reduction in charge transfer resistance compared to other individual CEs. These observations are in concordance with the data obtained from Tafel analysis. The incorporation of Ti3C2T x sheets into the composite significantly augmented its catalytic efficacy for triiodide reduction, manifesting in elevated short-circuit photocurrent density and enhanced fill factor metrics. A DSSC utilizing the Ti3C2T x -PTh CE exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.83%, which stands on par with that of traditional Pt CEs. Thus, the Ti3C2T x -PTh CE material is posited as a viable, cost-efficient alternative to Pt, heralding a new era in the engineering of counter electrodes for the next generation of DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saravanan Pandiaraj
- Department of Self-Development Skills, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Alzahrani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Alodhayb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrews Nirmala Grace
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India
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Nagalingam SP, Pandiaraj S, Alodhayb AN, Grace AN. Investigation and development of photocathodes using polyaniline Encapsulated Ti 3C 2T x MXene nanosheets for dye-sensitized solar cells. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13121-13130. [PMID: 38912535 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In the current study, polyaniline (PANI) modified two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene composites (PANI-Ti3C2Tx) are exploited as photocathodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The study revealed that incorporating PANI into Ti3C2Tx improved the material's electrochemical properties, owing to the presence of amino groups in PANI that enhanced the material's electrical conductivity and thereby facilitated more rapid ion transport. In addition, PANI enhanced the surface wettability of Ti3C2Tx, resulting in an increase in the number of electroactive sites. The presence of PANI molecules in the interlayer and on the surface of Ti3C2Tx was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequently, electrochemical analysis of the PANI-Ti3C2Tx photocathode or counter electrode (CE) revealed a commendable electrocatalytic activity with the iodide/triiodide electrolyte, a favourable charge transfer kinetics, and a charge transfer resistance as low as platinum. Additionally, at AM 1.5G, the performance of the DSSC constructed using the thermally decomposed Pt-CE was 8.3% when subjected to simulated 1 sun light, whereas the efficiency of the DSSC constructed using the as-prepared composite material was 6.9% under corresponding conditions. PANI-Ti3C2Tx as the photocathode (CE) in a DSSC showed a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement than PANI CE and Ti3C2Tx CE DSSCs, emphasizing its potent catalytic activity and quick mass transport of electron capability. By capitalizing on the conductivity and electrocatalytic property of the two components, the as-fabricated PANI-Ti3C2Tx photocathode significantly increased the overall PCE of DSSCs. Furthermore, the DSSC utilizing the PANI-Ti3C2Tx CE demonstrated exceptional reproducibility and stability. This underscores its consistently high performance and significant resistance to corrosion in the iodide/triiodide redox electrolyte environment. Overall, these findings show that the PANI-Ti3C2Tx composite has the potential to be a competitive alternative to platinum-based CE materials for the development of DSSCs with exceptional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saravanan Pandiaraj
- Department of Self-Development Skills, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah N Alodhayb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrews Nirmala Grace
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India.
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Hu Z, Li Y, Li A, Wang HH, Wang XF. Dye-sensitized solar cells based on highly catalytic CNTs/Ti 3C 2T x MXenes composite counter electrode. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34808-34816. [PMID: 38035243 PMCID: PMC10685336 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing stable and efficient Pt-free counter electrodes (CEs) is an important challenge for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Ti3C2Tx MXene, with its high catalytic activity and conductivity, has gained attention as a CE in DSSCs. The focus of this paper is on the preparation of Ti3C2Tx decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite electrode materials (CNTs/Ti3C2Tx), and testing their performance as CEs in DSSCs. Through a series of electrochemical tests, a CNTs/Ti3C2Tx CE exhibits good electrocatalytic activity toward iodine-based electrolytes with low charge transfer resistance, which is close to the performance of a Pt CE. The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the CNTs/Ti3C2Tx (1.0 wt%) CE-based DSSCs reaches 5.83%, which is much higher than that of the CNTs CE (3.70%), and approximates that of the Pt CE (6.61%). We attribute the improved performance to the synergistic effect of the excellent conductivity and unique two-dimensional chemical structure of Ti3C2Tx MXene. Moreover, the photostability test of continuous light exposure shows that the CNTs/Ti3C2Tx-1.0 wt% (C/T-1.0 wt%) CE exhibits good stability to the electrolyte. Therefore, CNTs/Ti3C2Tx composites can be used as an efficient Pt-free CE for DSSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yuanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Aijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Hai-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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Aftab S, Iqbal MZ, Hussain S, Kabir F, Hegazy HH, Goud BS, Aslam M, Xu F. MXene-modified electrodes and electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17249-17269. [PMID: 37859601 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted much attention as promising tools in renewable energy conversion technology. This is mainly because of their beneficial qualities, such as their impressive efficiency levels and low-cost fabrication techniques. An overview of MXene-modified electrodes in DSSCs is given in this review article. MXenes are two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides or nitrides with remarkable properties such as high conductivity and large surface area. MXenes' properties make them an appealing material for various applications, including energy storage, catalysis, and electronic devices. MXene integration enhances ion transport, dye adsorption, and charge transport in DSSC electrodes. In-depth analysis of the use of 2D Mxene and integration with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 2D MoS2, and hybrids like 2D-2D heterostructures for electrode modification in photovoltaics (PVs), including anodes, photoanodes, composite decorated electrodes, counter electrodes (CEs), and electrolytes, is provided in this review article. The effects on the performance metrics of various deposition techniques are discussed and assessed. The use of MXene-modified electrodes in DSSCs suggests potential for enhancing the performance and efficiency of these solar cells in general. The article examines this strategy's potential advantages and implications, illuminating the fascinating advancements in the area and emphasizing MXenes' potential as a valuable substance for renewable energy applications. We also discuss the difficulties and potential benefits of using MXene-modified electrodes in DSSCs and emphasize the need for additional study to enhance stability, optimize MXene integration techniques, and enhance long-term device performance. The scalability and potential of MXene-based electrode modifications for commercial applications are also covered, addressing issues and prospects for the future, focusing on the necessity of more study. Electrodes modified with MXenes can improve DSSC performance and advance sustainable energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Aftab
- Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea.
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Topi, 23640, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Fahmid Kabir
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Hosameldin Helmy Hegazy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Burragoni Sravanthi Goud
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Daehak-ro 280, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Institute of Physics and Technology, Ural Federal University, Mira Str.19, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Fan Xu
- Shenzhen BTR New Energy Technology Institute Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518118, China
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Alizadeh A, Shariatinia Z. Auspicious energy conversion performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on Gd2O3-impregnated SmTiO3 perovskite/TiO2 nanocomposite photoelectrodes. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Alhamada TF, Azmah Hanim MA, Jung DW, Nuraini AA, Hasan WZW. A Brief Review of the Role of 2D Mxene Nanosheets toward Solar Cells Efficiency Improvement. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2732. [PMID: 34685175 PMCID: PMC8541472 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the application of two-dimensional metal MXenes in solar cells (SCs), which has attracted a lot of interest due to their outstanding transparency, metallic electrical conductivity, and mechanical characteristics. In addition, some application examples of MXenes as an electrode, additive, and electron/hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells are described individually, with essential research issues highlighted. Firstly, it is imperative to comprehend the conversion efficiency of solar cells and the difficulties of effectively incorporating metal MXenes into the building blocks of solar cells to improve stability and operational performance. Based on the analysis of new articles, several ideas have been generated to advance the exploration of the potential of MXene in SCs. In addition, research into other relevant MXene suitable in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is required to enhance the relevant work. Therefore, we identify new perspectives to achieve solar cell power conversion efficiency with an excellent quality-cost ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. F. Alhamada
- Northern Technical University, Mosul 41001, Iraq;
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - M. A. Azmah Hanim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - D. W. Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 1 Ara 1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - A. A. Nuraini
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - W. Z. Wan Hasan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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