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Mao Z, Wu Y, Xu X, Chao Y, Zhang XG, Wang C, Cai WB. Uncovering the Dissociative Adsorption of the Leveler Janus Green B on Cu Electrodes at the Molecular Level. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6668-6675. [PMID: 38899781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The interfacial adsorption structure of an organic leveler decides its functionality in Cu interconnect electroplating and is yet far from clear. In this work, in situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations are applied to unravel the interfacial adsorption of the classic dye leveler Janus Green B (JGB) at a Cu electrode and understand its polarization property against Cu electrodeposition from an adsorption structure perspective. ATR-SEIRAS measurements and DFT calculations reveal that the N=N bond of the JGB molecule splits via reductive hydrogenation, forming two fragments of contrasting adsorption configurations. JGB exhibits the strongest inhibition effect on Cu deposition among all the tested additives including individual and mixed fragments, due to the highest coverage of organic adsorbates from JGB dissociation, as measured by EQCM. This work highlights the advantage of surface sensitive analytical tools in understanding the structure-performance of levelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yicai Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xindi Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Chao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xia-Guang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Bin Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Guo L, Liu R, He Z, Li S, Tan T, Tao C. Influence of PUB2 on the Leveling Effect of Chip Copper Connection Electroplating: Mechanism and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14092-14100. [PMID: 38559988 PMCID: PMC10976400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The copper connectivity technique is essential for achieving electrical interconnection in wafer level packaging (WLP), system in packaging (SiP), and 3D packaging. The essential processing material for copper connectivity is a copper sulfate electroplating solution in which organic additives play a crucial role in the regularity of copper electrodeposition. In this study, electrochemical tests, X-ray diffraction, 3D profiling, and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the leveling effect and mechanism of polyquaternary ammonium urea-containing polymer (PUB2) in the process of copper electrodeposition on-chip copper connections. PUB2 has excellent polarization ability on the target surface, remains unaffected by the sulfur additive SPS and poly(ethylene glycol), and displays a strong ability to regulate the copper deposition rate of through-holes and surface wiring. The waviness of the wafer surface wiring was reduced from 130 to approximately 70 nm after optimizing the PUB2 concentration, and the surface roughness was reduced from 10 to approximately 7 nm. The coating was dispersed evenly, and the rate of through-hole filling was improved by 57%. This study not only examined PUB2 leveling performance and mechanisms but also devised a research method and system for electroplating additives to facilitate the development and application of new electroplating additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfeng Guo
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing
University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Hubei
Sinophorus Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hubei 443007, China
| | - Renlong Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing
University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhaobo He
- Hubei
Sinophorus Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hubei 443007, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- Hubei
Sinophorus Electronic Materials Co., Ltd., Hubei 443007, China
| | - Tong Tan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing
University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Changyuan Tao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing
University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Li Y, Li C, Li R, Peng X, Zhang J, Yang P, Wang G, Wang B, Broekmann P, An M. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the New Leveler Basic Blue 1 during Copper Superconformal Growth. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:47628-47639. [PMID: 37751513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel chlorinated functional group-modified triphenylmethane derivative leveler BB1 is used to achieve superconformal electrodeposition in microvias. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are performed to study the suppressing effect of BB1, while the convection-dependent adsorption of BB1 on the copper surface is analyzed by galvanostatic measurement, and a BB1 concentration window between 100 and 200 mg/L is beneficial for superfilling. The interactions among BB1, bis-(sodium sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are also investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation and in situ Raman spectroscopy are coupled to study the suppression mechanism and synergistic suppression mechanism, namely, the adsorption effect between BB1 and copper substrate, as well as the coordination effect between the modified chlorinated functional group and Cu2+, is proposed. The copper layer becomes smoother and more compact with an increase in BB1 concentration, according to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the introduction of BB1 is conducive to the formation of the copper (220) plane. Besides, the solution wettability is boosted by BB1. A copper interconnecting layer with high quality is achieved with 150 mg/L BB1, while the surface deposition thickness (SDT) is about 34 μm and filling percentages (FPs) for microvias with diameters of 100, 125, and 150 μm are 81.34, 82.72, and 81.39%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Chengzhi Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ruopeng Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xuesong Peng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Peixia Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guangzhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology of Chongqing, School of Electronic Information Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Bo Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Maozhong An
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Li X, Yin X, Li J, Yuan B, Xiang C, Zou P, Wang L. Synthesis of coplanar quaternary ammonium salts with excellent electrochemical properties based on an anthraquinone skeleton and their application in copper plating. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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