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Gouda B, Sinha SN, Sangaraju R, Huynh T, Patangay S, Venkata Mullapudi S, Mungamuri SK, Patil PB, Periketi MC. Extraction, Phytochemical profile, and neuroprotective activity of Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract against sodium valproate-induced postnatal autism in BALB/c mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34992. [PMID: 39157403 PMCID: PMC11327600 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of amla (EAFA) extract on valproic acid (VPA)-induced postnatal autism in BALB/c mice. Our study revealed that mice treated with VPA on postnatal day 14 (PND14) showed significant abnormal behaviours such as social interaction, social affiliation, anxiety, and motor coordination compared to the control group, while EAFA extract treatment (100 mg/kg) ameliorated these symptoms. Our study highlights the protective effect of EAFA extract on improving behavioural alterations, significantly restoring anti-oxidative enzymes such as GST and GR, and reducing MDA and NO levels. Furthermore, the EAFA-treated group significantly lowered the proinflammatory markers (IL-1β and TNF-α) and the expression of up-regulated 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, and D2 receptor proteins. Based on histopathological studies, the percentage of neuronal injury in the EAFA-treated group as well as cellular structural changes were reduced using SEM analysis. In conclusion, the present study suggests that treatment with EAFA extract ameliorates VPA-induced autism due to its anti-oxidant and neuroprotective activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Gouda
- Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
- Department of Pharmacy, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500027, India
| | - Sukesh Narayan Sinha
- Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
| | - Rajendra Sangaraju
- Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
- Head of Biology, Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, STEM College, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Tien Huynh
- Head of Biology, Department of Biosciences and Food Technology, STEM College, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Shashikala Patangay
- Department of Pharmacy, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad-500027, India
| | - Surekha Venkata Mullapudi
- Division of Pathology and Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Mungamuri
- Division of Food Safety, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
| | - Pradeep B. Patil
- Animal Facility Division, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
| | - Madhusudhana Chary Periketi
- SEM Facility, Cell Biology Division, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Nutrition, Jamai-Osmania, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana- 500007, India
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Arowolo O, Salemme V, Suvorov A. Towards Whole Health Toxicology: In-Silico Prediction of Diseases Sensitive to Multi-Chemical Exposures. TOXICS 2022; 10:764. [PMID: 36548597 PMCID: PMC9784704 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exposures from diverse sources merge on a limited number of molecular pathways described as toxicity pathways. Changes in the same set of molecular pathways in different cell and tissue types may generate seemingly unrelated health conditions. Today, no approaches are available to predict in an unbiased way sensitivities of different disease states and their combinations to multi-chemical exposures across the exposome. We propose an inductive in-silico workflow where sensitivities of genes to chemical exposures are identified based on the overlap of existing genomic datasets, and data on sensitivities of individual genes is further used to sequentially derive predictions on sensitivities of molecular pathways, disease states, and groups of disease states (syndromes). Our analysis predicts that conditions representing the most significant public health problems are among the most sensitive to cumulative chemical exposures. These conditions include six leading types of cancer in the world (prostatic, breast, stomach, lung, colorectal neoplasms, and hepatocellular carcinoma), obesity, type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autistic disorder, Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, heart failure, brain and myocardial ischemia, and myocardial infarction. Overall, our predictions suggest that environmental risk factors may be underestimated for the most significant public health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunbosun Arowolo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Victoria Salemme
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, 1275 Med Science, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Suvorov
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Abhishek M, Rubal S, Rohit K, Rupa J, Phulen S, Gurjeet K, Raj SA, Manisha P, Alka B, Ramprasad P, Bikash M. Neuroprotective effect of the standardised extract of Bacopa monnieri (BacoMind) in valproic acid model of autism spectrum disorder in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 293:115199. [PMID: 35346813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bacopa monnieri (BM) is commonly employed in the Indian traditional system of medicines, i.e. Ayurveda as a memory booster, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, sedative and anti-epileptic for decades. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Bacopa monnieri (BM) in experimental model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Wistar rats and explore its mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS BacoMind, was evaluated for its neuroprotective effect in valproic acid (VPA) model of ASD. For in-vivo study, the pregnant female Wistar rats were divided in two groups; normal control (NC) and VPA group who received single dose of normal saline (0.9%) or 600 mg/kg dose of VPA respectively on gestation day (G.D) 12.5. After the birth, all pups were segregated according to the sex. All the male pups from the dams were divided into six groups: Group 1 (NC, treated with only 0.9% normal saline, group 2 (VPA, treated 600 mg/kg on G.D12.5 and normal saline from post natal day (PND) 23 to 43), group 3 (risperidone 2.5 mg/kg, PND 23 to 43) and groups 4, 5 and 6 (BM 20, 40, 80 mg/kg, PND 23 to 43). All experimental groups were subjected to batteries of behavior parameters (three chamber sociability test, Morris Water Maze, elevated plus maze, open field and rota rod test), biochemical parameters such as oxidative stress (GSH, SOD, Catalase, MDA), inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α), histopathological examination (cresyl violet staining) of hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) regions. Further, the mRNA as well as protein expression of AMPA receptor was evaluated using RT-PCR and western blot respectively to study the mechanism of neuroprotective effect of BM. The in-silico analysis followed evaluating the binding profile of different constituents of BacoMind with AMPA receptor. RESULTS The results of the in-vivo study indicated BM at 80 mg/kg ameliorated abnormal behavioral paradigms such as social deficits, repetitive behavior, learning and memory impairments, and motor coordination exhibited by the VPA model of ASD in rats. Furthermore, BM was found to have a significant anti-oxidant (increasing GSH, SOD, and catalase and decreasing MDA levels) and anti-inflammatory properties (decreasing IL-1β, 6, TNF- α). The histopathological score was also found to be significantly improved by BM in a dose dependent manner in both HC and PFC. In addition to this, the up-regulated mRNA as well as protein expression of AMPA receptor was significantly reduced by 80 mg/kg dose of BM in both HC and PFC. Further, the in-silico analysis of different constituents of BacoMind with AMPA receptor demonstrated that luteolin and apigenin showed good binding to both the competitive antagonist binding site, non-competitive antagonist binding site and allosteric modulator site while Bacosaponin C showed good binding to the non-competitive antagonist binding site. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that BM can be a potential candidate for ameliorating the ASD symptoms in rats and acts via modulating the up-regulated AMPA receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishra Abhishek
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Singla Rubal
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Kumar Rohit
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Joshi Rupa
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Sarma Phulen
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Kaur Gurjeet
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Sharma Amit Raj
- Dept. of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Prajapat Manisha
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Bhatia Alka
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
| | | | - Medhi Bikash
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Eve M, Gandawijaya J, Yang L, Oguro-Ando A. Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules May Mediate Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842755. [PMID: 35492721 PMCID: PMC9051034 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by restrictive and repetitive behaviors, alongside deficits in social interaction and communication. The etiology of ASD is largely unknown but is strongly linked to genetic variants in neuronal cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cell-surface proteins that have important roles in neurodevelopment. A combination of environmental and genetic factors are believed to contribute to ASD pathogenesis. Inflammation in ASD has been identified as one of these factors, demonstrated through the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, maternal immune activation, and activation of glial cells in ASD brains. Glial cells are the main source of cytokines within the brain and, therefore, their activity is vital in mediating inflammation in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether the aforementioned neuronal CAMs are involved in modulating neuroimmune signaling or glial behavior. This review aims to address the largely unexplored role that neuronal CAMs may play in mediating inflammatory cascades that underpin neuroinflammation in ASD, primarily focusing on the Notch, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. We will also evaluate the available evidence on how neuronal CAMs may influence glial activity associated with inflammation. This is important when considering the impact of environmental factors and inflammatory responses on ASD development. In particular, neural CAM1 (NCAM1) can regulate NF-κB transcription in neurons, directly altering proinflammatory signaling. Additionally, NCAM1 and contactin-1 appear to mediate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation which can alter the neuroimmune response. Importantly, although this review highlights the limited information available, there is evidence of a neuronal CAM regulatory role in inflammatory signaling. This warrants further investigation into the role other neuronal CAM family members may have in mediating inflammatory cascades and would advance our understanding of how neuroinflammation can contribute to ASD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Eve
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Josan Gandawijaya
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Yang
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Kimura S, Takaoka Y, Toyoura M, Kohira S, Ohta M. Core body temperature changes in school-age children with circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder. Sleep Med 2021; 87:97-104. [PMID: 34547649 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Core body temperature (CBT) is considered a valuable marker for circadian rhythm. This study aimed to investigate the changes in CBT that are associated with the symptoms of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder (CRSWD) post-treatment in children. PATIENTS/METHODS Twenty-eight school-age children [10 boys and 18 girls; mean age (±standard deviation), 13.68 ± 0.93 years] who were admitted to our hospital with CRSWD underwent treatment for 6-8 weeks according to the following protocol: lights-out for sleep at 21:00; phototherapy for waking at 6:00 or 7:00; light exercise everyday (eg, a 20- to 30-min walk). CBT was continuously measured for 24 h on the first day of admission and on the first day after treatment. RESULTS The mean time of sleep onset/offset (±standard deviation; in hours:minutes) 1 week before admission and 1 week after treatment were 23:53 ± 2:26/9:58 ± 2:15 and 21:17 ± 0:19/6:46 ± 0:32, respectively. The mean times of sleep onset and offset measured post-treatment were significantly earlier than those measured pre-treatment (p < 0.001). The mean CBT and mean minimum CBT during sleep were significantly lower on the first day post-treatment than on the first day of admission (p = 0.011 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Symptom improvements in patients with CRSWD were associated with a decrease in CBT during sleep, suggesting that CBT may be a biomarker for improvements in CRSWD. These results help elucidate the cause of this sleep disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigemi Kimura
- Children's Rehabilitation, Sleep and Development Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Rehabilitation Central Hospital, 1070 Akebono-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2181, Japan; Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Takaoka
- Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; Data Science Center for Medicine and Hospital Management, Toyama University Hospital, 2630, Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan; Division of Medical Law and Ethics, Department of Medical Systems, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Makiko Toyoura
- Children's Rehabilitation, Sleep and Development Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Rehabilitation Central Hospital, 1070 Akebono-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2181, Japan
| | - Shinji Kohira
- Children's Rehabilitation, Sleep and Development Medical Center, Hyogo Prefectural Rehabilitation Central Hospital, 1070 Akebono-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, 651-2181, Japan
| | - Mika Ohta
- Division of Medical Informatics and Bioinformatics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan; Data Science Center for Medicine and Hospital Management, Toyama University Hospital, 2630, Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan; Division of Medical Law and Ethics, Department of Medical Systems, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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Etchecopar-Etchart D, Da Fonseca D, Lançon C, Boyer L, Fond G. Psychonutritional intervention for autism spectrum disorders. Encephale 2021; 47:289-290. [PMID: 33824029 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Etchecopar-Etchart
- EA 3279 : CEReSS - Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, Marseille université, faculté de médecine - Secteur Timone, hôpitaux universitaires de Marseille, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Fondation Fondamental, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - D Da Fonseca
- EA 3279 : CEReSS - Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, Marseille université, faculté de médecine - Secteur Timone, hôpitaux universitaires de Marseille, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Fondation Fondamental, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - C Lançon
- EA 3279 : CEReSS - Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, Marseille université, faculté de médecine - Secteur Timone, hôpitaux universitaires de Marseille, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Fondation Fondamental, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - L Boyer
- EA 3279 : CEReSS - Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, Marseille université, faculté de médecine - Secteur Timone, hôpitaux universitaires de Marseille, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Fondation Fondamental, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - G Fond
- EA 3279 : CEReSS - Centre d'étude et de recherche sur les services de santé et la qualité de vie, Marseille université, faculté de médecine - Secteur Timone, hôpitaux universitaires de Marseille, Assistance publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Fondation Fondamental, 27, boulevard Jean-Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Critical Role of the Maternal Immune System in the Pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120557. [PMID: 33271759 PMCID: PMC7760377 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by impairments in communication, social interaction, and the presence of restrictive and repetitive behaviours. Over the past decade, most of the research in ASD has focused on the contribution of genetics, with the identification of a variety of different genes and mutations. However, the vast heterogeneity in clinical presentations associated with this disorder suggests that environmental factors may be involved, acting as a “second hit” in already genetically susceptible individuals. To this regard, emerging evidence points towards a role for maternal immune system dysfunctions. This literature review considered evidence from epidemiological studies and aimed to discuss the pathological relevance of the maternal immune system in ASD by looking at the proposed mechanisms by which it alters the prenatal environment. In particular, this review focuses on the effects of maternal immune activation (MIA) by looking at foetal brain-reactive antibodies, cytokines and the microbiome. Despite the arguments presented here that strongly implicate MIA in the pathophysiology of ASD, further research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms by which they alter brain structure and behaviour. Overall, this review has not only shown the importance of the maternal immune system as a risk factor for ASD, but more importantly, has highlighted new promising pathways to target for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of such a life-changing disorder.
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