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Escobar-Sáez D, Montero-Jiménez L, García-Herrera P, Sánchez-Mata M. Plant-based drinks for vegetarian or vegan toddlers: Nutritional evaluation of commercial products, and review of health benefits and potential concerns. Food Res Int 2022; 160:111646. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Murillo-Llorente MT, Llorca-Colomer F, Pérez-Bermejo M. Relationship between Thyroid Status during the First Trimester of Pregnancy and Neonatal Well-Being. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030872. [PMID: 33799943 PMCID: PMC7999325 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The proper functioning of the thyroid axis is essential for the normal development of the nervous system, especially in the first trimester of gestation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the perinatal outcomes, anthropometry, and APGAR test scores of newborns and to relate them to maternal thyroid status. A total of 190 newborns participated in the study. No correlation was found between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and maternal ioduria values in the first trimester of gestation with the weight or length of the newborn, or the APGAR score at one minute after birth. However, we found significant differences between the APGAR scores of children whose mothers had an iodine sufficiency level in the first trimester compared to the children of mothers with iodine deficiency. Similarly, the APGAR scores of children whose mothers had a TSH > 4 have significantly better APGAR scores than the children of mothers with a TSH < 4. Likewise, we found significant differences between the measurements of the newborns depending on whether their mothers smoked. The children of mothers who took iodine supplements or iodized salt obtained the highest APGAR score at one and five minutes after birth. It is essential to focus on recommending adequate consumption of iodine supplements and iodized salt prior to gestation and at least during the first trimester to achieve better fetal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Murillo-Llorente
- SONEV Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Quevedo n° 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Llorca-Colomer
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Quevedo n° 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Marcelino Pérez-Bermejo
- SONEV Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, C/Quevedo n° 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-620-984-639
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Cuadrado-Soto E, Peral-Suarez Á, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Aparicio A, Andrés P, Ortega RM, López-Sobaler AM. The association of parents' behaviors related to salt with 24 h urinary sodium excretion of their children: A Spanish cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227035. [PMID: 31881048 PMCID: PMC6934279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium intake is excessive among Spanish children, but the salt use behaviors of parents and children are unknown. This study aims to determine behaviors related to salt intake in both schoolchildren and parents and the relationship between parental behaviors and 24 h urinary sodium excretion (UNa-24h) in children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A convenience sample was taken from a cross-sectional analysis. Parents completed a self-reported questionnaire about their behaviors related to salt, and their responses were compared with the UNa-24h of their own children. The median test was used to identify differences in UNa-24h according to behaviors. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between the behaviors of parents and high sodium excretion in the children and the risk of children's use of table salt, adjusting for age, sex, and BMI. Multinomial logistic regression models, adjusted by the covariates, were used to study the children's salt preferences. RESULTS A total of 329 schoolchildren from different Spanish provinces were included in the study (mean age: 9.0 ± 1.2 years, 157 girls). The majority of families (parents mean age: 42.0 ± 5.2 years) reported adding salt to food during cooking (92%), and 59% of them never looked at the sodium content on food labels. However, none of these behaviors were related to UNa-24h (p > 0.05). The use of iodized salt (53%), the presence of a salt shaker on the table (6%), and the use of table salt by fathers (57%), mothers (52%) or children (17%) increased the odds (p < 0.05) of children having a higher UNa-24h. Checking sodium content on food labels and the use of table salt by the children or father was associated with a lower preference for salty foods (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is important to make parents aware of the relationship between their behaviors regarding the use of discretionary salt and their children's sodium intake. Our data suggest that salt-specific education programs on how to reduce salt both in-home and outside the home should be implemented to improve behavior skills related to salt consumption in parents and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Cuadrado-Soto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - África Peral-Suarez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- UCM Research Group: VALORNUT-920030, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Aparicio
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
- UCM Research Group: VALORNUT-920030, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Andrés
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- UCM Research Group: VALORNUT-920030, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Ortega
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
- UCM Research Group: VALORNUT-920030, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. López-Sobaler
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
- UCM Research Group: VALORNUT-920030, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid, Spain
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García Ascaso MT, Pérez PR, Alcol EC, López AL, de Lucas Collantes C, Santos IM, Tessier E, Segura SA. Nutritional status of iodine in children: When appropriateness relies on milk consumption and not adequate coverage of iodized salt in households. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 30:52-58. [PMID: 30904229 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Iodine deficiency inhibits the normal development of human beings and is the leading cause of preventable mental retardation. Our study aims to update the urinary iodine concentrations and the intake of iodized salt in children in Madrid (Spain). METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed where 217 children aged 3-14 years old were studied. A nutritional survey including the intake of iodized salt and other iodine-rich foods was performed. In addition, the urinary concentration of iodine was determined in each patient. RESULTS Near 60% of the surveyed households routinely used iodized salt. Significant differences in age, sex, country of birth, or country of birth and parents educational levels and iodized salt consumption were not found. The median of the urinary iodine level (120 μg/L; interquartile range 80-184) was significantly higher in boys than girls and more elevated in younger children. Iodized salt and milk consumption significantly increased the concentration of urinary iodine. Children who drank less than two glasses of milk per day and did not consume iodized salt have four times the risk of iodine deficiency compared to children who daily drank at least two glasses of milk and consumed iodized salt (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The nutritional level of iodine in the children studied is appropriate despite the low consumption of iodized salt. This is due to the consumption of dairy products and milk. The younger the child, the better his/her iodine nutritional level. Teenagers studied are at higher risk of iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Purificación Ros Pérez
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmeralda Colino Alcol
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín López López
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Millán Santos
- Servicio de Estadística, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elise Tessier
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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