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Fernandez-Lopez C, Posada-Baquero R, Ortega-Calvo JJ. Nature-based approaches to reducing the environmental risk of organic contaminants resulting from military activities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157007. [PMID: 35768030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As is the case with many other industrial activities, the organic contaminants at military-impacted sites may pose significant hazards to the environment and human health. Given the expected increase in defense investments globally, there is a need to make society aware of the risks of emissions of organic contaminants generated by military activities and to advance risk minimization approaches. The most recent advances in environmental analytical chemistry, persistence, bioavailability and risk assessment of organic contaminants indicate that efficient risk reductions through biological means are possible. This review debates the organic contaminants of interest associated with military activities, the methodology used to extract and analyze these contaminants, and the nature-based remediation technologies available to recover these sites. In addition, we revise the military environmental regulatory frameworks designed to sustain such actions. Military activities that potentially release organic contaminants on land could be classified as infrastructure and base operations, training exercises and armed conflicts; additionally, chemicals may include potentially toxic compounds, energetic compounds, chemical warfare agents and military chemical compounds. Fuel components, PFASs, TNT, RDX and dyphenylcyanoarsine are examples of organic contaminants of environmental concern. Particularly in the case of potentially toxic and energetic compounds, bioremediation and phytoremediation are considered eco-friendly and low-cost technologies that can be used to remediate these contaminated sites. In addition, this article identifies implementing the bioavailability of organic contaminants as a justifiable approach to facilitate the application of these nature-based approaches and to reduce remediation costs. More realistic risk assessment in combination with new and economically feasible remediation methods that reduce risk by reducing bioavailability (instead of lowering the total contaminant concentration) will serve as an incentive for the military and regulators to accept nature-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fernandez-Lopez
- University Centre of Defense at the Spanish Air Force Academy (CUD-AGA), Santiago de la Ribera, Spain
| | - Rosa Posada-Baquero
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
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Guida Y, Pozo K, Carvalho GOD, Capella R, Targino AC, Torres JPM, Meire RO. Occurrence of pyrethroids in the atmosphere of urban areas of Southeastern Brazil: Inhalation exposure and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118020. [PMID: 34450491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) used decades ago for vector control in urban areas is still reported as a threat to human health. Pyrethroids emerged as a replacement for OCPs in sanitary campaigns and are currently the main insecticides used for vector control worldwide, with prominent use as agricultural and household insecticides, for veterinary and gardening purposes, and as wood preservative. This study aimed to assess the occurrence, seasonal variation, and potential sources of pyrethroids in ambient air of two urban regions of Southeastern Brazil, along with the potential health risks to local populations via inhalation exposure. Pyrethroids were sampled by polyurethane foam passive air samplers and their concentrations were determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Atmospheric pyrethroid concentrations (hereinafter reported in pg m-3) were considerably higher than those reported by previous studies worldwide. Cypermethrin (median: 2446; range: 461-15 125) and permethrin (655; 19-10 328) accounted for 95% of the total measured pyrethroids in ambient air. The remaining fraction comprised smaller amounts of bifenthrin (46; <limit of detection (LOD)-5171), deltamethrin (58; <LOD-564), phenothrin (7; <LOD-22) and fenvalerate (0.3; <LOD-3). Bifenthrin, deltamethrin and permethrin were linked to local sources, while cypermethrin, fenvalerate and phenothrin had more prominent regional contributions. In broad terms, most pyrethroids showed no clear seasonal trend. The concentrations and hazard quotients (HQs) showed the following order of occurrence and magnitude: urban > urban-industrial > background areas. HQs increased with decreasing age group, but deterministic and probabilistic estimates did not identify direct health risks for any group. Nevertheless, since only inhalation exposure was considered in this work, other pathways should be investigated to provide a more comprehensive risk assessment of the human exposure to pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Gabriel Oliveira de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Capella
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Sogan N, Kala S, Kapoor N, Patanjali PK, Nagpal BN. Utilization of the castor seed cake (biowaste) for mosquito vector control. Trop Parasitol 2021; 11:102-107. [PMID: 34765531 PMCID: PMC8579764 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5070.328691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is related to the utilization of castor (Ricinus communis) seed cake, biowaste produced during the oil extraction of castor seeds, as efficient mosquitocidal composition against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles culicifacies. The efficacy of coil formulations was evaluated in the Peet Grady chamber and resulted in 90% and 100% knocked down and mortality against A. aegypti and A. Culicifacies, respectively. Further heavy metals' (Cr, Pb, Co, As, Cd, Cu, Mn, and Zn) analysis of the coil was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma mass spectrometry and was compared with commercially available mosquito repellent coil. Heavy metal analysis revealed that commercial repellent coil had a higher content of heavy metals than the castor seed cake coil. Finding of the present research study indicates that castor seed cake coil has the potential to be used in mosquito vector control. Castor seed cake coil formulation will also open up avenues in future for sustainable utilization of the biowaste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sogan
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Smriti Kala
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation and Technology (IPFT), Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- SOS, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi, India
| | - P K Patanjali
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation and Technology (IPFT), Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - B N Nagpal
- WHO SEARO, World Health House, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi, India
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Jung H, An H, Lee M, Lee J, Tak JH. Comparative Efficacy of Commercial Liquid and Mat-Type Electric Vaporizer Insecticides Against Asian Tiger Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2274-2283. [PMID: 34021566 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mat and liquid-type electric insecticide vaporizers continuously emit insecticides into the surrounding air. Because both the target insects, mostly mosquitoes, and humans are exposed to those insecticides, it is crucial to understand and monitor their deposition and spatial distribution in treated areas. In the current study, we examined the evaporation of insecticides from seven commercial liquid and mat vaporizers and measured their knock-down and insecticidal activity against the adult females of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Electric vaporizers from three manufactures had differences in their heaters and active ingredients. Most had continued evaporation during hourly and daily monitoring; however, some liquid vaporizers failed to continue emission to their designated end periods. Overall, mosquitoes located at the upper position in a Peet-Grady chamber and in a field-simulation room exhibited faster knock-down activity than did mosquitoes in other areas, indicating that the insecticides accumulated on the ceiling area. Although most of mat and liquid vaporizers had <60 min of average KT90 values when tested in the Peet-Grady chamber (1.8 × 1.8 × 1.8 m), they failed to have any knock-down in 2 h of observation in the field-simulation room (6.8 × 3.4 × 2.7 m) but showed 72. 8 ± 11.7% and 56. 7 ± 7.3% knock-down in the mat and liquid vaporizers, respectively, in 3 h of operation. Further study will be required to examine whether this relatively limited efficacy can be compensated by other physiological and behavioral effects, including disruption in host-seeking or blood-sucking activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Huijun An
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Minjin Lee
- Consumer Product & Environment Business Division, KOTITI Testing & Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13202, South Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Consumer Product & Environment Business Division, KOTITI Testing & Research Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13202, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hyung Tak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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Ha Y, Kim Y, Song E, Yoo HJ, Kwon J. Development of a personal passive air sampler for estimating exposure to effective chlorine while using chlorine-based disinfectants. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:557-565. [PMID: 32978992 PMCID: PMC7537288 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With an increasing use of indoor disinfectants such as chlorine (Cl2 ) and hypochlorous acid, a convenient sampler for estimating exposure to oxidants, such as effective chlorine, is necessary. Here, we developed a personal passive air sampler (PPAS) composed of a redox dye, o-dianisidine, in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet. o-Dianisidine readily reacts with gaseous oxidants generated by bleach usage, and its color changes as the reaction progresses; hence, personal exposure to effective chlorine could be easily detected by the naked eye, while cumulative exposure could be determined by measuring concentrations of o-dianisidine reacting with it. The PPAS was calibrated, and a sampling rate of 0.00253 m3 /h was obtained using a small test chamber. The PPAS was tested with the help of ten volunteers whose personal exposure to Cl2 -equivalent gas was estimated after bathrooms were cleaned using spray and liquid-type household disinfection products, and the accumulated exposure-gas concentrations ranged from 69 to 408 ppbv and 148 to 435 ppbv, respectively. These PPAS-derived exposure concentrations were approximately two orders lower than those estimated using ConsExpo, suggesting a significant overestimation by prevailing screening models, possibly due to the ignorance of transformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Ha
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoonsub Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Eugene Song
- Department of Consumer ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Yoo
- Department of Consumer ScienceChungbuk National UniversityCheongjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Hamid PH, Ninditya VI, Ghiffari A, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. The V1016G mutation of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene contributes to the insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti from Makassar, Indonesia. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2075-2083. [PMID: 32458116 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti represents one of the main vectors of at least five relevant arthropod-borne viral infections in humans (i.e., Rift Valley fever, Dengue fever, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever) worldwide. Ae. aegypti control strategies are mostly based on using chemical insecticides (i.e., organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, and organochlorines) and reducing larval sources. Furthermore, monitoring the growth activity and mapping the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance are mandatory, as recommended by the WHO. Accordingly, we conducted a study on the possible mechanism by which Ae. aegypti develops resistance to several frequently used chemical insecticides (i.e., λ-cyhalothrin, bendiocarb, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, malathion, and permethrin) in the city of Makassar, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The results showed the progression of resistance toward the examined insecticides in Ae. aegypti populations in Makassar. The mortality rate of Ae. aegypti was less than 90%, with the highest resistance recorded against 0.75% permethrin. The molecular evaluation of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (VGSC) showed a significant correlation of the V1016G gene mutation in the tested 0.75% permethrin-resistant Ae. aegypti phenotypes. Nevertheless, the F1534C point mutation in the VGSC gene of Ae. aegypti did not show a significant correlation with the phenotype exhibiting insecticide resistance to 0.75% permethrin. These results indicate that Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Makassar City have developed resistance against the frequently used insecticide permethrin, which might spread to less-populated regions of Sulawesi. Therefore, we call for further entomological monitoring of insecticide resistance not only on Sulawesi but also on other closely located islands of the Indonesian archipelago to delay the spread of Ae. aegypti insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Hamid
- Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - V I Ninditya
- Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - A Ghiffari
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang, Palembang, Indonesia
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81,, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Centre Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstr. 81,, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Kwan MW, Weisenseel JP, Giel N, Bosak A, Batich CD, Willenberg BJ. Detection and quantification of trace airborne transfluthrin concentrations via air sampling and thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:156-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Wei W, Mandin C, Ramalho O. Influence of indoor environmental factors on mass transfer parameters and concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 195:223-235. [PMID: 29268180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments can partition among the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, and available surfaces. The mass transfer parameters of SVOCs, such as the mass transfer coefficient and the partition coefficient, are influenced by indoor environmental factors. Subsequently, indoor SVOC concentrations and thus occupant exposure can vary depending on environmental factors. In this review, the influence of six environmental factors, i.e., indoor temperature, humidity, ventilation, airborne particle concentration, source loading factor, and reactive chemistry, on the mass transfer parameters and indoor concentrations of SVOCs was analyzed and tentatively quantified. The results show that all mass transfer parameters vary depending on environmental factors. These variations are mostly characterized by empirical equations, particularly for humidity. Theoretical calculations of these parameters based on mass transfer mechanisms are available only for the emission of SVOCs from source surfaces when airborne particles are not present. All mass transfer parameters depend on the temperature. Humidity influences the partition of SVOCs among different phases and is associated with phthalate hydrolysis. Ventilation has a combined effect with the airborne particle concentration on SVOC emission and their mass transfer among different phases. Indoor chemical reactions can produce or eliminate SVOCs slowly. To better model the dynamic SVOC concentration indoors, the present review suggests studying the combined effect of environmental factors in real indoor environments. Moreover, interactions between indoor environmental factors and human activities and their influence on SVOC mass transfer processes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wei
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.
| | - Corinne Mandin
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Ramalho
- University of Paris-Est, Scientific and Technical Center for Building (CSTB), Health and Comfort Department, French Indoor Air Quality Observatory (OQAI), 84 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Champs sur Marne, 77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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Hooshfar S, Mortuza TB, Rogers CA, Linzey MR, Gullick DR, Bruckner JV, White CA, Bartlett MG. Gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry of transfluthrin in rat plasma and brain. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1573-1581. [PMID: 28708331 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transfluthrin is a relatively non-toxic rapid-acting synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. It is widely used in household and hygiene products. A sensitive and accurate bioanalytical method is required for quantification of its concentration in plasma and its potential target organ, the brain for studies to assess its health effects and toxicokinetics in mammals. METHODS The samples were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was performed for the determination of transfluthrin in biological samples with an overall method run time of 15 min. Transfluthrin was quantified using selected-ion monitoring (SIM) in the negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Zebron® ZB5-MS GC column operating with 1 mL/min constant flow helium. Cis-Permethrin was used as the internal standard. RESULTS The method was validated to be precise and accurate within the linear range of 1.0-400.0 ng/mL in plasma and 4.0-400.0 ng/mL in brain homogenate, based on a 100 μL sample volume for both matrices. This method was applied to samples following administration of a 10 mg/kg oral dose to male adult rats. The plasma concentrations were observed to be 11.70 ± 5.69 ng/mL and brain concentrations 12.09 ± 3.15 ng/g when measured 2 h post-dose. CONCLUSIONS A rapid GC/NCI-MS method was demonstrated to be sensitive, specific, precise and accurate for the quantification of transfluthrin in rat plasma and brain. The optimized method was successfully used to quantify the rat plasma and brain concentrations of transfluthrin 2 h after the oral dosing of Sprague-Dawley rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Hooshfar
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Tanzir B Mortuza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Clinton A Rogers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Michael R Linzey
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Darren R Gullick
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - James V Bruckner
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Catherine A White
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2352, USA
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Li H, Lydy MJ, You J. Pyrethroids in indoor air during application of various mosquito repellents: Occurrence, dissipation and potential exposure risk. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2427-2435. [PMID: 26615491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Commercial mosquito repellents (MRs) are generally applied as mosquito coils, electric vaporizers (liquid and solid) or aerosol spray, with pyrethroids often being the active ingredients. Four types of MRs were applied individually in a 13-m(2) bedroom to study the occurrence, dissipation and risk of pyrethroids in indoor environments. Total air concentrations (in gas and particle phases) of allethrin, cypermethrin, dimefluthrin and tetramethrin during MR applications were three to six orders of magnitude higher than indoor levels before the applications, and allethrin emitted from a vaporizing mat reached the highest concentration measured during the current study (18,600 ± 4980 ng m(-3)). The fate of airborne pyrethroids was different when the four MRs were applied. Particle-associated allethrin accounted for 95% of its total concentration from the aerosol spray, and was significantly higher than the vaporizing mat (67%), suggesting that the released phase of MRs and size distribution of pyrethroid-carrying particles played important roles in the gas-particle partitioning process. In addition, air exchange through open windows more effectively reduced the levels of indoor pyrethroids than ventilation using an air conditioner. The inhalation risk quotients (RQ) for allethrin derived from application of the vaporizing mat ranged from 1.04 ± 0.40 to 1.98 ± 0.75 for different age-subgroups of the population, suggesting potential exposure risk. Special attention should be given concerning indoor exposure of pyrethroids to these vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, 171 Life Science II, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Transfluthrin: Comparative efficacy and toxicity of reference and generic versions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 71:78-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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