1
|
Sethi S, Keil Stietz KP, Valenzuela AE, Klocke CR, Silverman JL, Puschner B, Pessah IN, Lein PJ. Developmental Exposure to a Human-Relevant Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixture Causes Behavioral Phenotypes That Vary by Sex and Genotype in Juvenile Mice Expressing Human Mutations That Modulate Neuronal Calcium. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:766826. [PMID: 34938155 PMCID: PMC8685320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.766826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are putative environmental risks for neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) developmental exposure to a human-relevant PCB mixture causes behavioral phenotypes relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders; and (2) expression of human mutations that dysregulate neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis influence sensitivity to behavioral effects of developmental PCB exposures. To test these hypotheses, we used mice that expressed a gain-of-function mutation (T4826I) in ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1), the X-linked fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) CGG repeat expansion or both mutations (double mutant; DM). Transgenic mice and wildtype (WT) mice were exposed to the MARBLES PCB mix at 0, 0.1, 1, and 6 mg/kg/day in the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation. The MARBLES PCB mix simulates the relative proportions of the 12 most abundant PCB congeners found in the serum of pregnant women at increased risk for having a child with a neurodevelopmental disorder. We assessed ultrasonic vocalizations at postnatal day 7 (P7), spontaneous repetitive behaviors at P25-P30, and sociability at P27-P32. Developmental PCB exposure reduced ultrasonic vocalizations in WT litters in all dose groups, but had no effect on ultrasonic vocalizations in transgenic litters. Developmental PCB exposure significantly increased self-grooming and decreased sociability in WT males in the 0.1 mg/kg dose group, but had no effect on WT females in any dose group. Genotype alone influenced ultrasonic vocalizations, self-grooming and to a lesser extent sociability. Genotype alone also influenced effects of PCBs on sociability. PCB levels in the brain tissue of pups increased in a dose-dependent manner, but within any dose group did not differ between genotypes. In summary, developmental PCB exposure phenocopied social behavior phenotypes observed in mice expressing human mutations that modify intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, and expression of these mutations alleviated PCB effects on ultrasonic vocalizations and repetitive behavior, and modified the dose-response relationships and sex-dependent effects of PCB effects on social behavior. These findings suggest that: (1) developmental PCB exposure causes behavioral phenotypes that vary by sex and genotype; and (2) sex-specific responses to environmental factors may contribute to sex biases in the prevalence and/or severity of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly P. Keil Stietz
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anthony E. Valenzuela
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Klocke
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isaac N. Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- The MIND Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang H, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Flor S, Gosse L, Klenov VE, Stolwijk JM, Lehmler HJ, Hornbuckle KC, Ludewig G, Robertson LW, Thorne PS. Comprehensive Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity Assessment of an Indoor School Air Mixture of PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15976-15985. [PMID: 33256405 PMCID: PMC7879961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Few in vivo inhalation studies have explored the toxicity of environmentally relevant mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The manufacture of industrial PCBs was banned in 1978, but PCBs continue to be formed in industrial and consumer products. Schools represent a significant source of airborne exposures to legacy and nonlegacy PCBs, placing children at risk. To evaluate the impact of these exposures, we generated an airborne mixture of PCBs, called the School Air Mixture (SAM), to match the profile of an older school from our adolescent cohort study. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed either to SAM or filtered air in nose-only exposure systems, 4 h/day for 4 weeks. Congener-specific air and tissue PCB profiles were assessed using gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). PCB exposures recapitulated the target school air profile with a similarity coefficient, cos θ of 0.83. PCB inhalation yielded μg/g ∑209 PCB levels in tissues. Neurobehavioral testing demonstrated a modest effect on spatial learning and memory in SAM-exposed rats. PCB exposure induced oxidative stress in the liver and lungs, affected the maturational stages of hematopoietic stem cells, reduced telomerase activity in bone marrow cells, and altered the gut microbiota. This is the first study to emulate PCB exposures in a school and comprehensively evaluate toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Susanne Flor
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Laura Gosse
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Violet E. Klenov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Stolwijk
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Larry W. Robertson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, the University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang T, Xu J, Zhu C, Ren W. Comparative Study on the Effects of Various Modified Admixtures on the Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Acrylic Emulsion-Based Cement Composite Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010008. [PMID: 31861364 PMCID: PMC6981463 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study carried out tensile tests at definite elongation, tensile and shear tests on 4 admixture-modified styrene-acrylic emulsion-based cement composites (SECCs), and measured the strength, deformation, and energy consumption indexes of test specimens, so as to investigate the influences of coalescing agent, plasticizer, silane coupling agent, and nanometer aluminium oxide on the bond, tensile, and shear mechanical properties of the test specimens. Additionally, the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) test and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) test were conducted on the composite material specimens, to analyze the microscopic mechanism of different admixtures in modifying the mechanical properties of the SECC. The results suggested that the addition of coalescing agent, plasticizer, silane coupling agent, and nanometer aluminium oxide improved the bond, tensile and shear properties of the SECC specimens to various degrees. Of them, the coalescing agent promoted the mutual cross-linking of organic polymers with inorganic products, and optimized the transition interface to enhance the comprehensive mechanical properties of the test specimens; by contrast, nanometer aluminium oxide developed secondary hydration reaction with the inorganic products, and refined the pore structure to modify the mechanical properties of test specimens. Therefore, both of them achieved significant modification effects. Typically, the optimal bond properties of FFAMC, PLMC, SCAMC, and NAMC test specimens were achieved at the coalescing agent, plasticizer, silane coupling agent, and nanometer aluminium oxide addition amounts of 4%, 1.5%, 3%, and 1%, respectively. Besides, the improving effects of different admixtures on the tensile property of SECC specimens followed the order of coalescing agent > nanometer aluminium oxide > plasticizer > silane coupling agent, with the optimal addition amounts of 4%, 1.5%, 1%, and 2%, respectively. In addition, the improving effects of different admixtures on the shear performance of SECC specimens followed the order of coalescing agent > nanometer aluminium oxide > silane coupling agent > plasticizer, with the optimal addition amounts of 4%, 1.5%, 1%, and 1%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengjiao Wang
- School of Aeronautical Engineering, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710038, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Jinyu Xu
- School of Aeronautical Engineering, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710038, China
- College of Mechanics and Civil Architecture, Northwest Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Congjin Zhu
- School of Aeronautical Engineering, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Weibo Ren
- School of Aeronautical Engineering, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an 710038, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Granillo L, Sethi S, Keil KP, Lin Y, Ozonoff S, Iosif AM, Puschner B, Schmidt RJ. Polychlorinated biphenyls influence on autism spectrum disorder risk in the MARBLES cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:177-184. [PMID: 30665119 PMCID: PMC6382542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is suspected to have environmental and genetic contributions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are environmental risk factors of interest due to their potential as neurodevelopmental toxicants and environmental persistence despite a US production ban in the 1970s. METHODS Participants were mother-child pairs from MARBLES, a high-risk pregnancy cohort that enrolls families who have one child diagnosed with ASD and are planning to have another child. PCB concentrations were measured in maternal blood at each trimester of pregnancy using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadruple mass spectrometry. Concentrations were summed into total PCB and two categories based on function/mechanisms of action: dioxin-like (DL), and ryanodine receptor (RyR)-activating PCBs. Multinomial logistic regression assessed risk of clinical outcome classification of ASD and non-typical development (Non-TD) compared to typically developing (TD) in the children at 3 years old. RESULTS A total of 104 mother-child pairs were included. There were no significant associations for total PCB; however, there were borderline significant associations between DL-PCBs and decreased risk for Non-TD outcome classification (adjusted OR: 0.41 (95% CI 0.15-1.14)) and between RyR-activating PCBs and increased risk for ASD outcome classification (adjusted OR: 2.63 (95% CI 0.87-7.97)). CONCLUSION This study does not provide strong supporting evidence that PCBs are risk factors for ASD or Non-TD. However, these analyses suggest the need to explore more deeply into subsets of PCBs as risk factors based on their function and structure in larger cohort studies where non-monotonic dose-response patterns can be better evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Granillo
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sally Ozonoff
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Iosif
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Birgit Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- MIND Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sethi S, Keil KP, Lein PJ. Species and Sex Differences in the Morphogenic Response of Primary Rodent Neurons to 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11). TOXICS 2017; 6:toxics6010004. [PMID: 29295518 PMCID: PMC5874777 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PCB 11 is an emerging global pollutant that we recently showed promotes axonal and dendritic growth in primary rat neuronal cell cultures. Here, we address the influence of sex and species on neuronal responses to PCB 11. Neuronal morphology was quantified in sex-specific primary hippocampal and cortical neuron-glia co-cultures derived from neonatal C57BL/6J mice and Sprague Dawley rats exposed for 48 h to vehicle (0.1% DMSO) or PCB 11 at concentrations ranging from 1 fM to 1 nM. Total axonal length was quantified in tau-1 immunoreactive neurons at day in vitro (DIV) 2; dendritic arborization was assessed by Sholl analysis at DIV 9 in neurons transfected with MAP2B-FusRed. In mouse cultures, PCB 11 enhanced dendritic arborization in female, but not male, hippocampal neurons and male, but not female, cortical neurons. In rat cultures, PCB 11 promoted dendritic arborization in male and female hippocampal and cortical neurons. PCB 11 also increased axonal growth in mouse and rat neurons of both sexes and neuronal cell types. These data demonstrate that PCB 11 exerts sex-specific effects on neuronal morphogenesis that vary depending on species, neurite type, and neuronal cell type. These findings have significant implications for risk assessment of this emerging developmental neurotoxicant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunjay Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kimberly P Keil
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
McKee LJ, Bonnema A, David N, Davis JA, Franz A, Grace R, Greenfield BK, Gilbreath AN, Grosso C, Heim WA, Hunt JA, Leatherbarrow JE, Lowe S, Pearce SA, Ross JRM, Yee D. Long-term variation in concentrations and mass loads in a semi-arid watershed influenced by historic mercury mining and urban pollutant sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:482-497. [PMID: 28672237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban watersheds are significantly anthropogenically-altered landscapes. Most previous studies cover relatively short periods, without addressing concentrations, loads, and yields in relation to annual climate fluctuations, and datasets on Ag, Se, PBDEs, and PCDD/Fs are rare. Intensive storm-focused sampling and continuous turbidity monitoring were employed to quantify pollution at two locations in the Guadalupe River (California, USA). At a downstream location, we determined loads of suspended sediment (SS) for 14yrs., mercury (HgT), PCBs, and total organic carbon (TOC) (8yrs), total methylmercury (MeHgT) (6yrs), nutrients, and trace elements including Ag and Se (3yrs), DDTs, chlordanes, dieldrin, and PBDEs (2yrs), and PCDD/Fs (1yr). At an upstream location, we determined loads of SS for 4yrs. and HgT, MeHgT, PCBs and PCDD/Fs for 1yr. These data were compared to previous studies, climatically adjusted, and used to critically assess the use of small datasets for estimating annual average conditions. Concentrations and yields in the Guadalupe River appear to be atypical for total phosphorus, DDTs, dieldrin, HgT, MeHgT, Cr, Ni, and possibly Se due to local conditions. Other pollutants appear to be similar to other urban systems. On average, wet season flow varied by 6.5-fold and flow-weighted mean (FWM) concentrations varied 4.4-fold, with an average 7.1-fold difference between minimum and maximum annual loads. Loads for an average runoff year for each pollutant were usually less than the best estimate of long-term average. The arithmetic average of multiple years of load data or a FWM concentration combined with mean annual flow was also usually below the best estimate of long-term average load. Mean annual loads using sampled years were also less than the best estimate of long-term average by a mean of 2.2-fold. Climatic adjustment techniques are needed for computing estimates of long-term average annual loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lester J McKee
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
| | - Autumn Bonnema
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | - Nicole David
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Jay A Davis
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Amy Franz
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | | | | | - Alicia N Gilbreath
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Cristina Grosso
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Wesley A Heim
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A Hunt
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Jon E Leatherbarrow
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Sarah Lowe
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Sarah A Pearce
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - John R M Ross
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| | - Donald Yee
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, California 94804, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sethi S, Chen X, Kass PH, Puschner B. Polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether profiles in serum from cattle, sheep, and goats across California. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:63-73. [PMID: 28426942 PMCID: PMC5494844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously been shown by our lab and others that persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are contaminants in milk produced for human consumption. To further this research we determined the concentration of 21 PCB and 14 PBDE congeners in livestock serum, mainly bovine, across California. Congeners were extracted from serum using solid phase extraction (SPE), cleaned up by silica cartridge and quantified using gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. We detected significant differences among species and the production class of cattle (beef or dairy). The sum of all 21 PCB congeners (ΣPCBs) in caprine and ovine sera had a mean value of 9.26 and 9.13 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 3.98 ng/mL in bovine sera. The mean value for the sum of all 14 PBDE congeners (ΣPBDEs) in caprine and ovine sera was 2.82 and 2.39 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 0.91 ng/mL in bovine sera. Mean ΣPCBs in dairy cattle was 5.92 ng/mL compared to 2.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. Mean ΣPBDEs in dairy cattle was 1.33 ng/mL compared to 0.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. There were no regional differences in the ΣPCBs or ΣPBDEs in cattle distributed across California. These results highlight the fact that livestock are still being exposed to these pollutants yet little is known about where this exposure may be coming from.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - X Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - B Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Melymuk L, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Kukučka P, Vojta Š, Kalina J, Čupr P, Klánová J. Seasonality and indoor/outdoor relationships of flame retardants and PCBs in residential air. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:392-401. [PMID: 27431696 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study is a systematic assessment of different houses and apartments, their ages and renovation status, indoors and outdoors, and in summer vs. winter, with a goal of bringing some insight into the major sources of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and their variability. Indoor and outdoor air concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel flame retardants (NFRs) were determined at 17-20 homes in Czech Republic in winter and summer. Indoor concentrations were consistently higher than outdoor concentrations for all compounds; indoor/outdoor ratios ranged from 2-20, with larger differences for the current use NFRs than for legacy PCBs. Seasonal trends differed according to the use status of the compounds: the PCBs had higher summer concentrations both indoors and outdoors, suggesting volatilization as a source of PCBs to air. PBDEs had no seasonal trends indoors, but higher summer concentrations outdoors. Several NFRs (TBX, PBT, PBEB) had higher indoor concentrations in winter relative to summer. The seasonal trends in the flame retardants suggest differences in air exchange rates due to lower building ventilation in winter could be driving the concentration differences. Weak relationships were found with building age for PCBs, with higher concentrations indoors in buildings built before 1984, and with the number of electronics for PBDEs, with higher concentrations in rooms with three or more electronic items. Indoor environments are the primary contributor to human inhalation exposure to these SVOCs, due to the high percentage of time spent indoors (>90%) combined with the higher indoors levels for all the studied compounds. Exposure via the indoor environment contributed ∼96% of the total chronic daily intake via inhalation in summer and ∼98% in winter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pernilla Bohlin-Nizzetto
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, PO Box 100, NO-2017, Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Vojta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Čupr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu X, Tang Q, Xia H, Zhang Y, Li W, Huo X. Chaotic time series prediction for prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in umbilical cord blood using the least squares SEATR model. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25005. [PMID: 27118260 PMCID: PMC4846991 DOI: 10.1038/srep25005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaotic time series prediction based on nonlinear systems showed a superior performance in prediction field. We studied prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by chaotic time series prediction using the least squares self-exciting threshold autoregressive (SEATR) model in umbilical cord blood in an electronic waste (e-waste) contaminated area. The specific prediction steps basing on the proposal methods for prenatal PCB exposure were put forward, and the proposed scheme's validity was further verified by numerical simulation experiments. Experiment results show: 1) seven kinds of PCB congeners negatively correlate with five different indices for birth status: newborn weight, height, gestational age, Apgar score and anogenital distance; 2) prenatal PCB exposed group at greater risks compared to the reference group; 3) PCBs increasingly accumulated with time in newborns; and 4) the possibility of newborns suffering from related diseases in the future was greater. The desirable numerical simulation experiments results demonstrated the feasibility of applying mathematical model in the environmental toxicology field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyue Xia
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqiu Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kania-Korwel I, Lehmler HJ. Chiral polychlorinated biphenyls: absorption, metabolism and excretion--a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2042-57. [PMID: 25651810 PMCID: PMC4527964 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seventy eight out of the 209 possible polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners are chiral, 19 of which exist under ambient conditions as stable rotational isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. These congeners (C-PCBs) represent up to 6 % by weight of technical PCB mixtures and undergo considerable atropisomeric enrichment in wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans. The objective of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of the processes involved in the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of C-PCBs and their metabolites in laboratory animals and humans. C-PCBs are absorbed and excreted by passive diffusion, a process that, like other physicochemical processes, is inherently not atropselective. In mammals, metabolism by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes represents a major route of elimination for many C-PCBs. In vitro studies demonstrate that C-PCBs with a 2,3,6-trichlorosubstitution pattern in one phenyl ring are readily oxidized to hydroxylated PCB metabolites (HO-PCBs) by P450 enzymes, such as rat CYP2B1, human CYP2B6, and dog CYP2B11. The oxidation of C-PCBs is atropselective, thus resulting in a species- and congener-dependent atropisomeric enrichment of C-PCBs and their metabolites. This atropisomeric enrichment of C-PCBs and their metabolites likely plays a poorly understood role in the atropselective toxicity of C-PCBs and, therefore, warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kania-Korwel
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, UI Research Park, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Davies H, Delistraty D. Evaluation of PCB sources and releases for identifying priorities to reduce PCBs in Washington State (USA). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2033-2041. [PMID: 26071980 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitously distributed in the environment and produce multiple adverse effects in humans and wildlife. As a result, the purpose of our study was to characterize PCB sources in anthropogenic materials and releases to the environment in Washington State (USA) in order to formulate recommendations to reduce PCB exposures. Methods included review of relevant publications (e.g., open literature, industry studies and reports, federal and state government databases), scaling of PCB sources from national or county estimates to state estimates, and communication with industry associations and private and public utilities. Recognizing high associated uncertainty due to incomplete data, we strived to provide central tendency estimates for PCB sources. In terms of mass (high to low), PCB sources include lamp ballasts, caulk, small capacitors, large capacitors, and transformers. For perspective, these sources (200,000-500,000 kg) overwhelm PCBs estimated to reside in the Puget Sound ecosystem (1500 kg). Annual releases of PCBs to the environment (high to low) are attributed to lamp ballasts (400-1500 kg), inadvertent generation by industrial processes (900 kg), caulk (160 kg), small capacitors (3-150 kg), large capacitors (10-80 kg), pigments and dyes (0.02-31 kg), and transformers (<2 kg). Recommendations to characterize the extent of PCB distribution and decrease exposures include assessment of PCBs in buildings (e.g., schools) and replacement of these materials, development of Best Management Practices (BMPs) to contain PCBs, reduction of inadvertent generation of PCBs in consumer products, expansion of environmental monitoring and public education, and research to identify specific PCB congener profiles in human tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Davies
- Washington Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 47600, Olympia, WA, 98504-7600, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Herrick RF, Stewart JH, Allen JG. Review of PCBs in US schools: a brief history, an estimate of the number of impacted schools, and an approach for evaluating indoor air samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1975-85. [PMID: 25940477 PMCID: PMC4635108 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PCBs in building materials such as caulks and sealants are a largely unrecognized source of contamination in the building environment. Schools are of particular interest, as the period of extensive school construction (about 1950 to 1980) coincides with the time of greatest use of PCBs as plasticizers in building materials. In the USA, we estimate that the number of schools with PCB in building caulk ranges from 12,960 to 25,920 based upon the number of schools built in the time of PCB use and the proportion of buildings found to contain PCB caulk and sealants. Field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that PCBs from both interior and exterior caulking can be the source of elevated PCB air concentrations in these buildings, at levels that exceed health-based PCB exposure guidelines for building occupants. Air sampling in buildings containing PCB caulk has shown that the airborne PCB concentrations can be highly variable, even in repeat samples collected within a room. Sampling and data analysis strategies that recognize this variability can provide the basis for informed decision making about compliance with health-based exposure limits, even in cases where small numbers of samples are taken. The health risks posed by PCB exposures, particularly among children, mandate precautionary approaches to managing PCBs in building materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Herrick
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - James H Stewart
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Joseph G Allen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Diefenbacher PS, Gerecke AC, Bogdal C, Hungerbühler K. Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric PCBs in Zurich, Switzerland: Do Joint Sealants Still Matter? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:232-239. [PMID: 26646689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive air samplers were deployed at 23 sites across the city of Zurich, Switzerland to investigate the spatial distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air. Concentrations of the six indicator PCBs (iPCBs) in air ranged from 54 to 3160 pg·m(-3) in the two sampling campaigns (spring 2011 and spring 2013). Measurements at two sampling sites were significantly higher than the median in both years, because of the proximity to primary PCB sources. Concentrations at most other stations were in a narrow range, suggesting that atmospheric PCB concentrations in Zurich are mainly caused by a high number of rather small sources. A correlation of iPCB concentrations in air with the number of buildings constructed between 1955 and 1975 in the surrounding areas of the sampling sites was observed. This demonstrates that PCB-containing building materials, such as joint sealants, influence PCB levels in urban air. Additionally, atmospheric iPCB concentrations were measured in the surrounding of a housing complex with PCB-contaminated joint sealants. Using a Gaussian diffusion model, annual iPCB emissions of 110-190 g were calculated for this housing complex. This appreciable amount released by a single building points out that more efforts are required to further eliminate remaining PCB stocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal S Diefenbacher
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas C Gerecke
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yun X, Yang Y, Liu M, Wang J. Concentrations and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments from the East Lake, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:172-80. [PMID: 25336043 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in surface sediment samples collected from the East Lake, China in winter 2012 and summer 2013 were analyzed in this study. The total PCB and PBDE concentrations ranged from not detected to 107.1 ng g(-1) dw and from 9.7 to 151.3 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. PCB-28, 101 and 180 were dominant congeners in both winter and summer. BDE-28 (44 %) was the dominant congener in winter and summer, followed by BDE-99 (28 %) and BDE-47 (26 %). The concentrations of PCBs in the sediment samples collected in summer were higher than those in winter, while the concentrations of PBDEs did not show much seasonal variations. Source analysis showed that the PCBs probably originated from urban runoff, industrial pollution and atmospheric deposition, and the PBDEs probably originated from historical usage of penta-BDE mixtures. Potential eco-toxicological risks caused by PCBs were found in about 5 % of the sampling sites; PBDEs had moderate eco-toxicological risk in 80 % sampling sites in the East Lake, China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|