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Li W, Xu L, Jin Y. The influence factors of interprovincial power transmission on China's CO 2 emissions. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221137466. [PMID: 36380702 PMCID: PMC10450494 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221137466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Electric power system is a major source of CO2 emission in China. Understanding the evolution of power-related CO2 emission is an important step to both emission reduction and a sustainable energy transition. Here, we assess the CO2 emission of power production in China, finding that it increased by 47% from 2008 to 2017 despite a significant decrease in CO2 emission intensity of power production. The CO2 emission intensity of power production differs greatly across provinces, with the highest provincial CO2 emission intensity 11 times the lowest. To understand the evolution of power-related CO2 emission, this study quantified the embodied CO2 emissions of power transmission, and then use decomposition analysis to explore the influencing factors of it. We found that China's embodied CO2 emissions from power transmission increased from 315 to 523 Mt between 2008 and 2017, and the increase in electricity consumption and the dependence on power transmission networks are the important reasons for the increase in embodied CO2 emissions. Nationally, power transmission reduced CO2 emission by 78 Mt. because, compared to the east, the west generally has a larger CO2 emission factor. These dynamics will become important for policymakers and energy planners to achieve carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Li
- School of Finance & Economics, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- School of Finance & Economics, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Jin
- School of Finance & Economics, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Contribution of Road Transport to the Attainment of Ghana’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) through Biofuel Integration. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15030880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the Paris Agreement in COP21, many countries around the world, including Ghana and Thailand, have established a Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with first update recently in COP26. With Ghana’s ongoing effort at COP26 to change its baseline to 2019, this study established a detailed Ghana vehicle ownership model with necessary transport parameters to construct an energy demand model to provide insight for reducing GHG emission contributions from road transport through biofuel (both bioethanol and biodiesel) potential by recourse to a Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP), with two scenarios of development from Thailand’s best practice for policy recommendation, which are alternative (ALT), with up to E20/B20, and extreme (EXT), with up to E85/B50, for new vehicles. In each case, energy demand and GHG emissions were analyzed from detailed data on Ghana’s transport sector to show potential benefit from biofuel usages. From Ghana’s transport sector contribution to NDC, 8.4% and 11.1% of GHG emission reduction in 2030 can be achieved with a 0.13% and 0.27% additional arable land requirement from ALT and EXT scenarios. Policy recommendation and implication were also discussed.
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Zhao C, Sun Y, Zhong Y, Xu S, Liang Y, Liu S, He X, Zhu J, Shibamoto T, He M. Spatio-temporal analysis of urban air pollutants throughout China during 2014-2019. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:1619-1632. [PMID: 34025820 PMCID: PMC8121134 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Air pollution control has become the top priority of China's "green development" concept since 2013. The Chinese government has enacted a range of policies and statutes to control contaminant emissions and improve air quality. On the basis of the national air quality ground observation database, the spatial and temporal distribution of air quality index value (AQI), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), coarse particles (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) were explored in 336 cities throughout China from 2014 to 2019. AQI and most pollutants (except O3) decreased in concentrations from 2014 to 2019. In 2019, all cities except Henan reached the level 2 of the ambient air quality index, and six cities had a lower ambient air quality index and reached the level 1. Spatially, higher pollutant concentrations were concentrated in large city clusters, whereas the areas with high O3 concentration were found across the country. Furthermore, central heating was shown to have a negative impact on air quality. The observed AQI value, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO concentrations were highest in north and northwest China and Henan province in central China. The correlations among pollutants suggest that the main sources of pollutants are fossil fuel combustion, industrial production, and motor vehicle emissions. The influence of meteorological factors on air quality, long-distance transportation, and the transformations of pollutants should be explored in future research. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-021-01043-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Yaping Zhong
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Senhao Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Shu Liu
- Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Shenyang, 110000 Liaoning Province China
| | - Xiaodong He
- Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Benxi City, 117000 Liaoning Province China
| | - Jinghai Zhu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
| | - Takayuki Shibamoto
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Miao He
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Damage Research and Assessment, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 Liaoning Province China
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Bikomeye JC, Rublee CS, Beyer KMM. Positive Externalities of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation for Human Health: A Review and Conceptual Framework for Public Health Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2481. [PMID: 33802347 PMCID: PMC7967605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change is adversely impacting people and contributing to suffering and increased costs from climate-related diseases and injuries. In responding to this urgent and growing public health crisis, mitigation strategies are in place to reduce future greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) while adaptation strategies exist to reduce and/or alleviate the adverse effects of climate change by increasing systems' resilience to future impacts. While these strategies have numerous positive benefits on climate change itself, they also often have other positive externalities or health co-benefits. This knowledge can be harnessed to promote and improve global public health, particularly for the most vulnerable populations. Previous conceptual models in mitigation and adaptation studies such as the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) considered health in the thinking, but health outcomes were not their primary intention. Additionally, existing guidance documents such as the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidance for Climate Resilient and Environmentally Sustainable Health Care Facilities is designed primarily for public health professionals or healthcare managers in hospital settings with a primary focus on resilience. However, a detailed cross sectoral and multidisciplinary conceptual framework, which links mitigation and adaptation strategies with health outcomes as a primary end point, has not yet been developed to guide research in this area. In this paper, we briefly summarize the burden of climate change on global public health, describe important mitigation and adaptation strategies, and present key health benefits by giving context specific examples from high, middle, and low-income settings. We then provide a conceptual framework to inform future global public health research and preparedness across sectors and disciplines and outline key stakeholders recommendations in promoting climate resilient systems and advancing health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C. Bikomeye
- PhD Program in Public and Community Health, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Caitlin S. Rublee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Kirsten M. M. Beyer
- PhD Program in Public and Community Health, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Mensah HK, Agyapong A, Osei BA. Effect of corporate social responsibility on eco-citizenship behaviour in luxury hotels: eco-lifestyle as a moderator. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jgr-03-2020-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The issues regarding environmental behaviour in the hospitality sector are relatively underexplored, particularly in developing economies. To date, studies on corporate social responsibility (CSR) have reported a positive effect on the behaviour of employees generally. Inspite of the heightened interest in CSR and environmental behaviour, inquiry on this relationship is still deficient in a rigorous examination of potential boundary conditions. Therefore, this study examined the moderating influence of eco-lifestyle on the association between CSR and eco-citizenship behaviour (ECB) as well as its dimensions.
Design/methodology/approach
This study adopted a cross-sectional technique with a sample of 812 employees selected from luxury hotels via simple random sampling. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data from the hotel employees Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modelling were used to present findings.
Findings
The results of this study confirmed that CSR positively influences ECB upon controlling for education, job tenure, income and employee rank. Moreover, eco-lifestyle positively moderates the influence of CSR on ECB and each of its three domains. This study concluded that eco-lifestyle increases the positive impact of CSR on ECB.
Originality/value
Apparently, previous studies in this research area have often proffered an insufficient explanation on the conditions by which CSR positively influence employees’ environmental behaviour. This study considered this condition and examined the extent to which the association between CSR and ECB is moderated by the eco-lifestyle of employees in luxury hotels.
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Zhao S, Liu S, Hou X, Sun Y, Beazley R. Air pollution and cause-specific mortality: A comparative study of urban and rural areas in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127884. [PMID: 33182102 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution increases the risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and respiratory mortality across China. However, the urban-rural differences in the associations between air pollution and mortality have not been clearly identified. In this study, a distributed lag nonlinear model was used to examine whether the air pollutants-mortality associations vary between urban and rural areas. Then, we used logistic regression analyses to evaluate the air pollutants-mortality relations. Also, generalized additive models were simulated to evaluate the nonlinear curves. Our results showed that the relative risks of air pollution-related mortality were generally higher in rural areas, where PM2.5 pollution was the dominant factor (p-value < 0.05). Mortality risks for all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory will increase when average annual PM2.5 concentrations exceed approximately 38 μg/m3, 41 μg/m3 and 41 μg/m3, respectively, all of which exceed the annual Grade II standards. In urban areas, PM10-2.5 and NO2 were associated with mortality (p-value < 0.05). We proposed some area-specific strategies for controlling the NO2 pollution and PM10-2.5 pollution in urban areas and the PM2.5 pollution in rural areas to eliminate the gaps. Our findings identify that rural residents are more sensitive to air pollution than urban residents in China, and this result challenges previous assumptions about the more adverse effects of urbanization on residents' health in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Hou
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yongxiu Sun
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Robert Beazley
- Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fernow Hall 302, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Filonchyk M, Hurynovich V. Spatial distribution and temporal variation of atmospheric pollution in the South Gobi Desert, China, during 2016-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:26579-26593. [PMID: 32372352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rapid pace of economic growth and urbanization in China affects both large and small cities of the country, causing an increase of pollutant concentrations in the air. The South Gobi is one of the main deserts and semidesert regions of the country; therefore, the study of air pollution near the potential source of natural aerosols is of great importance. Data obtained in the period from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2019 was used to analyze spatial-temporal characteristics of atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO) in eight cities. Total mean concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 36.1 ± 21.1 μg/m3 and 98.6 ± 108.7 μg/m3. The occurrence rates of concentrations exceeding the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CNAAQS) grade 1 and grade 2 were 40.1% and 5.4% for PM2.5 and 82.9% and 11.64% for PM10 in the region. Total concentrations of SO2, NO2, and CO did not exceed the CNAAQS standard and were 20.8 ± 23.6 μg/m3, 22.6 ± 11.9 μg/m3, and 0.72 ± 0.39 mg/m3, respectively. The PM2.5 to PM10 ratio increased from 0.35 in spring to 0.46 in winter suggesting the predominance of coarse aerosol fractions in the atmosphere. Based on data on aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Ångström exponent (AE) ratio obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the predominant aerosol types in the region are Clean Сontinental and Mixed. Maximum concentrations of pollutants and the highest AOD values in the region air are observed in spring and winter. Results set forth in this article will be an important basis for further regional studies on air quality and distribution of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikalai Filonchyk
- Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Volha Hurynovich
- Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
- Gansu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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Yan M, Wilson A, Bell ML, Peng RD, Sun Q, Pu W, Yin X, Li T, Anderson GB. The Shape of the Concentration-Response Association between Fine Particulate Matter Pollution and Human Mortality in Beijing, China, and Its Implications for Health Impact Assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:67007. [PMID: 31170008 PMCID: PMC6792375 DOI: 10.1289/ehp4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies found approximately linear short-term associations between particulate matter (PM) and mortality in Western communities. However, in China, where the urban PM levels are typically considerably higher than in Western communities, some studies suggest nonlinearity in this association. Health impact assessments (HIA) of PM in China have generally not incorporated nonlinearity in the concentration-response (C-R) association, which could result in large discrepancies in estimates of excess deaths if the true association is nonlinear. OBJECTIVES We investigated nonlinearity in the C-R associations between with PM with aerodynamic diameter [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and mortality in Beijing, China, and the sensitivity of HIA to linearity assumptions. METHODS We modeled the C-R association between [Formula: see text] and cause-specific mortality in Beijing, China (2009-2012), using generalized linear models (GLM). [Formula: see text] was included through either linear, piecewise-linear, or spline functions to investigate evidence of nonlinearity. To determine the sensitivity of HIA to linearity assumptions, we estimated [Formula: see text]-attributable deaths using both linear- and nonlinear-based C-R associations between [Formula: see text] and mortality. RESULTS We found some evidence that, for nonaccidental and circulatory mortality, the shape of the C-R association was relatively flat at lower concentrations of [Formula: see text], but then had a positive slope at higher concentrations, indicating nonlinearity. Conversely, the shape for respiratory mortality was positive and linear at lower concentrations of [Formula: see text], but then leveled off at the higher concentrations. Estimates of excess deaths attributable to short-term [Formula: see text] exposure were, in some cases, very sensitive to the linearity assumption in the association, but in other cases robust to this assumption. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate some evidence of nonlinearity in [Formula: see text]-mortality associations and that an assumption of linearity in this association can influence HIAs, highlighting the importance of understanding potential nonlinearity in the [Formula: see text]-mortality association at the high concentrations of [Formula: see text] in developing megacities like Beijing. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP4464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Yan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ander Wilson
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Roger D. Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Pu
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Yin
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
| | - G. Brooke Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Wang Q, Yang Z. Does chronic disease influence susceptibility to the effects of air pollution on depressive symptoms in China? Int J Ment Health Syst 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 29946352 PMCID: PMC6006943 DOI: 10.1186/s13033-018-0212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exogenous stressors resulting from air pollution can lead to depression and chronic disease. Chinese levels of air pollution are among the highest in the world, and although associated adverse health effects are gradually emerging, research determining individual vulnerability is limited. This study estimated the association between air pollution and depressive symptoms and identified whether chronic disease influences an individual’s susceptibility to depressive symptoms relating to air pollution. Methods Individual sample data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and a group of city-level variables in 2011 and 2013 were used with the random effects model and Tobit model. Adjustments were made for demographic, socioeconomic status, health behavior, and city-level climate variables with respect to living areas. Analysis was also stratified using chronic disease characteristics. Results The total Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale evaluating depressive symptoms ranged between 7 and 28 [average 11.623 (SD = 4.664)]. An 1% increase in sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate emission intensities was associated with depressive symptoms scores that were 1.266 (SE = 0.107, P < 0.001, 95% CI 1.057–1.475) and 1.318 (SE = 0.082, P < 0.001, 95% CI 1.157–1.480) higher, respectively. Compared to respondents without chronic disease, those with chronic diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes or high blood sugar, cardiovascular diseases, cancer or malignant tumor, liver disease, chronic lung diseases, kidney disease, stomach or other digestive disease, arthritis or rheumatism, and asthma had scores that were higher for depressive symptoms. Conclusions Results confirm that the adverse health effects of air pollution should be considered when developing air pollution policies. Findings also provide justification for mental health interventions targeting air pollution exposure, especially for people with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- 1School of Business, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221 Liaoning China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- 2Donlinks School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
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Liu J, Lu Q, Jiang XY, Hu B, Zhang XL, Dong CQ, Yang YP. Theoretical Investigation of the Formation Mechanism of NH₃ and HCN during Pyrrole Pyrolysis: The Effect of H₂O. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040711. [PMID: 29561787 PMCID: PMC6017973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coal is a major contributor to the global emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx). The NOx formation during coal utilization typically derives from the thermal decomposition of N-containing compounds (e.g., pyrrolic groups). NH₃ and HCN are common precursors of NOx from the decomposition of N-containing compounds. The existence of H₂O has significant influences on the pyrrole decomposition and NOx formation. In this study, the effects of H₂O on pyrrole pyrolysis to form NOx precursors HCN and NH₃ are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The calculation results indicate that the presence of H₂O can lead to the formation of both NH₃ and HCN during pyrrole pyrolysis, while only HCN is formed in the absence of H₂O. The initial interaction between pyrrole and H₂O determines the N products. NH₃ will be formed when H₂O attacks the C₂ position of pyrrole with its hydroxyl group. On the contrary, HCN will be generated instead of NH₃ when H₂O attacks the C₃ position of pyrrole with its hydroxyl group. In addition, the DFT calculations clearly indicate that the formation of NH₃ will be promoted by H₂O, whereas the formation of HCN is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Qiang Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, UK.
| | - Chang-Qing Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Power Generation Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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Sun J, Pan L, Tsang DCW, Zhan Y, Zhu L, Li X. Organic contamination and remediation in the agricultural soils of China: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:724-740. [PMID: 29017123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution is a global problem in both developed and developing countries. Countries with rapidly developing economies such as China are faced with significant soil pollution problems due to accelerated industrialization and urbanization over the last decades. This paper provides an overview of published scientific data on soil pollution across China with particular focus on organic contamination in agricultural soils. Based on the related peer-reviewed papers published since 2000 (n=203), we evaluated the priority organic contaminants across China, revealed their spatial and temporal distributions at the national scale, identified their possible sources and fates in soil, assessed their potential environmental risks, and presented the challenges in current remediation technologies regarding the combined organic pollution of agricultural soils. The primary pollutants in Northeast China were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to intensive fossil fuel combustion. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were higher in North and Central China owing to concentrated agricultural activities. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were higher in East and South China primarily because of past industrial operations and improper electronic waste processing. The co-existence of organic contaminants was severe in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, which are the most populated and industrialized regions in China. Integrated biological-chemical remediation technologies, such as surfactant-enhanced bioremediation, have potential uses in the remediation of soil contaminated by multiple contaminants. This critical review highlighted several future research directions including combined pollution, interfacial interactions, food safety, bioavailability, ecological effects, and integrated remediation methods for combined organic pollution in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Wang L, Zhang F, Pilot E, Yu J, Nie C, Holdaway J, Yang L, Li Y, Wang W, Vardoulakis S, Krafft T. Taking Action on Air Pollution Control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Region: Progress, Challenges and Opportunities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15020306. [PMID: 29425189 PMCID: PMC5858375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and motorization, a large number of Chinese cities are affected by heavy air pollution. In order to explore progress, remaining challenges, and sustainability of air pollution control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region after 2013, a mixed method analysis was undertaken. The quantitative analysis comprised an overview of air quality management in the BTH region. Semi-structured expert interviews were conducted with 12 stakeholders from various levels of government and research institutions who played substantial roles either in decision-making or in research and advising on air pollution control in the BTH region. The results indicated that with the stringent air pollution control policies, the air quality in BTH meets the targets of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. However, improvements vary across the region and for different pollutants. Although implementation has been decisive and was at least in parts effectively enforced, significant challenges remained with regard to industrial and traffic emission control, and national air quality limits continued to be significantly exceeded and competing development interests remained mainly unsolved. There were also concerns about the sustainability of the current air pollution control measures especially for industries due to the top-down enforcement, and the associated large burden of social cost including unemployment and social inequity resulting industrial restructuring. Better mechanisms for ensuring cross-sectoral coordination and for improved central-local government communication were suggested. Further suggestions were provided to improve the conceptual design and effective implementation of respective air pollution control strategies in BTH. Our study highlights some of the major hurdles that need to be addressed to succeed with a comprehensive air pollution control management for the Chinese mega-urban agglomerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Fengying Zhang
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Chinese National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Eva Pilot
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jie Yu
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Chengjing Nie
- School of Public Administration, Hebei University of Economics and Business, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Jennifer Holdaway
- School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6LH, UK.
| | - Linsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yonghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | | | - Thomas Krafft
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Characteristics of Particulate Pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) and Their Spacescale-Dependent Relationships with Meteorological Elements in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9122330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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The Effects of Climate Change on the Development of Tree Plantations for Biodiesel Production in China. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8060207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Air Pollution Prevention and Control Policy in China. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1017:243-261. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5657-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Xu DR, Cheng F, Chen Y, Hao Y, Wasserheit J. Harnessing China's universities for global health. Lancet 2016; 388:1860-1862. [PMID: 27751382 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Roman Xu
- Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | | | - Yuantao Hao
- Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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