1
|
Zhong H, Zhen L, Yao Q, Xiao Y, Liu J, Chen B, Xu W. Understanding the spatial and seasonal variation of the ground-level ozone in Southeast China with an interpretable machine learning and multi-source remote sensing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170570. [PMID: 38296071 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution poses significant threats to both human health and air quality. This study uses ground observations and satellite retrievals to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of ground-level O3 in Zhejiang Province, China. We created data-driven machine learning models that include meteorological, geographical and atmospheric parameters from multi-source remote sensing products, achieving good performance (Pearson's r of 0.81) in explaining regional O3 dynamics. Analyses revealed the crucial roles of temperature, relative humidity, total column O3, and the distributions and interactions of precursor (volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides) in driving the varied O3 patterns observed in Zhejiang. Furthermore, the interpretable modeling quantified multifactor interactions that sustain high O3 levels in spring and autumn, suppress O3 levels in summer, and inhibit O3 formation in winter. This work demonstrates the value of a combined approach using satellite and machine learning as an effective novel tool for regional air quality assessment and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haobin Zhong
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Jiaxing key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Advanced Materials for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Ling Zhen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiufang Yao
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China; Jiaxing key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Advanced Materials for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Yanping Xiao
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China; Jiaxing key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Advanced Materials for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China; Jiaxing key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Advanced Materials for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Baihua Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Ozone Pollution Prevention, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu A, Song Y, Wang D, Liao G, Zheng B, Liu P, Lei T. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Torrefied Acer palmatum. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:4474-4485. [PMID: 38313524 PMCID: PMC10831971 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to investigate the effects of torrefying temperature (220, 260, and 300 °C) on the physicochemical properties, kinetics, thermodynamic parameters, and reaction processes of Acer palmatum (AP) during the pyrolysis process. The kinetics of raw materials and torrefied biomass were studied by using three kinetic models, and the main function graph approach was employed to find the reaction mechanism. The torrefied biomass produced at temperatures of 220 °C (AP-220), 260 °C (AP-260), and 300 °C (AP-300) was thermogravimetrically analyzed at four different heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min). In comparison to the raw material, the average activation energy of torrefied biomass declined with increasing temperature, from 174.13 to 84.67 kJ/mol (FWO), 172.52 to 81.24 kJ/mol (KAS and DAEM). The volatile contents of AP and AP-220 are higher than those of AP-260 and AP-300, indicating that the random nucleation model occupies the central position. Compared with the raw biomass, the average Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of torrefied biomass increased from 157.97 to 195.38 kJ/mol. The mean enthalpy change (ΔH) during the torrefaction process is positive, while the mean entropy change (ΔS) of the torrefaction of biomass is negative, decreasing from 16.93 to -151.53 kJ/mol (FWO) and from 14.36 to -156.06 kJ/mol (KAS and DAEM). Overall, the findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the kinetics and improved features of torrefied biomass as a high-quality solid fuel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ailing Lu
- Shangtian
Environmental Restoration Co., Ltd, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yintao Song
- National-Local
Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality
Utilization, Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe &
High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining,
Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization
Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Dianer Wang
- Shangtian
Environmental Restoration Co., Ltd, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Guangdong Liao
- Shangtian
Environmental Restoration Co., Ltd, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Binguo Zheng
- School
of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhengzhou
Institute of Aviation Industry Management, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Peng Liu
- National-Local
Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality
Utilization, Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe &
High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining,
Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization
Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Tingzhou Lei
- National-Local
Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High-Quality
Utilization, Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe &
High Value Utilization Technology, Institute of Urban and Rural Mining,
Changzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Green, Safe & High Value Utilization
Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan R, Wang H, Huang C, An J, Bai H, Wang Q, Gao Y, Jing S, Wang Y, Su H. Impact of spatial scales of control measures on the effectiveness of ozone pollution mitigation in eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167521. [PMID: 37793456 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is becoming the primary air pollution issue with the large decrease in fine particulate concentrations in eastern China. The development of widely recognized policies for controlling O3 pollution episodes is urgent. This study aims to provide actionable and comprehensive suggestions for O3 control policy development, with an emphasis on the precursor emission reductions. Here, we compared the impacts of different spatial scale reductions on a widespread O3 pollution episode in eastern China by a state-of-the-art regional air quality model. We find that region-scale joint control (in >30 cities) is much more effective than city-scale sporadic reduction in reducing O3 concentration. Sporadic controls only reduce the maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 by ∼1 μg/m3 in the controlled city, whereas regional controls lead to a MDA8 O3 decrease of ∼8 μg/m3 in the controlled region. In addition, the emission reduction effectiveness increased by 2.6 times from <5 cities to >30 cities. Continuous reductions have a cumulative effect on the decrease of MDA8 O3, showing the strongest effects within 24 h and diminishing after 48 h, which underscores the importance of reducing emissions 24 h prior to an episode. Moreover, the effect of control measures on MDA8 O3 varies spatially depending on the ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to nitrogen oxides (NOx) (VOCs/NOx). Both the reductions of VOC and NOx emissions have a positive effect on the decrease of MDA8 O3 in summer, but the effects of VOC reductions are 1.2 to 1.7 times higher than those of NOx reductions. The residential sector, due to its high VOCs/NOx emission ratio, exhibits the highest efficiency in the reduction of O3 concentrations. Our results highlight the importance of regional joint control and synergistic reduction of VOCs and NOx in eastern China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rusha Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyu An
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Heming Bai
- Research Center for Intelligent Information Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Su
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaylor SD, Snell Taylor SJ, Herrick JD. Estimates of biomass reductions of ozone sensitive herbaceous plants in California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163134. [PMID: 37001658 PMCID: PMC10543089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to tropospheric ozone pollution impairs photosynthesis and growth in plants and this can have consequences for ecosystems. However, exposure-response research in the United States (U.S.) has historically focused on trees and crops, and less attention has been given to non-crop herbaceous species. We combined U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ozone monitoring data from the entirety of 2016 with published exposure-response relationships from controlled exposure experiments for twenty herbaceous plant species occurring in California. The U.S. Department of Agriculture PLANTS database was used to identify county-level occurrence data of these plant species. A kriged ozone exposure surface for 2016 was generated using data from monitoring stations in California and surrounding states, using Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) as an exposure metric. County-wide ozone exposure estimations were then combined with published exposure response functions for focal plants, and maps were created to estimate ozone-induced growth losses in the counties where the plants occur. Plant species had estimated annual growth losses from <1 % to >20 % based on exposure levels and sensitivity. Of the 20 species, 17 had predicted biomass loss >5 % in at least one county, emphasizing the vulnerability of herbaceous species at recent ozone concentrations. Butte, Nevada, Plumas, San Luis Obispo, and Shasta Counties, an area of about 31,652 km2, had the highest number of species (6) with >10 % estimated biomass loss, the loss threshold for European critical levels. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was one of the most affected species with more than an estimated 10 % annual estimated growth loss over 59 % of the state. Overall, these estimated growth losses demonstrate potential for shifts in plant communities and negative effects on ecosystems. This study addresses critical policy needs for risk assessments on herbaceous species in a single year of ozone exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Douglas Kaylor
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Sara J Snell Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery D Herrick
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bai X, Liu W, Wu B, Liu S, Liu X, Hao Y, Liang W, Lin S, Luo L, Zhao S, Zhu C, Hao J, Tian H. Emission characteristics and inventory of volatile organic compounds from the Chinese cement industry based on field measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120600. [PMID: 36347407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are major precursors of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which degrade air quality and pose a serious risk to human health and ecological systems. Previous studies on the emission characteristics of VOCs have predominantly focused on petrochemical and solvent-using sources, while localized studies on the cement industry are scarce in China. Field measurements for four cement plants were carried out in this study to investigate the emission levels, source profiles, and secondary pollutant generation potential of 98 VOCs species emitted from rotary and shaft kilns in China. Furthermore, a species-differentiated VOCs emission inventory was compiled for the Chinese cement industry in 2019. The results demonstrated that the mass concentration of VOCs emitted from shaft kiln was more than 20-fold higher than that emitted from rotary kilns, and the alkanes was the dominant species (56%) in shaft kilns, while oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and halocarbons were the main species in rotary kilns. Moreover, alkenes & alkyne were the dominant contributors to ozone formation potential (OFP) in shaft kilns, whereas alkenes & alkyne and OVOCs were comparable and prominent contributors in rotary kilns. In contrast, secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) for the two types of kilns was dominated by aromatics. In 2019, approximately 18.18 kt VOCs were emitted from cement production and were found to be largely concentrated in the southeast and central provinces of China. Considering the influence on environmental conditions, high OFP-contributing species in cement kilns are suggested to be a priority in the pollution mitigation of O3. This study provides a new, comprehensive, and reasonable cognition of the current VOCs emissions from both rotary and shaft kilns in China, which will aid in a better understanding of VOCs emission characteristics and guide future policy-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Bai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Bobo Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shuhan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yan Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Weizhao Liang
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lining Luo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chuanyong Zhu
- Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hezhong Tian
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation & Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Center for Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Farraj AK, Martin BL, Schladweiler MC, Miller CN, Smoot J, Williams W, Fisher A, Oshiro W, Tennant A, Martin WK, Henriquez AR, Grindstaff R, Gavett SH, Gilmour MI, Kodavanti UP, Hazari MS, Dye JA. Mild allergic airways responses to an environmental mixture increase cardiovascular risk in rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 191:106-122. [PMID: 36269214 PMCID: PMC9887678 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent epidemiological findings link asthma to adverse cardiovascular responses. Yet, the precise cardiovascular impacts of asthma have been challenging to disentangle from the potential cardiovascular effects caused by asthma medication. The purpose of this study was to determine the impacts of allergic airways disease alone on cardiovascular function in an experimental model. Female Wistar rats were intranasally sensitized and then challenged once per week for 5 weeks with saline vehicle or a mixture of environmental allergens (ragweed, house dust mite, and Aspergillus fumigatus). Ventilatory and cardiovascular function, measured using double-chamber plethysmography and implantable blood pressure (BP) telemetry and cardiovascular ultrasound, respectively, were assessed before sensitization and after single and final allergen challenge. Responses to a single 0.5 ppm ozone exposure and to the cardiac arrhythmogenic agent aconitine were also assessed after final challenge. A single allergen challenge in sensitized rats increased tidal volume and specific airways resistance in response to provocation with methacholine and increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and keratinocyte chemoattract-growth-related oncogene characteristic of allergic airways responses. Lung responses after final allergen challenge in sensitized rats were diminished, although ozone exposure increased BALF IL-6, IL-13, IL-1 β, and interferon-γ and modified ventilatory responses only in the allergen group. Final allergen challenge also increased systolic and mean arterial BP, stroke volume, cardiac output, end-diastolic volume, sensitivity to aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmia, and cardiac gene expression with lesser effects after a single challenge. These findings demonstrate that allergic airways responses may increase cardiovascular risk in part by altering BP and myocardial function and by causing cardiac electrical instability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimen K Farraj
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code: B105-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail:
| | - Brandi L Martin
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Mette C Schladweiler
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Colette N Miller
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Jacob Smoot
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Wanda Williams
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Anna Fisher
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Wendy Oshiro
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Alan Tennant
- Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - W Kyle Martin
- Curriculum of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Rachel Grindstaff
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Stephen H Gavett
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Mehdi S Hazari
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| | - Janice A Dye
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zikhathile T, Atagana H, Bwapwa J, Sawtell D. A Review of the Impact That Healthcare Risk Waste Treatment Technologies Have on the Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11967. [PMID: 36231269 PMCID: PMC9565833 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Health-Care Risk Waste (HCRW) treatment protects the environment and lives. HCRW is waste from patient diagnostics, immunization, surgery, and therapy. HCRW must be treated before disposal since it pollutes, spreads illnesses, and causes harm. However, waste treatment increases the healthcare sector's carbon footprint, making the healthcare sector a major contributor to anthropogenic climate change. This is because treating HCRW pollutes the environment and requires a lot of energy. Treating HCRW is crucial, but its risks are not well-studied. Unintentionally, treating HCRW leads to climate change. Due to frequent climate-related disasters, present climate-change mitigation strategies are insufficient. All sectors, including healthcare, must act to mitigate and prevent future harms. Healthcare can reduce its carbon footprint to help the environment. All contributing elements must be investigated because healthcare facilities contribute to climate change. We start by evaluating the environmental impact of different HCRW treatment technologies and suggesting strategies to make treatments more sustainable, cost-effective, and reliable to lower the carbon footprint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thobile Zikhathile
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, 511 Griffiths Mxenge Highway, Umlazi, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - Harrison Atagana
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0003, South Africa
| | - Joseph Bwapwa
- Faculty of Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, 511 Griffiths Mxenge Highway, Umlazi, Durban 4031, South Africa
| | - David Sawtell
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wen B, Wu Y, Ye T, Xu R, Yu W, Yu P, Guo Y, Li S. Short-term exposure to ozone and economic burden of premature mortality in Italy: A nationwide observation study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113781. [PMID: 35772358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Italy is among the countries with the highest ozone concentration in Europe. However, the mortality burden of ozone and related economic loss has not been fully characterized. This study aimed to estimate the ozone-mortality association in Italy and evaluate attributable mortality burden and related economic loss in 2015-2019. We collected daily all-cause mortality data stratified by age and sex from 2015 to 2019 in 107 provinces of Italy. A two-stage time-series framework was applied to estimate the association between daily maximum eight-hour average ozone and mortality as well as economic loss. An overall increase in the risk of mortality (RR=1.0043, 95% CI: 1.0029, 1.0057) was associated with every 10 µg/m3 increase in ozone. Generally, a total of 70,060 deaths and $65 billion economic loss were attributed to ozone exposure, corresponding to 3.11% of mortality and about 0.5% of the national GDP during the study period, respectively. The highest ozone-related mortality burden (30,910 deaths) and economic loss ($29.24 billion) were observed in the hot season. This nationwide study suggested considerable mortality burden and economic loss were associated with exposure to ozone. More actions and policies should be proposed to reduce ozone levels and help the public protect their health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yao Wu
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Tingting Ye
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Rongbin Xu
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Wenhua Yu
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Pei Yu
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yuming Guo
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Shanshan Li
- Climate, Air Quality Research (CARE) Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Level 2, 553 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Analysis of the Effect of Catalytic Additives in the Agricultural Waste Combustion Process. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103526. [PMID: 35629553 PMCID: PMC9143614 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the research results of the effect of using calcium oxide and potassium permanganate on the combustion of pellets from wheat bran and beet pulp. The measurements were performed in the technical laboratory of the Centre of Energy Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources in Ostrava. The research examined the effect of the use of chemical substances on the amount of air pollutants from biomass thermal conversion in a low-power boiler and the process temperature. First, we performed technical and elementary analyses of agricultural waste. The raw material was then comminuted, mixed with a selected additive, pelletized, and finally burned in a low-power boiler. The additive was added in three proportions: 1:20, 1:10, and 1:6.67 (i.e., 15%) relative to the fuel weight. The combustion process efficiency was measured using a flue gas analyzer and three thermocouples attached to the data recorder. From the measurement results, we were able to determine the percentage reduction of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere (CO, NOx, and SO2) due to the use of additives. Because emission standards are becoming increasingly stringent and fuel and energy prices are rising, the results presented in this article may be useful to agri-food processing plants that want to manage these materials thermally.
Collapse
|
10
|
Low- and Medium-Cost Sensors for Tropospheric Ozone Monitoring—Results of an Evaluation Study in Wrocław, Poland. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of a 1.5-year evaluation study of low- and medium-cost ozone sensors. The tests covered electrochemical sensors: SensoriC O3 3E 1 (City Technology) and semiconductor gas sensors: SM50 OZU (Aeroqual), SP3-61-00 (FIS) and MQ131 (Winsen). Three copies of each sensor were enclosed in a measurement box and placed near the reference analyser (MLU 400). In the case of SensoriC O3 3E 1 sensors, the R2 values for the 1-h data were above 0.90 for the first 9 months of deployment, but a performance deterioration was observed in the subsequent months (R2 ≈ 0.6), due to sensor ageing processes. High linear relationships were observed for the SM50 devices (R2 > 0.94), but some periodic data offsets were reported, making regular checking and recalibration necessary. Power-law functions were used in the case of SP3-61-00 (R2 = 0.6–0.7) and MQ131 (R2 = 0.4–0.7). Improvements in the fittings were observed for models that included temperature and relative humidity data. In the case of SP3-61-00, the R2 values increased to above 0.82, while for MQ131 they increased to above 0.86. The study also showed that the measurement uncertainty of tested sensors meets the EU Directive 2008/50/EC requirements for indicative measurements and, in some cases, even for fixed measurements.
Collapse
|
11
|
Comparison of Selected Technologies to Improve the Quality of Exhaust Gases from Landfill Gas Combustion. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15030778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on exhaust gases from landfill gas combustion. The measurements were carried out in a reclaimed landfill in Kiełcz (a passive degassing system based on gas flare). The research concerned the effects of selected exhaust gas purification technologies (platinum catalyzer on a ceramic carrier, molecular sieve, copper(II) oxide) for the quality of exhaust gases, and their particulate matter content. This paper aims to indicate which catalytic systems are most suitable for this gas type and their most efficient positioning in the flue gas duct. Due to increasingly stringent emission standards, the outcomes presented in this article could be helpful for landfill owners who wish to avoid paying fines for not complying with applicable limits. The measurements were carried out using a flue gas analyser, a particulate matter analyser fitted with a probe, and four thermocouples connected with the data recorder. The research outcomes determined the percentage reduction of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere (CO, NOx, and particulate matter) using catalysts. The potential benefits of using catalysts in landfill gas combustion systems due to their operating temperature ranges are discussed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu Y, Ma R, Guan C, Chen B, Zhang B. Global trade network and CH 4 emission outsourcing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150008. [PMID: 34482130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The intensifying globalization contributes to the anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions outsourcing, a strong greenhouse gas and harmful air pollutant, through the increasingly complex global trade network. However, the CH4 flow patterns embodied in global traded goods and services have not been interpreted from the perspective of a complex network. In this paper, we integrate global CH4 emission inventory from the EDGAR (the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research) databases, global multi-regional input-output model from the GTAP database, and complex network analysis to reveal the structural characteristics of the global CH4 flow network (GCFN). In the GCFN, more than one quarter of the global anthropogenic CH4 emissions in 2014 are associated with international trade. The top 20 economies contribute to about 70% of the total embodied CH4 emission flows. The GCFNs mainly consist of tripartite patterns centered on China, the USA and Russia. Some emerging countries, such as Thailand and Brazil, also exhibit dominated positions in different kinds of GCFNs. Moreover, the core-periphery structure of the GCFN confirms the existence of a few hub economies associated with a large amount of CH4 emissions. The results emphasize the multinational cooperation on global CH4 emission mitigation, and well-focused mitigation policies should be implemented on some key economies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Rong Ma
- School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - ChengHe Guan
- New York University Shanghai, Shanghai 200122, PR China; Harvard China Project, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, MA 02138, United States
| | - Bin Chen
- Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Management, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Harvard China Project, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, MA 02138, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xing J, Zheng S, Li S, Huang L, Wang X, Kelly JT, Wang S, Liu C, Jang C, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Bian J, Liu TY, Hao J. Mimicking atmospheric photochemical modelling with a deep neural network. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2022; 265:1-11. [PMID: 34857979 PMCID: PMC8630640 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fast and accurate prediction of ambient ozone (O3) formed from atmospheric photochemical processes is crucial for designing effective O3 pollution control strategies in the context of climate change. The chemical transport model (CTM) is the fundamental tool for O3 prediction and policy design, however, existing CTM-based approaches are computationally expensive, and resource burdens limit their usage and effectiveness in air quality management. Here we proposed a novel method (noted as DeepCTM) that using deep learning to mimic CTM simulations to improve the computational efficiency of photochemical modeling. The well-trained DeepCTM successfully reproduces CTM-simulated O3 concentration using input features of precursor emissions, meteorological factors, and initial conditions. The advantage of the DeepCTM is its high efficiency in identifying the dominant contributors to O3 formation and quantifying the O3 response to variations in emissions and meteorology. The emission-meteorology-concentration linkages implied by the DeepCTM are consistent with known mechanisms of atmospheric chemistry, indicating that the DeepCTM is also scientifically reasonable. The DeepCTM application in China suggests that O3 concentrations are strongly influenced by the initialized O3 concentration, as well as emission and meteorological factors during daytime when O3 is formed photochemically. The variation of meteorological factors such as short-wave radiation can also significantly modulate the O3 chemistry. The DeepCTM developed in this study exhibits great potential for efficiently representing the complex atmospheric system and can provide policymakers with urgently needed information for designing effective control strategies to mitigate O3 pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | - Siwei Li
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Carey Jang
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yun Zhu
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jiang Bian
- Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Tie-Yan Liu
- Microsoft Research Asia, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang W, Liu X, Bi J, Liu Y. A machine learning model to estimate ground-level ozone concentrations in California using TROPOMI data and high-resolution meteorology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106917. [PMID: 34624589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Estimating ground-level ozone concentrations is crucial to study the adverse health effects of ozone exposure and better understand the impacts of ground-level ozone on biodiversity and vegetation. However, few studies have attempted to use satellite retrieved ozone as an indicator given their low sensitivity in the boundary layer. Using the Troposphere Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)'s total ozone column together with the ozone profile information retrieved by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), as TROPOMI ozone profile product has not been released, we developed a machine learning model to estimate daily maximum 8-hour average ground-level ozone concentration at 10 km spatial resolution in California. In addition to satellite parameters, we included meteorological fields from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) system at 3 km resolution and land-use information as predictors. Our model achieved an overall 10-fold cross-validation (CV) R2 of 0.84 with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0059 ppm, indicating a good agreement between model predictions and observations. Model predictions showed that the suburb of Los Angeles Metropolitan area had the highest ozone levels, while the Bay Area and the Pacific coast had the lowest. High ozone levels are also seen in Southern California and along the east side of the Central Valley. TROPOMI data improved the estimate of extreme values when compared to a similar model without it. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and value of using TROPOMI data in the spatiotemporal characterization of ground-level ozone concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiong Liu
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jianzhao Bi
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma M, Yao G, Guo J, Bai K. Distinct spatiotemporal variation patterns of surface ozone in China due to diverse influential factors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 288:112368. [PMID: 33773209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A better knowledge of surface ozone variations and the relevant influential factors is of great significance for controlling frequent ozone pollution events. In this study, we first examined the primary variation patterns of surface ozone in space and time across China via a clustering analysis on the basis of daily maximum 8h average surface ozone (MDA8) between 2015 and 2018. Statistical models were then established between MDA8 and a set of influential factors to pinpoint dominant factors contributing to regional MDA8 variations. The clustering results revealed four typical variation patterns of MDA8 in China given distinct pollution levels, seasonality, and long-term trends. Statistical modeling results indicated that the seasonal variability of MDA8 was closely associated with UV radiation and meteorological factors like boundary layer height, temperature and relative humidity. In contrast, the long-term trends of MDA8 were largely linked to ozone precursors and meteorological variables including temperature, relative humidity, and total cloud cover. Moreover, the phenomenal increasing trends of MDA8 in North China were found to be statistically associated with the depletion of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). Specifically, substantial increases in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) along with depletions in NO2 and CO significantly boosted the photochemical ozone formation chain process in a VOC-limited regime like the North China plain. Overall, the inferred linkage in this study provides evidence and clues to help control increasing ozone pollution events in North China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Ma
- School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Guobiao Yao
- School of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kaixu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Falasca S, Curci G, Salata F. On the association between high outdoor thermo-hygrometric comfort index and severe ground-level ozone: A first investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110306. [PMID: 33096062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the European Environment Agency, the year 2015 was the warmest on record to that point, with a series of heat waves from May to September resulted in high levels of tropospheric ozone. The implications of such a year on the human well-being and health are therefore of multiple nature and can be quantified referring to the exceedances of the corresponding thresholds. This work focused on the analysis of the May-September period of 2015 in the city of Milan (Italy) in terms of Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index (MOCI) and ozone concentrations, recorded by monitoring stations and modeled through the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Main findings show that thermo-hygrometric stress events (periods of at least six consecutive days characterized by daily maximum values of the MOCI higher than 0.5) are characterized by daily ozone higher than the guideline level of the World Health Organization (equal to 100 μgm-3). This means that thermo-hygrometric stress conditions are added up to poor air quality conditions, with severe risks for human health. Moreover, a daily MOCI-daily ozone correlation coefficient equal to 0.6 was found for the whole period. The degree of correspondence between ozone events (defined according to the European Air Quality Directive) and MOCI events was also investigated pointing out that 86% and 95% of days during ozone events are correctly predicted by events of recorded and modeled MOCI respectively, with a corresponding false alarm rate of 3% and 9%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Falasca
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences (DISPeA), University of Urbino, 61029, Urbino, Italy; Center of Excellence in Telesensing of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe Events (CETEMPS), University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gabriele Curci
- Center of Excellence in Telesensing of Environment and Model Prediction of Severe Events (CETEMPS), University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy; Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences (DSFC), University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Salata
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering - Area Fisica Tecnica, University of Rome "Sapienza", Via Eudossiana 18, 00184, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yan F, Gao Y, Ma M, Liu C, Ji X, Zhao F, Yao X, Gao H. Revealing the modulation of boundary conditions and governing processes on ozone formation over northern China in June 2017. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115999. [PMID: 33218775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, ozonesonde data were used to evaluate the impact of different boundary conditions on the vertical distribution of ozone over urban Beijing. The comparison shows that the clean and static boundary conditions, referred to as PROFILE, apparently underestimate the ozone concentration over the upper troposphere and stratosphere, whereas the global chemical transport model (CTM) provides much more reasonable performance. Further investigation reveals that the boundary conditions exert larger impacts over areas with high altitudes and close distances to boundaries, such as the Tibetan Plateau, while they yield weak impacts on regions relatively far from the boundary, such as the North China Plain (NCP). Process analysis was conducted to investigate the modulation of physical and chemical processes on ozone formation in June 2017, illustrating that during the daytime of the high-O3 period, the photochemical reactions within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) almost become the only source favorable to ozone accumulation. Motivated by this phenomenon, we constructed a linear regression and found that the maximum daily 8-hr ozone (MDA8) ozone concentration was highly correlated with the surface ozone change rate and chemical reactions in the PBL during the pollution period, with MDA8 ozone exceeding 70 ppbv over NCP. Based on this relationship as well as the design of numerical experiments, we propose a strategy of dynamic emission control. Firstly, the emission reduction during the peak ozone formation period may weaken the fast chemical reactions in the PBL and subsequent surface ozone concentration. Secondly, emission reduction one or two days prior to an episode might achieve larger ozone reduction through the accumulation effect. Lastly, emission control outside of the NCP may surpass the local impact under favorable meteorological conditions. Therefore, the efficacy of dynamic emission control was striking when both the accumulation and transport effect were taken into consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Mingchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xiangguang Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang X, Zhao W, Nie L, Shao X, Dang H, Zhang W, Wang D. A new classification approach to enhance future VOCs emission policies: Taking solvent-consuming industry as an example. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115868. [PMID: 33139094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has consistently been linked to ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, and ongoing emission policies are primarily focusing on total VOCs without addressing the association between regulation measures and secondary pollution characteristic. For enhancing VOCs emission policy, we investigated potential formation of O3 and SOA based on analyses of node-specific VOCs concentration and species distribution in solvent-consuming industry. Although aromatics were found to contribute most to O3 and SOA formation averagely (2.57 ± 2.14 g O3/g VOCs, 1.91 ± 1.67 g SOA/g VOCs), however, large disparity concerning emission and secondary pollution profile were identified among different emission nodes which demonstrated that regulation policy should be formulated based on comprehensive pollution characteristic. Therefore, emission nodes were classified into four clusters through data normalization, formatting and classification process, including aromatics dominated (7 emission nodes), aromatics-alkene dominated (4 emission nodes), aromatics-alcohols dominated (4 emission nodes) and alcohols dominated (4 emission nodes). And different dominating VOCs species were further obtained in each cluster. Subsequently, focusing regulation measures of reducing O3 and SOA for different emission source clusters were proposed to guide pollution prevention and enhance future VOCs emission policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xia Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Volatile Organic Compounds Pollution Control and Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Hongyan Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Weiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Di Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
von Schneidemesser E, Driscoll C, Rieder HE, Schiferl LD. How will air quality effects on human health, crops and ecosystems change in the future? PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190330. [PMID: 32981439 PMCID: PMC7536027 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Future air quality will be driven by changes in air pollutant emissions, but also changes in climate. Here, we review the recent literature on future air quality scenarios and projected changes in effects on human health, crops and ecosystems. While there is overlap in the scenarios and models used for future projections of air quality and climate effects on human health and crops, similar efforts have not been widely conducted for ecosystems. Few studies have conducted joint assessments across more than one sector. Improvements in future air quality effects on human health are seen in emission reduction scenarios that are more ambitious than current legislation. Larger impacts result from changing particulate matter (PM) abundances than ozone burdens. Future global health burdens are dominated by changes in the Asian region. Expected future reductions in ozone outside of Asia will allow for increased crop production. Reductions in PM, although associated with much higher uncertainty, could offset some of this benefit. The responses of ecosystems to air pollution and climate change are long-term, complex, and interactive, and vary widely across biomes and over space and time. Air quality and climate policy should be linked or at least considered holistically, and managed as a multi-media problem. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Air quality, past present and future'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Driscoll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Harald E. Rieder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Gregor-Mendel Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luke D. Schiferl
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Requia WJ, Di Q, Silvern R, Kelly JT, Koutrakis P, Mickley LJ, Sulprizio MP, Amini H, Shi L, Schwartz J. An Ensemble Learning Approach for Estimating High Spatiotemporal Resolution of Ground-Level Ozone in the Contiguous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11037-11047. [PMID: 32808786 PMCID: PMC7498146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we integrated multiple types of predictor variables and three types of machine learners (neural network, random forest, and gradient boosting) into a geographically weighted ensemble model to estimate the daily maximum 8 h O3 with high resolution over both space (at 1 km × 1 km grid cells covering the contiguous United States) and time (daily estimates between 2000 and 2016). We further quantify monthly model uncertainty for our 1 km × 1 km gridded domain. The results demonstrate high overall model performance with an average cross-validated R2 (coefficient of determination) against observations of 0.90 and 0.86 for annual averages. Overall, the model performance of the three machine learning algorithms was quite similar. The overall model performance from the ensemble model outperformed those from any single algorithm. The East North Central region of the United States had the highest R2, 0.93, and performance was weakest for the western mountainous regions (R2 of 0.86) and New England (R2 of 0.87). For the cross validation by season, our model had the best performance during summer with an R2 of 0.88. This study can be useful for the environmental health community to more accurately estimate the health impacts of O3 over space and time, especially in health studies at an intra-urban scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J. Requia
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- School of Public Policy and Government, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Corresponding Author: SGAN 602, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70830-051, Brazil,
| | - Qian Di
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Rachel Silvern
- Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James T. Kelly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Melissa P. Sulprizio
- Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Heresh Amini
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Emory University, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Requia WJ, Di Q, Silvern R, Kelly JT, Koutrakis P, Mickley LJ, Sulprizio MP, Amini H, Shi L, Schwartz J. An Ensemble Learning Approach for Estimating High Spatiotemporal Resolution of Ground-Level Ozone in the Contiguous United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11037-11047. [PMID: 32808786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.oco1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we integrated multiple types of predictor variables and three types of machine learners (neural network, random forest, and gradient boosting) into a geographically weighted ensemble model to estimate the daily maximum 8 h O3 with high resolution over both space (at 1 km × 1 km grid cells covering the contiguous United States) and time (daily estimates between 2000 and 2016). We further quantify monthly model uncertainty for our 1 km × 1 km gridded domain. The results demonstrate high overall model performance with an average cross-validated R2 (coefficient of determination) against observations of 0.90 and 0.86 for annual averages. Overall, the model performance of the three machine learning algorithms was quite similar. The overall model performance from the ensemble model outperformed those from any single algorithm. The East North Central region of the United States had the highest R2, 0.93, and performance was weakest for the western mountainous regions (R2 of 0.86) and New England (R2 of 0.87). For the cross validation by season, our model had the best performance during summer with an R2 of 0.88. This study can be useful for the environmental health community to more accurately estimate the health impacts of O3 over space and time, especially in health studies at an intra-urban scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J Requia
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- School of Public Policy and Government, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Brasília, Distrito Federal 72125590, Brazil
| | - Qian Di
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rachel Silvern
- Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - James T Kelly
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Loretta J Mickley
- Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Melissa P Sulprizio
- Harvard University, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Heresh Amini
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1165, Denmark
| | - Liuhua Shi
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Borge R, Requia WJ, Yagüe C, Jhun I, Koutrakis P. Impact of weather changes on air quality and related mortality in Spain over a 25 year period [1993-2017]. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105272. [PMID: 31675571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is a major public health concern. In addition to its direct impacts on temperature patterns and extreme weather events, climate change affects public health indirectly through its influence on air quality. Pollution trends are not only affected by emissions changes but also by weather changes. In this paper we analyze air quality trends in Spain of important air pollutants (C6H6, CO, NO2, NOx, O3, PM10, PM2.5, and SO2) recorded during the last 25 years, from 1993 to 2017. We found substantial reductions in ambient concentration levels for all the pollutants studied except for O3. To assess the influence of recent weather changes on air quality trends we applied generalized additive models (GAMs) using nonparametric smoothing; with and without adjusting for weather parameters including temperature, wind speed, humidity and precipitation frequency. The difference of annual slopes estimated by the models without and with adjusting for these meteorological variables represents the impact of weather changes on pollutant trends, i.e. the 'weather penalty'. The analyses were seasonally and geographically stratified to account for temporal and regional differences across Spain. The results were meta-analyzed to estimate weather penalties on ambient concentration trends at a national level as well as the impact on mortality for the most relevant pollutants. We found significant penalties for most pollutants, implying that air quality would have improved even more during our study period if weather conditions had remained constant. The largest weather influences were found for PM10, with seasonal penalties up to 22 μg⋅m-3 accumulated over the 25-year period in some regions. The national meta-analysis shows penalties of 0.060 μg⋅m-3 per year (95% Confidence Interval, CI: 0.004, 0.116) in cold months and 0.127 μg⋅m-3 per year (95% CI: 0.089, 0.164) in warm months. Penalties of this magnitude would correspond to 129 annual deaths (95% CI: 25, 233), i.e. approximately 3200 deaths over the 25-year period in Spain. According to our results, the health benefits of recent emission abatements for this pollutant in Spain would have been up to 10% greater if weather conditions had remained constant during the last 25 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Borge
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Environmental Modelling Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Carlos Yagüe
- Department of Earth Physics and Astrophysics, University Complutense of Madrid, Faculty of Physical Sciences, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iny Jhun
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center 4th Floor West, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Reliable estimates of future health impacts due to climate change are needed to inform and contribute to the design of efficient adaptation and mitigation strategies. However, projecting health burdens associated to specific environmental stressors is a challenging task because of the complex risk patterns and inherent uncertainty of future climate scenarios. These assessments involve multidisciplinary knowledge, requiring expertise in epidemiology, statistics, and climate science, among other subjects. Here, we present a methodologic framework to estimate future health impacts under climate change scenarios based on a defined set of assumptions and advanced statistical techniques developed in time-series analysis in environmental epidemiology. The proposed methodology is illustrated through a step-by-step hands-on tutorial structured in well-defined sections that cover the main methodological steps and essential elements. Each section provides a thorough description of each step, along with a discussion on available analytical options and the rationale on the choices made in the proposed framework. The illustration is complemented with a practical example of study using real-world data and a series of R scripts included as Supplementary Digital Content; http://links.lww.com/EDE/B504, which facilitates its replication and extension on other environmental stressors, outcomes, study settings, and projection scenarios. Users should critically assess the potential modeling alternatives and modify the framework and R code to adapt them to their research on health impact projections.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tyler CR, Noor S, Young TL, Rivero V, Sanchez B, Lucas S, Caldwell KK, Milligan ED, Campen MJ. Aging Exacerbates Neuroinflammatory Outcomes Induced by Acute Ozone Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:123-139. [PMID: 29385576 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of environmental stressors, particularly exposure to air pollution, in the development of neurodegenerative disease remains underappreciated. We examined the neurological effects of acute ozone (O3) exposure in aged mice, where increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability may confer vulnerability to neuroinflammatory outcomes. C57BL/6 male mice, aged 8-10 weeks or 12-18 months were exposed to either filtered air or 1.0 ppm O3 for 4 h; animals received a single IP injection of sodium fluorescein (FSCN) 20 h postexposure. One-hour post-FSCN injection, animals were transcardially perfused for immunohistochemical analysis of BBB permeability. β-amyloid protein expression was assessed via ELISA. Flow cytometric characterization of infiltrating immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and microglia populations was performed 20 h post-O3 exposure. Flow cytometry analysis of brains revealed increased microglia "activation" and presentation of CD11b, F4/80, and MHCII in aged animals relative to younger ones; these age-induced differences were potentiated by acute O3 exposure. Cortical and limbic regions in aged brains had increased reactive microgliosis and β-amyloid protein expression after O3 insult. The aged cerebellum was particularly vulnerable to acute O3 exposure with increased populations of infiltrating neutrophils, peripheral macrophages/monocytes, and Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes after insult, which were not significantly increased in the young cerebellum. O3 exposure increased the penetration of FSCN beyond the BBB, the infiltration of peripheral immune cells, and reactive gliosis of microglia. Thus, the aged BBB is vulnerable to insult and becomes highly penetrable in response to O3 exposure, leading to greater neuroinflammatory outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Tyler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Los Alamos, NM 87545.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Shahani Noor
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Tamara L Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Valeria Rivero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Bethany Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Kevin K Caldwell
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Erin D Milligan
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang JJ, Adcock IM, Bai Z, Chung KF, Duan X, Fang Z, Gong J, Li F, Miller RK, Qiu X, Rich DQ, Wang B, Wei Y, Xu D, Xue T, Zhang Y, Zheng M, Zhu T. Health effects of air pollution: what we need to know and to do in the next decade. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:1727-1730. [PMID: 31179119 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.03.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China.,State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit at the Royal Brompton NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Zhangfu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China.,State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospitale, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Richard K Miller
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, of Environmental Medicine and of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - David Q Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Dongqun Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health Science, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China.,State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China.,State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China.,State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100000, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wilson SR, Madronich S, Longstreth JD, Solomon KR. Interactive effects of changing stratospheric ozone and climate on tropospheric composition and air quality, and the consequences for human and ecosystem health. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:775-803. [PMID: 30810564 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp90064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The composition of the air we breathe is determined by emissions, weather, and photochemical transformations induced by solar UV radiation. Photochemical reactions of many emitted chemical compounds can generate important (secondary) pollutants including ground-level ozone (O3) and some particulate matter, known to be detrimental to human health and ecosystems. Poor air quality is the major environmental cause of premature deaths globally, and even a small decrease in air quality can translate into a large increase in the number of deaths. In many regions of the globe, changes in emissions of pollutants have caused significant changes in air quality. Short-term variability in the weather as well as long-term climatic trends can affect ground-level pollution through several mechanisms. These include large-scale changes in the transport of O3 from the stratosphere to the troposphere, winds, clouds, and patterns of precipitation. Long-term trends in UV radiation, particularly related to the depletion and recovery of stratospheric ozone, are also expected to result in changes in air quality as well as the self-cleaning capacity of the global atmosphere. The increased use of substitutes for ozone-depleting substances, in response to the Montreal Protocol, does not currently pose a significant risk to the environment. This includes both the direct emissions of substitutes during use and their atmospheric degradation products (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid, TFA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Wilson
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Earth, Atmosphere and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA and Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology and School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saari RK, Mei Y, Monier E, Garcia-Menendez F. Effect of Health-Related Uncertainty and Natural Variability on Health Impacts and Cobenefits of Climate Policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1098-1108. [PMID: 30624913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Climate policy can mitigate health risks attributed to intensifying air pollution under climate change. However, few studies quantify risks of illness and death, examine their contribution to climate policy benefits, or assess their robustness in light of natural climate variability. We employ an integrated modeling framework of the economy, climate, air quality, and human health to quantify the effect of natural variability on U.S. air pollution impacts under future climate and two global policies (2 and 2.5 °C stabilization scenarios) using 150 year ensemble simulations for each scenario in 2050 and 2100. Climate change yields annual premature deaths related to fine particulate matter and ozone (95CI: 25 000-120 000), heart attacks (900-9400), and lost work days (3.6M-4.9M) in 2100. It raises air pollution health risks by 20%, while policies avert these outcomes by 40-50% in 2050 and 70-88% in 2100. Natural variability introduces "climate noise", yielding some annual estimates with negative cobenefits, and others that reach 100% of annual policy costs. This "noise" is three times the magnitude of uncertainty (95CI) in health and economic responses in 2050. Averaging five annual simulations reduces this factor to two, which is still substantially larger than health-related uncertainty. This study quantifies the potential for inaccuracy in climate impacts projected using too few annual simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Saari
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - Yufei Mei
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada , N2L 3G1
| | - Erwan Monier
- Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Fernando Garcia-Menendez
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L. Human exposure to ozone in school and office indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:503-514. [PMID: 30053738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is recognized that ozone causes acute and chronic health effects and that even trace amounts of ozone are potentially deleterious to human health, information about global and local exposures to ozone in different indoor environments is limited. To synthesize the existing knowledge, this review analyzes the magnitude of and the trends in global and local exposure to ozone in schools and offices and the factors controlling the exposures. METHODS In conducting the literature review, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using 38 search terms and their combinations to identify manuscripts, reports, and directives published between 1973 and 2018. The search was then extended to the reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS The calculated median concentration of ozone both in school (8.50 μg/m3) and office (9.04 μg/m3) settings was well below the WHO guideline value of 100 μg/m3 as a maximum 8 h mean concentration. However, a large range of average concentrations of ozone was reported, from 0.8-114 μg/m3 and from 0 to 96.8 μg/m3 for school and office environments, respectively, indicating situations where the WHO values are exceeded. Outdoor ozone penetrating into the indoor environment is the main source of indoor ozone, with median I/O ratios of 0.21 and 0.29 in school and office environments, respectively. The absence of major indoor ozone sources and ozone sinks, including gas-phase reactions and deposition, are the reasons for lower indoor than outdoor ozone concentrations. However, there are indoor sources of ozone that are of significance in certain indoor environments, including printers, photocopiers, and many other devices and appliances designed for indoor use (e.g., air cleaners), that release ozone either intentionally or unintentionally. Due to significantly elevated outdoor ozone concentrations during summer, summer indoor concentrations are typically elevated. In addition, the age of a building and various housing aspects (carpeting, air conditioning, window fans, and window openings) have been significantly associated with indoor ozone levels. CONCLUSIONS The existing means for reducing ozone and ozone reaction products in school and office settings are as follows: 1) reduce penetration of outdoor ozone indoors by filtering ozone from the supply air; 2) limit the use of printers, photocopiers, and other devices and appliances that emit ozone indoors; 3) limit gas-phase reactions by limiting the use of materials and products (e.g. cleaning chemicals) the emissions of which react with ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, PO Box 12100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia.
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia; Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|