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Saripalla DD, Khokhani ND, Kamath A, Rai RP, Nayak S. Organoleptic and physicochemical properties of natural-based herbal shampoo formulations with Cyclea peltata as a key ingredient. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 21:1666-1674. [PMID: 34085368 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthetic shampoos have toxic chemical agents like chemicals such as parabens and sodium lauryl sulfate which damage the hair. To combat this issue, the use of natural herbal shampoos, as opposed to synthetic shampoos, is becoming increasingly popular. One of the many medicinal plants present in Karnataka and Kerala is Cyclea peltata. This plant has long been known to assist in wound healing, allergy relief, and hair and scalp improvement, as well as serving as a coolant for hair applications. OBJECTIVE The key subject of this research was the preparation of plant extracts and fermentation of Cyclea peltata leaf extract with Lactobacillus plantarum, resulting in the formulation of an herbal shampoo. METHOD The leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acid, saponins, and proteins, according to previous research by this group. The fermented product showed the presence of lactic acid, which was a boon for shampoo base as it protects the hair from the sunlight and improves the texture and strength of hair fibers. Cyclea peltata was used as the main ingredient in herbal shampoo formulations, along with other herbal ingredients, and the formulated shampoo was characterized for its different organoleptic (Color, odor) and physicochemical properties (pH, solid content, wettability, emulsification, and foam stability) to find the best formulation. RESULT Formulation H2 showed better organoleptic and physicochemical properties and thus was chosen as the best formulation among the 11 formulations. CONCLUSION Formulation H2 is regarded as the best formulation based on the results of the physicochemical tests (Pleasant odor, pH 3.01, solid content of 5.75%, wettability of 1.68 s, and percentage emulsification of 68.75%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha D Saripalla
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, 574110, India
| | - Nirav D Khokhani
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, 574110, India
| | - Avanthika Kamath
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, 574110, India
| | - Ripika Prakashchandra Rai
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, 574110, India
| | - Sneha Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, 574110, India
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2
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Blázquez M, Andreu-Sánchez O, Ranero I, Fernández-Cruz ML, Benfenati E. Comparing in vivo data and in silico predictions for acute effects assessment of biocidal active substances and metabolites for aquatic organisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111291. [PMID: 32956865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity in aquatic organisms of one biocidal active substance and six metabolites derived from biocidal active substances and to assess the suitability of available QSAR models to predict the obtained values. We have reported the acute toxicity in sewage treatment plant (STP) microorganisms, in the freshwater microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and in Daphnia magna following OECD test methods. We have also identified in silico models for acute toxicity of these trophic levels currently available in widely recognized platforms such as VEGA and the OECD QSAR ToolBox. A total of six, four and two models have been selected for Daphnia, algae and microorganisms, respectively. Finally, we have compared the in silico and in vivo data for the seven compounds plus two previously assayed biocidal substances. None of the compounds tested were toxic for Daphnia and STP microorganisms. For microalgae, CGA71019 (1,2,4 triazole) presented an ErC50 value of 38.3 mg/L. The selected in silico models have provided lower EC50 values and are therefore more conservative. Models from the OECD QSAR ToolBox predicted values for 7 out of 9 and for 4 out of 9 chemicals for Daphnia and P. subcapitata, respectively. No predictive models were identified in such platform for STP microorganism's acute effects. In terms of models's specificity, biocide-specific models, developed from curated datasets integrated by biocidal active substances and implemented in VEGA, perform better in the case of microalgae but for Daphnia an alternative, non biocide-specific has revealed a better performance. For STP microorganisms only biocide-specific models have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Blázquez
- Inkoa Sistemas S.L., Poligono Industrial Ribera de Axpe, 11, 48950, Erandio, Vizcaya, Spain; CBET Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain.
| | - Oscar Andreu-Sánchez
- Xenobiotics, S.L., PCUV, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino, 9, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain; LEyCA Research Group, Dept. of Cell Biology and Functional Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irati Ranero
- Inkoa Sistemas S.L., Poligono Industrial Ribera de Axpe, 11, 48950, Erandio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - María Luisa Fernández-Cruz
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Department of Environment and Agronomy, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156, Milano, Italy
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Quantitative structure toxicity analysis of ionic liquids toward acetylcholinesterase enzyme using novel QSTR models with index of ideality of correlation and correlation contradiction index. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Salinas ER, Bozich JS, Kolbenschlag S, Kary-Heinrich M, Hopp PW, Lukas R, Zok S, Hidding B. Aquatic testing guidelines insufficiently control the influence of dilution water toc and hardness on cationic polymer toxicity - A proposal to improve standardized test procedures. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127473. [PMID: 32622247 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers (CPs) are widely used chemicals for wastewater treatment applications and in various "down-the-drain" household products. The aquatic toxicity of CPs results from an electrostatic interaction with negatively charged cell surfaces. These effects are greatly mitigated by the binding affinity of CPs to total organic carbon (TOC) in surface water. Consequently, baseline aquatic toxicity tests of CPs using clean lab water (TOC < 2 mg/L) typically overestimate toxicity and risk which is greatly mitigated at higher environmentally relevant OC levels. However, the point at which mitigation begins is not well defined and low-level TOC in lab water may influence the baseline toxicity outcome. Similarly, divalent cations, quantified as water hardness, may modulate the electrostatic binding between OC and CP. Although standard guidelines define limits for lab water hardness and TOC, the consequences of variability within those limits on test outcome is unknown. We investigated the impact of part-per-billion (ppb) additions of TOC to lab water at different hardness levels on CP acute toxicity to Daphnia magna and Raphidocelis subcapitata. In both species, the acute toxicities of CPs with different molecular weight and charge density varied by > 10-fold in response to slight changes in TOC and water hardness, although parameters were maintained within guideline limits. When determining the baseline aquatic toxicity of CPs, the lab water should be standardized at the lowest biologically tolerable hardness and TOC at a reliably measurable level (>1 - < 2 mg/L) to reduce variability and increase the reliability of the toxicity estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Salinas
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Jared S Bozich
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sara Kolbenschlag
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Miriam Kary-Heinrich
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Philipp W Hopp
- Regulatory Ecotoxicology, BASF Personal Care and Nutrition GmbH, Henkelstrasse 67, 40589, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lukas
- Product Stewardship, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sabine Zok
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Björn Hidding
- Experimental Ecotoxicology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Holmquist H, Fantke P, Cousins IT, Owsianiak M, Liagkouridis I, Peters GM. An (Eco)Toxicity Life Cycle Impact Assessment Framework for Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6224-6234. [PMID: 32364377 PMCID: PMC7304862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A framework for characterizing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is proposed. Thousands of PFASs are used worldwide, with special properties imparted by the fluorinated alkyl chain. Our framework makes it possible to characterize a large part of the family of PFASs by introducing transformation fractions that translate emissions of primary emitted PFASs into the highly persistent terminal degradation products: the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Using a PFAA-adapted characterization model, human toxicity as well as marine and freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity characterization factors are calculated for three PFAAs, namely perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS). The model is evaluated to adequately capture long-term fate, where PFAAs are predicted to accumulate in open oceans. The characterization factors of the three PFAAs are ranked among the top 5% for marine ecotoxicity, when compared to 3104 chemicals in the existing USEtox results databases. Uncertainty analysis indicates potential for equally high ranks for human health impacts. Data availability constitutes an important limitation creating uncertainties. Even so, a life cycle assessment (LCA) case study illustrates practical application of our proposed framework, demonstrating that even low emissions of PFASs can have large effects on LCA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Holmquist
- Division
of Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative
Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and
Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ian T. Cousins
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikołaj Owsianiak
- Quantitative
Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and
Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ioannis Liagkouridis
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gregory M. Peters
- Division
of Environmental Systems Analysis, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Douziech M, Ragas AMJ, van Zelm R, Oldenkamp R, Jan Hendriks A, King H, Oktivaningrum R, Huijbregts MAJ. Reliable and representative in silico predictions of freshwater ecotoxicological hazardous concentrations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105334. [PMID: 31760260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A reliable quantification of the potential effects of chemicals on freshwater ecosystems requires ecotoxicological response data for a large set of species which is typically not available in practice. In this study, we propose a method to estimate hazardous concentrations (HCs) of chemicals on freshwater ecosystems by combining two in silico approaches: quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) and interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) models. We illustrate the principle of our QSAR-ICE method by quantifying the HCs of 51 chemicals at which 50% and 5% of all species are exposed above the concentration causing acute effects. We assessed the bias of the HCs, defined as the ratio of the HC based on measured ecotoxicity data and the HC based on in silico data, as well as the statistical uncertainty, defined as the ratio of the 95th and 5th percentile of the HC. Our QSAR-ICE method resulted in a bias that was comparable to the use of measured data for three species, as commonly used in effect assessments: the average bias of the QSAR-ICE HC50 was 1.2 and of the HC5 2.3 compared to 1.2 when measured data for three species were used for both HCs. We also found that extreme statistical uncertainties (>105) are commonly avoided in the HCs derived with the QSAR-ICE method compared to the use of three measurements with statistical uncertainties up to 1012. We demonstrated the applicability of our QSAR-ICE approach by deriving HC50s for 1,223 out of the 3,077 organic chemicals of the USEtox database. We conclude that our QSAR-ICE method can be used to determine HCs without the need for additional in vivo testing to help prioritise which chemicals with no or few ecotoxicity data require more thorough assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Douziech
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Open University, Faculty of Management Science & Technology, Valkenburgerweg 177, NL-6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie van Zelm
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rik Oldenkamp
- Amsterdam Institute for Global Health & Development, AHTC Tower C4, Paasheuvelweg 25, 1105 BP Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Henry King
- Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire MK441LQ, UK
| | - Rafika Oktivaningrum
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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7
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Jolliet O, Wannaz C, Kilgallon J, Speirs L, Franco A, Lehner B, Veltman K, Hodges J. Spatial variability of ecosystem exposure to home and personal care chemicals in Asia. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105260. [PMID: 31765864 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that there are currently limitations in the spatial and temporal resolution of environmental exposure models due to significant variabilities and uncertainties in model inputs and parameters. Here we present the updated Pangea multi-scale multimedia model based on the more spatially resolved, catchment-based hydrological HydroBASINS dataset covering the entire globe. We apply it to predict spatially-explicit exposure concentrations of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) and triclosan (TCS) as two chemicals found in homecare (HC) and personal care (PC) products in river catchments across Asia, and test its potential for identifying/prioritizing catchments with higher exposure concentrations. In addition, we also identify the key parameters in the model framework driving higher concentrations and perform uncertainty analyses by applying Monte Carlo simulations on emissions and other non-spatial model inputs. The updated combination of Pangea with the HydroBASINS hydrological data represents a substantial improvement from the previous model with the gridded hydrological dataset (WWDRII) for modelling substance fate, with higher resolution and improved coverage in regions with lower flows, with the results demonstrating good agreement with monitored concentrations for TCS in both the freshwater (R2 = 0.55) and sediment (R2 = 0.81) compartments. The ranking of water basins by Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) was similar for both TCS and LAS, with highest concentrations (Indus, Huang He, Cauvery, Huai He and Ganges) being one to two orders of magnitude greater than the water basins with lowest predicted PECs (Mekong and Brahmaputra). Emissions per unit volume of each catchment, chemical persistence, and river discharge were deemed to be the most influential factors on the variation of predicted PECs. Focusing on the Huang He (Yellow River) water basin, uncertainty confidence intervals (factor 31 for LAS and 6 for TCS) are much lower than the variability of predicted PECs across the Huang He catchments (factors 90,700 for LAS and 13,500 for TCS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Jolliet
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Cedric Wannaz
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Eurisko Research, 3107 Village Circle, Ann Arbor, 48108 MI, United States
| | - John Kilgallon
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Speirs
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Franco
- Eurisko Research, 3107 Village Circle, Ann Arbor, 48108 MI, United States
| | - Bernhard Lehner
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Karin Veltman
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Juliet Hodges
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK441LQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Duhan M, Singh R, Devi M, Sindhu J, Bhatia R, Kumar A, Kumar P. Synthesis, molecular docking and QSAR study of thiazole clubbed pyrazole hybrid as α-amylase inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 39:91-107. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1704885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Duhan
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Meena Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Rimpy Bhatia
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambeshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
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Luderer G, Pehl M, Arvesen A, Gibon T, Bodirsky BL, de Boer HS, Fricko O, Hejazi M, Humpenöder F, Iyer G, Mima S, Mouratiadou I, Pietzcker RC, Popp A, van den Berg M, van Vuuren D, Hertwich EG. Environmental co-benefits and adverse side-effects of alternative power sector decarbonization strategies. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5229. [PMID: 31745077 PMCID: PMC6864079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid and deep decarbonization of power supply worldwide is required to limit global warming to well below 2 °C. Beyond greenhouse gas emissions, the power sector is also responsible for numerous other environmental impacts. Here we combine scenarios from integrated assessment models with a forward-looking life-cycle assessment to explore how alternative technology choices in power sector decarbonization pathways compare in terms of non-climate environmental impacts at the system level. While all decarbonization pathways yield major environmental co-benefits, we find that the scale of co-benefits as well as profiles of adverse side-effects depend strongly on technology choice. Mitigation scenarios focusing on wind and solar power are more effective in reducing human health impacts compared to those with low renewable energy, while inducing a more pronounced shift away from fossil and toward mineral resource depletion. Conversely, non-climate ecosystem damages are highly uncertain but tend to increase, chiefly due to land requirements for bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Luderer
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany.
- Chair of Global Energy Systems, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michaja Pehl
- Chair of Global Energy Systems, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anders Arvesen
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Gibon
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Benjamin L Bodirsky
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Harmen Sytze de Boer
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Fricko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, 2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Mohamad Hejazi
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court Suite 3500, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gokul Iyer
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Court Suite 3500, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Silvana Mima
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, Grenoble INP, GAEL, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ioanna Mouratiadou
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C Pietzcker
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), P.O. Box 60 12 03, 14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maarten van den Berg
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edgar G Hertwich
- Industrial Ecology Programme and Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 5, 7034, Trondheim, Norway
- Center for Industrial Ecology, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Saouter E, Wolff D, Biganzoli F, Versteeg D. Comparing Options for Deriving Chemical Ecotoxicity Hazard Values for the European Union Environmental Footprint, Part II. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:796-807. [PMID: 31115961 PMCID: PMC6851631 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using the European Union's Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) ecotoxicity data, this paper compares 3 different approaches to calculate final substance toxicity hazard values using the USEtox approach (chronic EC50 + acute EC50/2), using only acute EC50 equivalent data (EC50eq ), and using only chronic no observed effect concentration equivalent (NOECeq) data. About 4008, 4853, and 5560 substance hazard values could be calculated for the USEtox model, acute only, and chronic only approaches, respectively. The USEtox model provides hazard values similar to the ones based on acute EC50 data only. Although there is a large amount of variability in the ratios, the data support acute EC50eq to chronic NOECeq ratios (calculated as geometric mean) of 10.64, 10.90, and 4.21 for fish, crustaceans, and algae respectively. Comparison of the calculated hazard values with the criteria used by the EU chemical Classification, Labelling, and Packaging regulation (CLP) shows the USEtox model underestimates the number of compounds categorized as very toxic to aquatic life and/or having long-lasting effects. In contrast, use of the chronic NOEC data shows a good agreement with CLP. It is therefore proposed that chronic NOECeq are used to derive substance hazard values to be used in the EU Environmental Footprint. Due to poor data availability for some chemicals, the uncertainty of the final hazard values is expected to be high. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:796-807. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Saouter
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), IspraItaly
| | - Deidre Wolff
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), IspraItaly
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