1
|
Xing Y, Ge Y, Lu S, Yang T, Peng X. Dimethylcyclosiloxanes in Mobile Smart Terminal Devices: Concentrations, Distributions, Profiles, and Environmental Emissions. TOXICS 2024; 12:287. [PMID: 38668510 PMCID: PMC11053745 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylcyclosiloxanes (DMCs) are utilized as vital monomers in the synthesis of organosilicon compounds, integral to the manufacture of mobile smart terminal devices. Toxicological studies have revealed potential endocrine-disrupting activity, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and other toxicities of the DMCs. This study investigated the concentrations and composition profiles of seven DMCs, including hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6), and tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane (D7), hexadecamethylcyclooctasiloxane (D8), and octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane (D9) in three types of mobile smart terminal device components (silicone rubber, adhesive, and plastics). Environmental emissions of DMCs from silicone rubber materials were also estimated to improve the recognition of their potential fate within the environment. D5-D9 were widely present in silicone rubber and adhesives with detection rates ranging from 91-95.5% and 50-100%, respectively, while D3 and D4 were more frequently detected in plastics, both showing a detection rate of 61.1%. Silicone rubber had the highest total DMCs (∑7DMCs) and a concentration of 802.2 mg/kg, which were dominated by D7, D8, and D9. DMCs detected in adhesives were dominated by D4, D5, and D6. The estimated emission of ∑DMCs released into the environment in China from silicone rubber used in mobile smart terminal devices exceeds 5000 tons per year. Further studies are needed on the presence of DMCs in various commodities and environmental media to assess their ecological and human health impacts, as well as the toxicological effects of D7-D9 for the appropriate regulation of these chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanna Xing
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.X.); (T.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Ge
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of SunYat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (Y.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Tao Yang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.X.); (T.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianzhi Peng
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.X.); (T.Y.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Niu H, Su X, Li Q, Zhao J, Hou M, Dong S, Yan X, Sun J, Feng J. Dimethylsiloxanes in dust from nine indoor microenvironments of Henan Province: Occurrence and human exposure assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166546. [PMID: 37625713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylsiloxanes (MSs) are widely used in daily life and industry, with indoors being the main release site. Detecting the levels of MSs in indoor dust is essential for assessing the risks of human exposure. In this study, the content of MSs (D3-D8 and L3-L16) was quantified in indoor dust samples from nine microenvironments of Henan Province. The detection frequency of the targets ranged from 5.00 % to 100 %. The sum concentration of dimethylsiloxanes (TSi) was in a range of 463-3.32 × 104 ng·g-1 (median: 1.92 × 103 ng·g-1). The sum concentration of linear dimethylsiloxanes (TLSi) from all microenvironments was higher than the sum concentration of cyclic dimethylsiloxanes (TCSi), which was consistent with previously reported results. D7 and D8 were the main cyclic dimethylsiloxane, which had similar sources based on Spearman correlation analysis (p < 0.001). Moreover, D8 was detected with high levels in indoor dust for the first time, which warrants further exploration. L8-L16 were the main linear dimethylsiloxanes, which may have been due to their widespread use in electronic equipment and office equipment. The Spearman analysis found that total organic carbon (TOC) in indoor dust had weak effect on MSs. Additionally, relatively high MS levels were recorded in high people-flow working microenvironments. Accordingly, the exposure doses of MSs via indoor dust intake were estimated for different age groups using the model of worst-case exposure and median concentration. Toddlers had the highest EDIs (95th percentile concentration, 90.7 ng·kg-1-bw·d-1) to MSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Niu
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xianfa Su
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Manyun Hou
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Shuying Dong
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Xu Yan
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jinglan Feng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Genc S, Icoz K, Erdem T. Numerical analysis and experimental verification of optical scattering from microplastics. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230586. [PMID: 37564069 PMCID: PMC10410208 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and fast characterization of the micron-sized plastic particles in aqueous media requires an in-depth understanding of light interaction with these particles. Due to the complexity of Mie scattering theory, the features of the scattered light have rarely been related to the physical properties of these tiny objects. To address this problem, we reveal the relation of the wavelength-dependent optical scattering patterns with the size and refractive index of the particles by numerically studying the angular scattering features. We subsequently present a low-cost setup to measure the optical scattering of the particles. Theoretical investigation shows that the angular distribution of the scattered light by microplastics carries distinct signatures of the particle size and the refractive index. The results can be used to develop a portable, low-cost setup to detect microplastics in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Genc
- Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
| | - Kutay Icoz
- Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
| | - Talha Erdem
- Department of Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Abdullah Gül University, Kayseri 38080, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu YQ, Wang ZW, Hu CY. Progress in research on the safety of silicone rubber products in food processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2887-2909. [PMID: 37183940 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubber (SR) is widely used in the food processing industry due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. However, due to the differences in SR product production formulas and processes, the quality of commercially available SR products varies greatly, with chemical and biological hazard potentials. Residual chemicals in SR, such as siloxane oligomers and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, are non-intentionally added substances, which may migrate into food during processing so the safe use of SR must be guaranteed. Simultaneously, SR in contact with food is susceptible to pathogenic bacteria growing and biofilm formation, like Cronobacter sakazakii, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, posing a food safety risk. Under severe usage scenarios such as high-temperature, high-pressure, microwave, and freezing environments with long-term use, SR products are more prone to aging, and their degradation products may pose potential food safety hazards. Based on the goal of ensuring food quality and safety to the greatest extent possible, this review suggests that enterprises need to prepare high-quality food-contact SR products by optimizing the manufacturing formula and production process, and developing products with antibacterial and antiaging properties. The government departments should establish quality standards for food-contact SR products and conduct effective supervision. Besides, the reusable SR products should be cleaned by consumers immediately after use, and the deteriorated products should be replaced as soon as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Molinier B, Arata C, Katz EF, Lunderberg DM, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Volatile Methyl Siloxanes and Other Organosilicon Compounds in Residential Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15427-15436. [PMID: 36327170 PMCID: PMC9670844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are ubiquitous in indoor environments due to their use in personal care products. This paper builds on previous work identifying sources of VMS by synthesizing time-resolved proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer VMS concentration measurements from four multiweek indoor air campaigns to elucidate emission sources and removal processes. Temporal patterns of VMS emissions display both continuous and episodic behavior, with the relative importance varying among species. We find that the cyclic siloxane D5 is consistently the most abundant VMS species, mainly attributable to personal care product use. Two other cyclic siloxanes, D3 and D4, are emitted from oven and personal care product use, with continuous sources also apparent. Two linear siloxanes, L4 and L5, are also emitted from personal care product use, with apparent additional continuous sources. We report measurements for three other organosilicon compounds found in personal care products. The primary air removal pathway of the species examined in this paper is ventilation to the outdoors, which has implications for atmospheric chemistry. The net removal rate is slower for linear siloxanes, which persist for days indoors after episodic release events. This work highlights the diversity in sources of organosilicon species and their persistence indoors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betty Molinier
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M. Lunderberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- College
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pawel K. Misztal
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Civil,
Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jessup WH, Wiegand J, Delbridge-Perry M, MacAvoy SE, Connaughton VP. Developmental effects of siloxane exposure in zebrafish: a comparison study using laboratory-mixed and environmental water samples. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1986-2004. [PMID: 35863877 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Siloxanes are used in personal care, biomedical, and industrial products. Their worldwide use and persistence in the environment cause consistent exposure for both humans and aquatic animals. Two siloxane congeners, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5; CAS 541-02-6) and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4; CAS 556-67-2), are among the most prevalent, with measurable levels in air, sediment, water, and biological samples. However, few studies have examined the impact of developmental (embryo/larva) exposure. To address this gap, we performed parallel experiments using wildtype zebrafish (Danio rerio). One set of experiments used laboratory-mixed individual solutions containing either D4, D5, or 2,4,6,8-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4 H ; CAS 2370-88-9); the other used environmental water samples containing a mixture of siloxanes, including D4 and D5. These samples were collected from Bladensburg Waterfront Park (BWP) a site along the Anacostia River, Washington, DC. In both experiments, zebrafish (24-48 hours postfertilization, hpf) were exposed until 7 or 14 days (d)pf. Chronic exposure to D4, D5, or BWP water until 7 dpf caused stress-like behaviors and reduced swim velocities; anatomical differences were noted only in BWP-exposed larvae. At 14 dpf, BWP-treated larvae still showed slower swimming velocities and increased immobility; anatomical differences were no longer evident and thigmotactic behavior was reduced. D4 and D5-exposed larvae did not survive after 10 dpf. Larvae exposed to D4 H showed no decreases in behavior or growth at either age. These results suggest early developmental sensitivity to siloxane exposure and point to the need to consider embryonic/larval endpoints when assessing aquatic contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Wiegand
- Departments of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Stephen E MacAvoy
- Departments of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC
| | - Victoria P Connaughton
- Departments of Biology, American University, Washington, DC.,Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Feng D, Zhang X, Yuan H, Li X, Fan X. Identification, migration, and childhood exposure of methylsiloxanes in silicone infant bottle nipples marketed in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154449. [PMID: 35276138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The analysis, migration, and childhood exposure of methylsiloxanes (MSs) in 32 silicone infant bottle nipples marketed in China were studied. Thirty types of MSs in two families, which included 11 linear MSs (LMSs, L4-L14) and 19 cyclic MSs (CMSs, D4-D22), were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) associated with standards, retention index, and carbon number rule. In 32 nipples, MSs with molecular weight < 1000 Da and CMSs were predominant. Considering the actual daily use of bottle nipples, the migration tests of MSs from nipples to artificial saliva and reconstituted powdered formula were performed. In particular, the orthogonal test design-QuEChERS-GC/MS was employed to detect MSs in formula. The median migration level of ΣMSs (MW < 1000 Da) in formula was 950.9 ng/mL, which was much higher than that in artificial saliva (98.1 ng/mL). If formula is fed to children aged 3-36 months using bottle nipples according to product instructions, the daily oral exposure to ΣMSs (MW < 1000) for children ranged from 52 to 146 μg/kg bw-day, which were two to five orders of magnitude higher than those of other exposure pathways. In sum, oral intake (especially through formula) may be the predominant pathway of exposure of MSs in children. This research enhances our understanding of the oral exposure risks of MSs and provides useful information that could aid the development of risk management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Feng
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
| | - XiRong Zhang
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - XueYan Li
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - XiaoJie Fan
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Asensio E, Uranga J, Nerín C. Analysis of potential migration compounds from silicone molds for food contact by SPME-GC-MS. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113130. [PMID: 35569599 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Four commercially available silicone cupcake molds have been studied. An evaluation of the post-cure treatment applied to the silicone molds was carried out and the loss of volatile organic compounds after cure treatment was quantified. The two higher quality molds showed losses at the 0.5% (w/w) (recommended by BfR standard), while the two lower quality molds exceeded this limit. The migration studies were carried out using Tenax® as a solid food simulant. The volatile compounds that migrate were identified and quantified using SPME-GC-MS. Up to fourteen silicone oligomers were quantified. When the molds were subjected to post-cure treatment, none of them exceeded the global migration of 10 mg/dm2; while those lower quality molds showed migrations higher than 10 mg/dm2, so their use in contact with food is not recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Asensio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Uranga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna 3, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abada B, Safarik J, Ishida KP, Chellam S. Surface characterization of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes from a full-scale advanced water reuse facility: Combined role of bioorganic materials and silicon on chemically irreversible fouling. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Galbiati E, Tietz T, Zellmer S, Merkel S. Risk Assessment of Food Contact Materials II. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200408. [PMID: 35634565 PMCID: PMC9131608 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Tietz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Germany
| | | | - Stefan Merkel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Su Y, Hu X, Tang H, Lu K, Li H, Liu S, Xing B, Ji R. Steam disinfection releases micro(nano)plastics from silicone-rubber baby teats as examined by optical photothermal infrared microspectroscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:76-85. [PMID: 34764453 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicone-rubber baby teats used to bottle-feed infants are frequently disinfected by moist heating. However, infant exposure to small microplastics (<10 μm) potentially released from the heated teats by hydrothermal decomposition has not been studied, owing to the limitations of conventional spectroscopy in visualizing microplastic formation and in characterizing the particles at the submicrometre scale. Here both the surfaces of silicone teats subjected to steam disinfection and the wash waters of the steamed teats were analysed using optical-photothermal infrared microspectroscopy. This new technique revealed submicrometre-resolved steam etching on and chemical modification of the teat surface. Numerous flake- or oil-film-shaped micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) (in the size range of 0.6-332 μm) presented in the wash waters, including cyclic and branched polysiloxanes or polyimides, which were generated by the steam-induced degradation of the base polydimethylsiloxane elastomer and the polyamide resin additive. The results indicated that by the age of one year, a baby could ingest >0.66 million elastomer-derived micro-sized plastics (MPs) (roughly 81% in 1.5-10 μm). Global MP emission from teat disinfection may be as high as 5.2 × 1013 particles per year. Our findings highlight an entry route for surface-active silicone-rubber-derived MNPs into both the human body and the environment. The health and environmental risks of the particles are as yet unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Quantum Design (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Tang
- Quantum Design (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Krüger O, Ebner I, Kappenstein O, Roloff A, Luch A, Bruhn T. Towards a better comparability during GMP assessment – Identifying the main parameters that influence the loss of volatile organic compounds from silicone elastomers. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
13
|
Sapozhnikova Y. Non-targeted screening of chemicals migrating from paper-based food packaging by GC-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Talanta 2021; 226:122120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
14
|
Hickman AM, Chmel N, Cameron NR, Keddie DJ, Schiller TL. Influence of the tetraalkoxysilane crosslinker on the properties of polysiloxane-based elastomers prepared by the Lewis acid-catalysed Piers-Rubinsztajn reaction. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00872b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the influence of the tetrafunctional alkoxysilan R-groups, with a range of sterics and electronics. This is through a solvent free polysiloxane network formation under ambient conditions using Lewis acid catalysed Piers-Rubinsztajn (PR) reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Hickman
- WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nikola Chmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel J. Keddie
- Faculty of Science and Engineering University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Tara L. Schiller
- WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu YQ, Yu WW, Jiang H, Shang GQ, Zeng SF, Wang ZW, Hu CY. Variation of baking oils and baking methods on altering the contents of cyclosiloxane in food simulants and cakes migrated from silicone rubber baking moulds. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Tran TM, Hoang AQ, Le ST, Minh TB, Kannan K. A review of contamination status, emission sources, and human exposure to volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) in indoor environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:584-594. [PMID: 31325858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Siloxanes are organo-silicon compounds containing Si-O-Si linkages and methyl branches. Depending on the structure, siloxanes can be divided into cyclic and linear compounds. Methyl siloxanes with small and medium molecular weights (molecular weights less than 500 g mol-1), are volatile under normal conditions, and hence are referred to as volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs). VMSs are additive ingredients in many products such as plastics, rubber, personal care products, and household items. This review provides information on the distribution of VMSs in consumer products, indoor air and dust, and their implications for human exposure. VMSs have been used in personal care products and household items at concentrations on the order of hundreds to thousands of micrograms per gram which are the main sources of contamination in the indoor environments. VMSs have been found widely in indoor air and dust. A significant correlation existed between VMS concentrations in indoor air and dust. Among typical VMSs, dodecamethylcylcopentasiloxane (D5) is the major compound found in indoor environments. The human exposure doses to VMSs through dermal absorption, dust ingestion, and inhalation were compiled; Inhalation is a dominant pathway of exposure to VMSs, especially in indoor environments of occupational settings like hair salons. The human exposure doses were higher in children than in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences (UGAS-EU), Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Son Thanh Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, VNU University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|