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Cao Y, Liu M, Zhang W, Zhang X, Li X, Wang C, Zhang W, Liu H, Wang X. Characterization and childhood exposure assessment of toxic heavy metals in household dust under true living conditions from 10 China cities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171669. [PMID: 38494014 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Health hazards caused by metal exposure in household dust are concerning environmental health problems. Exposure to toxic metals in household dust imposes unclear but solid health risks, especially for children. In this multicenter cross-sectional study, a total of 250 household dust samples were collected from ten stratified cities in China (Panjin, Shijiazhuang, Qingdao, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Ningbo, Xi'an, Wuxi, Mianyang, Shenzhen) between April 2018 and March 2019. Questionnaire was conducted to gather information on individuals' living environment and health status in real-life situations. Multivariate logistic regression and principal component analysis were conducted to identify risk factors and determine the sources of metals in household dust. The median concentration of five metals in household dust from 10 cities ranged from 0.03 to 73.18 μg/g. Among the five heavy metals, only chromium in household dust of Mianyang was observed significantly both higher in the cold season and from the downwind households. Mercury, cadmium, and chromium were higher in the third-tier cities, with levels of 0.08, 0.30 and 97.28 μg/g, respectively. There were two sources with a contribution rate of 38.3 % and 25.8 %, respectively. Potential risk factors for increased metal concentration include long residence time, close to the motorway, decoration within five years, and purchase of new furniture within one year. Under both moderate and high exposure scenarios, chromium showed the highest level of exposure with 6.77 × 10-4 and 2.28 × 10-3 mg·kg-1·d-1, and arsenic imposed the highest lifetime carcinogenic risk at 1.67 × 10-4 and 3.17 × 10-4, respectively. The finding highlighted the priority to minimize childhood exposure of arsenic from household dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xu Li
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chao Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hang Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China.
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Kim H, Jang H, Lee W, Oh J, Lee JY, Kim MH, Lee JW, Kim HS, Lee JH, Ha EH. Association between long-term PM 2.5 exposure and risk of Kawasaki disease in children: A nationwide longitudinal cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 244:117823. [PMID: 38072109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on previous studies suggesting air pollution as a potential risk factor for Kawasaki Disease (KD), we examined the association of long-term exposure to childhood fine particulate matter (PM2.5) with the risk of KD. METHODS We used National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort data from 2002 to 2019, which included beneficiaries aged 0 years at enrollment and followed-up until the onset of KD or age 5 years. The onset of KD was defined as the first hospital visit record with a primary diagnostic code of M30.3, based on the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases, and with an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) prescription. We assigned PM2.5 concentrations to 226 districts, based on mean annual predictions from a machine learning-based ensemble prediction model. We performed Cox proportional-hazards modeling with time-varying exposures and confounders. RESULTS We identified 134,634 individuals aged five or less at enrollment and, of these, 1220 individuals who had a KD onset and an IVIG prescription during study period. The average annual concentration of PM2.5 exposed to the entire cohort was 28.2 μg/m³ (Standard Deviation 2.9). For each 5 μg/m³ increase in annual PM2.5 concentration, the hazard ratio of KD was 1.21 (95% CI 1.05-1.39). CONCLUSIONS In this nationwide, population-based, cohort study, long-term childhood exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an increased incidence of KD in children. The study highlights plausible mechanisms for the association between PM2.5 and KD, but further studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kim
- Department of Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whanhee Lee
- Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongmin Oh
- Department of Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Department of Human Systems Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Inflammation-Cancer Microenvironment Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Ewha Medical Data Organization, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Won Lee
- Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 07804, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hae Soon Kim
- Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 07804, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hyen Lee
- Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 07804, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Hee Ha
- Department of Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Institute of Ewha-Seoul Clinical Laboratories for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea; Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
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Jung CC, Huang CY, Su HJ, Chen NT, Yeh CL. Impact of agricultural activity on PM 2.5 and its compositions in elementary schools near corn and rice farms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167496. [PMID: 37778567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural activity is an important source of particulate matter <2.5 μm in size (PM2.5) in rural areas. In Taiwan, many elementary schools are surrounded by farms, and studies investigating the impact of agricultural activity on air quality in schools are required. We collected PM2.5 samples from the classrooms of elementary schools near corn and rice farms during the crop cultivation stages and analyzed their concentrations and compositions to investigate whether agricultural activity affects the schools' air quality. We found that the average ratio of PM2.5/PM10 (<10 μm in particle size) was <0.6 in the school near the corn farm, and that the indoor PM2.5/PM10 ratio was significantly associated (r = 0.93, p < 0.05) with the outdoor ratio. Moreover, the potassium (K) concentration in the school near the corn farm (189.2 ± 119 ng/m3) was higher than that near the rice farm (140.9 ± 116.0 ng/m3). There were higher concentrations of K and crustal elements, and a greater crustal elements/heavy metals ratio, in the school near the corn farm during the sowing and soil covering stages than during other cultivation stages. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) results indicate that agricultural activity was a predominant contributor of PM2.5 in the schools near corn and rice farms, however, PM2.5 from industrial and traffic emissions also affected schools' air quality. In summary, agricultural activity influenced the air quality of schools, especially near the corn farm. Governments should develop air quality management policies to reduce the risk of children suffering exposure to high particle concentrations in these schools and further suggest that the impact of industrial and traffic emissions on air quality also requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan.
| | - Huey-Jen Su
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Nai-Tzu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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George II, Nawawi MGM, Mohd ZJ, Farah BS. Environmental effects from petroleum product transportation spillage in Nigeria: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:1719-1747. [PMID: 38055166 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Nigeria has struggled to meet sustainable development goals (SDGs) on environmental sustainability, transportation, and petroleum product distribution for decades, endangering human and ecological health. Petroleum product spills contaminate soil, water, and air, harming humans, aquatic life, and biodiversity. The oil and gas industry contributes to environmental sustainability and scientific and technological advancement through its supply chain activities in the transport and logistics sectors. This paper reviewed the effects of petroleum product transportation at three accident hotspots on Nigeria highway, where traffic and accident records are alarming due to the road axis connecting the southern and northern regions of the country. The preliminary data was statistically analysed to optimise the review process and reduce risk factors through ongoing data monitoring. Studies on Nigeria's petroleum product transportation spills and environmental impacts between the years 2013 and 2023 were critically analysed to generate updated information. The searches include Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Five hundred and forty peer-reviewed studies were analysed, and recommendations were established through the conclusions. The findings show that petroleum product transport causes heavy metal deposition in the environment as heavy metals damage aquatic life and build up in the food chain, posing a health risk to humans. The study revealed that petroleum product spills have far-reaching environmental repercussions and, therefore, recommended that petroleum product spills must be mitigated immediately. Furthermore, the study revealed that better spill response and stricter legislation are needed to reduce spills, while remediation is necessary to lessen the effects of spills on environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna Ignatius George
- Department of Petroleum Engineering (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
- Transport Technology Center, Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, NITT, P. M. B. 1147, Kaduna State, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Mohd Ghazali Mohd Nawawi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Zaidi Jafaar Mohd
- Department of Petroleum Engineering (FKT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM JB, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bayero Salih Farah
- Office of the Director General Chief Executive, Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, NITT, P. M. B. 1147, Kaduna State, Zaria, Nigeria
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Victoria S, Trine L, Hystad P, Roper C. Indoor and Personal PM 2.5 Samples Differ in Chemical Composition and Alter Zebrafish Behavior Based on Primary Fuel Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21260-21271. [PMID: 38060427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure has been linked to diverse human health impacts. Little is known about the potential heterogeneous impacts of PM2.5 generated from different indoor fuel sources and how exposure differs between personal and indoor environments. Therefore, we used PM2.5 collected by one stationary sampler in a kitchen and personal samplers (female and male participants), in homes (n = 24) in Kheri, India, that used either biomass or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) as primary fuel sources. PM2.5 samples (pooled by fuel type and monitor placement) were analyzed for oxidative potential and chemical composition, including elements and 125 organic compounds. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were acutely exposed to varying concentrations of PM2.5 and behavioral analyses were conducted. We found relatively high PM2.5 concentrations (5-15 times above World Health Organization daily exposure guidelines) and varied human health-related chemical composition based on fuel type and monitor placement (up to 15% carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition). Altered biological responses, including changes to mortality, morphology, and behavior, were elicited by exposure to all sample types. These findings reveal that although LPG is generally ranked the least harmful compared to biomass fuels, chemical characteristics and biological impacts were still present, highlighting the need for further research in determining the safety of indoor fuel sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayla Victoria
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Lisandra Trine
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Perry Hystad
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Courtney Roper
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Zhu L, Fauser P, Mikkelsen L, Sanderson H, Vorkamp K. Suspect and non-target screening of semi-volatile emerging contaminants in indoor dust from Danish kindergartens. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140451. [PMID: 37839752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is a sink of hundreds of organic chemicals, and humans may potentially be exposed to these via indoor activities. This study investigated potentially harmful semi-volatile organic contaminants in indoor dust from Danish kindergartens using suspect and non-target screening on gas chromatography (GC)-Orbitrap, supported by target analyses using GC-low resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS). A suspect list of 41 chemicals with one or more toxicological endpoints, i.e. endocrine disruption, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity and allergenicity, known or suspected to be present in indoor dust, was established including phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers, flame retardants, bisphenols, biocides, UV filters and other plastic additives. Of these, 29 contaminants were detected in the indoor dust samples, also including several compounds that had been banned or restricted for years. In addition, 22 chemicals were tentatively identified via non-target screening. Several chemicals have not previously been detected in Danish indoor dust. Most of the detected chemicals are known to be potentially harmful for human health while hazard assessment of the remaining compounds indicated limited risks to human. However, children were not specifically considered in this hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Patrik Fauser
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Lone Mikkelsen
- Green Transition Denmark, Kompagnistræde 22, Copenhagen K, 1208, Denmark
| | - Hans Sanderson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
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7
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Sarwar F, Alam K, Öztürk F, Koçak M, Malik RN. Appraising the characteristics of particulate matter from leather tanning micro-environments, their respirational risks, and dysfunctions amid exposed working cohorts. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1556. [PMID: 38036894 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Leather tanneries are known for chemical laden work environments and pulmonic complaints among workers. This study presents an analysis of tannery micro-environments emphasizing on size-based variation in composition of particulate matter and consequent respiratory dysfunctions. Qualitative (FTIR, SEM-EDX) and quantitative assessment (elemental composition, carbon forms) of PM10 and 2.5 has been employed. For lung function evaluation of workforce, spirometry with ATS proprieties was used. The peak concentrations of both PM10 and 2.5 have been found at PU, FU, and B&S. The LTCR for only Cr is high for both PM2.5 and PM10. HQ was high for Al, Cr, and Mn for both PM sizes. The maximum organic and secondary organic carbon in PM10 was found at FU and in PM2.5 at PU. The varied PM composition included carbohydrate (B&S, WMO), ether (S&S, P&S) and hydroxyl (B&S, S&S, P&S), proteins, polyenes, vinyl groups (S&S, P&S, FU), alcohols (PU and FU), and aldehyde present at PU. These results were armored by high organic and total carbon concentrations for the same sites. Therefore, PM are classified into biogenic (carbonaceous: microbial and animal remains) from PU and WMO, incidental (industrial, mixt physico-chemical character) from PU, FU, WMO, B&S and P&S, and geogenic (crustal mineral dust) from RHT, B&S, PU, and P&S. Furthermore, increase in metal concentrations in PM10 (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, V, As, Be, Ba, and Cd) and PM2.5 (As, Pb) while TC, OC, and SOC in PM2.5 caused depreciation overall lung function. The exposure to biogenic and incidental PM nature are key cause of pulmonic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiza Sarwar
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khan Alam
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy Campus, Bolu, 14030, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Koçak
- Chemical Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences, Middle East Technological University, Ankara, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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8
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Li C, Bai L, Qin J, Guo Y, Wang H, Xu X. Study on metal elements in indoor particulate matter: a case study of rural residential environment in Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36959429 PMCID: PMC10035979 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of solid fuels for heating and cooking in rural Northeast China has led to severe indoor metal element pollution in particulate matter (PM), posing a direct threat to human health and creating immense pressure on the sustainability of residential environments. To investigate the levels, sources, and potential health hazards of indoor metal element pollution in this region, we conducted a year-long sampling and monitoring campaign in actual residential settings and used ICP-OES to measure six metal elements (Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni). This study's findings reveal that indoor metal element pollution levels in PM (33,513.65 mg/kg per year) are higher in rural Northeast China compared to other rural areas. Straw burning is the primary source of metal element pollution, followed by motor vehicle emissions and natural soil sources. It is crucial to note that our results indicate a total carcinogenic risk greater than 10-4 according to the US EPA health risk model assessment, highlighting the high risk posed to human health by indoor metal elements in rural areas. By using a seriously polluted area in Northeast China as a case study, this research provides initial insights into the characteristics and sources of indoor metal pollution in rural areas, offering a reference for future prevention and control of indoor pollution in these regions. Ultimately, this work can help improve the rural habitat and enhance the health of the rural population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201804 China
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Li Bai
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Jia Qin
- China Northeast Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- China Northeast Municipal Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changchun, 130021 China
| | - Han Wang
- Graduate School of Tangshan, Southwest Jiaotong University, Tangshan, 063000 China
| | - Xiuling Xu
- Jilin Jianzhu University Library, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118 China
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Zhang Q, Weber RJ, Luxton TP, Peloquin DM, Baumann EJ, Black MS. Metal compositions of particle emissions from material extrusion 3D printing: Emission sources and indoor exposure modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160512. [PMID: 36442638 PMCID: PMC10259682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Material extrusion 3D printing has been widely used in industrial, educational and residential environments, while its exposure health impacts have not been well understood. High levels of ultrafine particles are found being emitted from 3D printing and could pose a hazard when inhaled. However, metals that potentially transfer from filament additives to emitted particles could also add to the exposure hazard, which have not been well characterized for their emissions. This study analyzed metal (and metalloid) compositions of raw filaments and in the emitted particles during printing; studied filaments included pure polymer filaments with metal additives and composite filaments with and without metal powder. Our chamber study found that crustal metals tended to have higher partitioning factors from filaments to emitted particles; silicon was the most abundant element in emitted particles and had the highest yield per filament mass. However, bronze and stainless-steel powder added in composite filaments were less likely to transfer from filament to particle. For some cases, boron, arsenic, manganese, and lead were only detected in particles, which indicated external sources, such as the printers themselves. Heavy metals with health concerns were also detected in emitted particles, while their estimated exposure concentrations in indoor air were below air quality standards and occupational regulations. However, total particle exposure concentrations estimated for indoor environments could exceed ambient air fine particulate standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, GA 30067, USA.
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Todd P Luxton
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Derek M Peloquin
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Eric J Baumann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Marilyn S Black
- Chemical Insights Research Institute, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., Marietta, GA 30067, USA
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Park J, Yoo J, Jeong JW. Impact of ventilation methods on indoor particle concentrations in a daycare center. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13150. [PMID: 36437660 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the influence of ventilation methods on children's exposure to indoor particles in a daycare center located in an urban area. The ventilation methods applied to the center were monitored for 1 year. It appears that indoor PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations of the center were basically determined by outdoor conditions. The fluctuations in outdoor particle concentration also affected the ventilation behavior during class. The windows and doors of the classroom were frequently closed during both class hours and nights when the outdoor particle concentrations were at high levels. Statistically significant differences in the I/O ratios were found among the ventilation methods. The PM10 I/O ratio with the closed windows was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that with the open windows, and when the mechanical fans were operated, the I/O ratio dramatically decreased (p < 0.01). The I/O ratio of PM2.5 showed a similar trend to that of PM10 except for the mechanical fan operation. The filters rated lower than MERV 11 appear to be insufficient to remove submicron particles from the mechanically supplied outdoor air when the PM2.5 concentrations are high, such as during the heating period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseok Park
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihyun Yoo
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Graduate School of Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Weon Jeong
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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Zheng H, Krishnan V, Walker S, Loomans M, Zeiler W. Laboratory evaluation of low-cost air quality monitors and single sensors for monitoring typical indoor emission events in Dutch daycare centers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107372. [PMID: 35777114 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Daycare centers (DCCs) are where infants and toddlers (0-4 years old) spend the most time besides their homes. Given their higher susceptibility to the effects of air pollutants, as compared to older children and adults, indoor air quality (IAQ) is regarded as an essential parameter to monitor in DCCs. Recent advances in IAQ monitoring technologies have enabled the deployment of low-cost air quality monitors (LCMs) and single sensors (LCSs) to continuously monitor various indoor environments, and their performance testing should also be performed in the intended indoor applications. To our knowledge, there is no study evaluating the application of LCMs/LCSs in DCCs scenarios yet. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess the response of five types of LCMs (previously not tested) and five LCSs to typical DCCs emission activities in detecting multiple IAQ parameters, i.e., particulate matter, carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds, temperature, and relative humidity. These LCMs/LCSs were compared to outcomes from research-grade instruments (RGIs). All the experiments were performed in a climate chamber, where three kinds of typical activities (background; arts-and-crafts; cleaning; [in a total of 32 events]) were simulated by recruited subjects at two typical indoor climatic conditions (cool and dry [20 ± 1 °C & 40 ± 10%], warm and humid [26 ± 1 °C & 70 ± 5%]). Results showed that tested LCMs had the ability to capture DCCs activities by simultaneously monitoring multiple IAQ parameters, and LCMs/LCSs revealed a strong correlation with RGIs in most events (R2 values from 0.7 to 1), but, for some events, the magnitude of responses varied widely. Sensirion SCD41, an emerging CO2 sensor built on the photoacoustic sensing principle, had a more accurate performance than all tested NDIR-based CO2 sensors/monitors. In general, the study implies that the selection of LCMs/LCSs for a specific application of interest should be based on emission characteristics and space conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zheng
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Vinayak Krishnan
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Shalika Walker
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Loomans
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Zeiler
- Department of the Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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