1
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Jiao N, Luo T, Chen Q, Zhao Z, Xiao X, Liu J, Jian Z, Xie S, Thomas H, Herndl GJ, Benner R, Gonsior M, Chen F, Cai WJ, Robinson C. The microbial carbon pump and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:408-419. [PMID: 38491185 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-024-01018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
The ocean has been a regulator of climate change throughout the history of Earth. One key mechanism is the mediation of the carbon reservoir by refractory dissolved organic carbon (RDOC), which can either be stored in the water column for centuries or released back into the atmosphere as CO2 depending on the conditions. The RDOC is produced through a myriad of microbial metabolic and ecological processes known as the microbial carbon pump (MCP). Here, we review recent research advances in processes related to the MCP, including the distribution patterns and molecular composition of RDOC, links between the complexity of RDOC compounds and microbial diversity, MCP-driven carbon cycles across time and space, and responses of the MCP to a changing climate. We identify knowledge gaps and future research directions in the role of the MCP, particularly as a key component in integrated approaches combining the mechanisms of the biological and abiotic carbon pumps for ocean negative carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianzhi Jiao
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Tingwei Luo
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quanrui Chen
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xilin Xiao
- Innovation Research Center for Carbon Neutralization, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Carbon Sequestration, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhimin Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shucheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Helmuth Thomas
- Institute of Carbon Cycles, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres (ICBM), Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard J Herndl
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ronald Benner
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Micheal Gonsior
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, MD, USA
| | - Feng Chen
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Cai
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Carol Robinson
- UN Global ONCE joint focal points at Shandong University, University of East Anglia, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences (COAS), School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
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Cai R, Yao P, Yi Y, Merder J, Li P, He D. The Hunt for Chemical Dark Matter across a River-to-Ocean Continuum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38875444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Thousands of mass peaks emerge during molecular characterization of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) using ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. While mass peaks assigned to certain molecular formulas have been extensively studied, the uncharacterized mass peaks that represent a significant fraction of organic matter and convey biogenic elements and energy have been previously ignored. In this study, we introduce the term dark DOM (DDOM) for unassigned mass peaks and have explored its characteristics and environmental behaviors using a data set of 38 DOM extracts covering the Yangtze River-to-ocean continuum. We identified a total of 9141 DDOM molecules, which exhibited higher molecular weight and greater diversity than the DOM subset with assigned DOM formulas. Although DDOM contributed a smaller fraction of relative abundance, it significantly impacted the molecular weight and molecular composition of bulk DOM. A portion of DDOM with higher molecular weight was found to increase molecular abundance across the river-to-ocean continuum. These compounds could contain halogenated organic molecules and might have a high potential to contribute to the refractory organic carbon pool. With this study, we underline the contribution of dark matter to the total DOM pool and emphasize that more DDOM research is needed to understand its contribution to global biogeochemical cycles and carbon sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanhong Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Piao Yao
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuanbi Yi
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julian Merder
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Penghui Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science, Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Liu Y, Chen Q, Xu J, Zhang F, Mao J, Shi Q, He C, Cai R, Lønborg C, Liu L, Guo A, Jiao N, Zheng Q. Heavy metal induced shifts in microbial community composition and interactions with dissolved organic matter in coastal sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172003. [PMID: 38569948 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals can impact the structure and function of coastal sediment. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool plays an important role in determining both the heavy metal toxicity and microbial community composition in coastal sediments. However, how heavy metals affect the interactions between microbial communities and DOM remains unclear. Here, we investigated the influence of heavy metals on the microbial community structure (including bacteria and archaea) and DOM composition in surface sediments of Beibu Gulf, China. Our results revealed firstly that chromium, zinc, cadmium, and lead were the heavy metals contributing to pollution in our studied area. Furthermore, the DOM chemical composition was distinctly different in the contaminated area from the uncontaminated area, characterized by a higher average O/C ratio and increased prevalence of carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecules (CRAM) and highly unsaturated compounds (HUC). This indicates that DOM in the contaminated area was more recalcitrant compared to the uncontaminated area. Except for differences in archaeal diversity between the two areas, there were no significant variations observed in the structure of archaea and bacteria, as well as the diversity of bacteria, across the two areas. Nevertheless, our co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the B2M28 and Euryarchaeota, dominating bacterial and archaeal groups in the contaminated area were strongly related to CRAM. The network analysis also unveiled correlations between active bacteria and elevated proportions of nitrogen-containing DOM molecules. In contrast, the archaea-DOM network exhibited strong associations with nitrogen- and sulfur-containing molecules. Collectively, these findings suggest that heavy metals indeed influence the interaction between microbial communities and DOM, potentially affecting the accumulation of recalcitrant compounds in coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of Environmental and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuxing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Third Institute of Oceanography Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinhua Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quan Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Chen He
- College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Ruanhong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Christian Lønborg
- Department of Ecoscience, Section for Marine Diversity and Experimental Ecology, University of Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lihua Liu
- Fujian Xiamen Environmental Monitoring Central Station, Xiamen, China
| | - Aixing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Nianzhi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Qiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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4
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Hu S, Jiang L, Jiang L, Tang L, Wickrama Arachchige AUK, Yu H, Deng Z, Li L, Wang C, Zhang D, Chen C, Lin S, Chen X, Zhang C. Spatial distribution characteristics of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in water column and sediments in the open Western Pacific Ocean. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133956. [PMID: 38460258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), an emerging persistent halogenated organic pollutant, have been detected in the environment. However, our understanding of PHCZs in the ocean remains limited. In this study, 47 seawater samples (covering 50 - 4000 m) and sediment samples (49 surface and 3 cores) were collected to investigate the occurrence and spatial distribution patterns of carbazole and its halogenated derivants (CZDs) in the Western Pacific Ocean. In seawater, the detection frequencies of CZ (97.87%) and 3-CCZ (57.45%) were relatively high. In addition, the average concentration of ΣPHCZs in the upper water (< 150 m, 0.23 ± 0.21 ng/L) was significantly lower than that in the deep ocean (1000 - 4000 m, 0.65 ± 0.56 ng/L, P < 0.05), which may indicate the vertical transport of PHCZs in the marine environment. The concentration of ΣCZDs in surface sediment ranges from 0.46 to 6.48 ng/g (mean 1.54 ng/g), among which CZ and 36-CCZ were the predominant components. Results from sediment cores demonstrate a noteworthy negative correlation between the concentration of CZDs and depth, indicating the ongoing natural degradation process occurring in sediment cores over a long period. This study offers distinctive insights into the occurrence, composition, and vertical features of CZDs in oceanic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Hu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijia Jiang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingbo Jiang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leiming Tang
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Hao Yu
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaochao Deng
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China; Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyu Li
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Chunlei Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Zhoushan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfang Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology and Pharmacology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Tang S, Gong J, Song B, Li J, Cao W, Zhao J. Co-influence of biochar-supported effective microorganisms and seasonal changes on dissolved organic matter and microbial activity in eutrophic lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171476. [PMID: 38458471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
DOM (dissolved organic matter) play a crucial role in lakes' geochemical and carbon cycles. Eutrophication evolution would influence nutrient status of waters and investigating the DOM variation helps a better understanding of bioremediation on environmental behavior of DOM in eutrophic lakes. In our study, the contents, compositions and characteristics of systematic DOM&SOM (sediment organic matter) were greatly influenced by seasonal changes. But the effective bioremediations obviously reduced the DOM concentration and thus mitigated the eutrophication outbreak risks in water bodies due to the increased MBC (microbial biomass carbon), microbial activity and metabolism. In early summer, the overall DOM in each treatment were readily low levels and derived from both autochthonous and exogenous origins, dominated by fulvic acid-like. In midsummer, the DOM contents and characteristics in each treatment increased significantly as phytoplankton activity improved, and the majority of DOM were humic acid-like and mainly of biological origin. The greatest differences of enzymes, MBC, microbial metabolism and DOM&SOM removal among different treatments were observed in summer months. In autumn, the systematic DOM&SOM slightly reduced due to the deceased microbial activity, in which the microbial humic acids were main component and derived from endogenous sources. Additionally, the gradually decreased SOM with cultivated time in each treatment was a result of microbiological conversion of SOM into DOM. For various treatments, BE, BE.A, BE.C and BE.E increased the MBC, enzymatic and microbial activities due to the application of biochar-supported EMs. Among these, BE and BE.A, especially BE.A with oxygen supplement, achieved the most desirable effect on reducing systematic DOM&SOM levels and increasing enzymatic and microbial activities. The group of EM also reduced the levels of DOM&SOM as improved degradation of EMs for DOM. However, BC, BE.C and BE.E finally did not achieved the desirable effect on reducing DOM&SOM due to the suppression of microbial activities, respectively, from high dose of biochar, weakening of dominant species and additional introduction of EMs in low liveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqun Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Jilai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China.
| | - Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Weicheng Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong Province, PR China; Shenzhen Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
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Chen ZL, Yi Y, Zhang H, Li P, Wang Y, Yan Z, Wang K, He C, Shi Q, He D. Differences in Dissolved Organic Matter Molecular Composition along Two Plume Trajectories from the Yangtze River Estuary to the East China Sea. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2024; 4:31-41. [PMID: 38250340 PMCID: PMC10797684 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Analyzing the molecular composition change of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during transportation in estuaries can enhance our understanding of the fate of DOM. However, the impact of hydrologic conditions resulting from large river plumes on the DOM cycle are less explored, and previous studies were insufficient to capture the molecular fate that occur during the transportation process. In this study, we used a range of bulk and optical techniques, as well as Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), to determine the concentration and characteristics of DOM along two trajectories of downstream plumes of diluted water of the Yangtze (Changjiang) River estuary (YRE) during the high discharge season. These two plumes situated along the route of the summer Changjiang diluted water (CDW) have been identified and named CDW-North (CDW-N) and CDW-South (CDW-S), respectively. Despite having the same riverine end-member origin, the turbidity zone in YRE significantly modifies the molecular characteristics and composition of DOM. The results of FT-ICR MS indicated a spatial variation of DOM composition in the coastal zone of the two plumes. The relative intensities of the CHO, CHOS, and CHONS compounds are negatively correlated with salinity. In addition, the coastal zones of both CDW-N and CDW-S are characterized by more autochthonous DOM sources. More CHON compounds in CDW-N are probably due to the production of autochthonous DOM in offshore waters. The activity of phytoplankton increased the surface dissolved oxygen level of CDW-N in the coastal zone. However, the hypoxic zone formed at the bottom of the CDW-N due to microbial degradation of organic matter and may further benefit the preservation of CHON compounds. Our study emphasizes that the characteristics and composition of the estuarine DOM can be significantly shaped by distinct large river plumes. Furthermore, using FT-ICR MS in combination with complementary techniques can better assist in identifying the sources and transformation mechanisms of estuarine DOM in large river plume-affected systems and provide more valuable insights into the role of DOM in the estuarine biogeochemical cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Liang Chen
- Department
of Ocean Science and Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanbi Yi
- Department
of Ocean Science and Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National
Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Penghui Li
- School
of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
- Southern
Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, Guangdong 519080, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural
Resources, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
| | - Zhenwei Yan
- Department
of Ocean Science and Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chen He
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Changping, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Quan Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Changping, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Ding He
- Department
of Ocean Science and Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, New Territories 999077, Hong Kong, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural
Resources, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, China
- School
of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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