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Romantschuk M, Lahti-Leikas K, Kontro M, Galitskaya P, Talvenmäki H, Simpanen S, Allen JA, Sinkkonen A. Bioremediation of contaminated soil and groundwater by in situ biostimulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258148. [PMID: 38029190 PMCID: PMC10658714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioremediation by in situ biostimulation is an attractive alternative to excavation of contaminated soil. Many in situ remediation methods have been tested with some success; however, due to highly variable results in realistic field conditions, they have not been implemented as widely as they might deserve. To ensure success, methods should be validated under site-analogous conditions before full scale use, which requires expertise and local knowledge by the implementers. The focus here is on indigenous microbial degraders and evaluation of their performance. Identifying and removing biodegradation bottlenecks for degradation of organic pollutants is essential. Limiting factors commonly include: lack of oxygen or alternative electron acceptors, low temperature, and lack of essential nutrients. Additional factors: the bioavailability of the contaminating compound, pH, distribution of the contaminant, and soil structure and moisture, and in some cases, lack of degradation potential which may be amended with bioaugmentation. Methods to remove these bottlenecks are discussed. Implementers should also be prepared to combine methods or use them in sequence. Chemical/physical means may be used to enhance biostimulation. The review also suggests tools for assessing sustainability, life cycle assessment, and risk assessment. To help entrepreneurs, decision makers, and methods developers in the future, we suggest founding a database for otherwise seldom reported unsuccessful interventions, as well as the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) to assist in site evaluation and decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Romantschuk
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Katariina Lahti-Leikas
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Merja Kontro
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | | | - Harri Talvenmäki
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Suvi Simpanen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - John A. Allen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Horticulture Technologies, Turku, Finland
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Cavazzoli S, Selonen V, Rantalainen AL, Sinkkonen A, Romantschuk M, Squartini A. Natural additives contribute to hydrocarbon and heavy metal co-contaminated soil remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119569. [PMID: 35680061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A biological treatment method was tested in laboratory conditions for the removal of hydrocarbons contained in a waste disposal soil sample consisting of excavated sandy soil from a former fueling station. Two fractions of hydrocarbons were quantified by GC-FID: diesel (C10-C21) and lubricant oil (C22-C40). Meat and bone meal (MBM, 1% w/w) was used as a bio-stimulant agent for soil organisms. Cyclodextrin, an oligosaccharide produced from starch by enzymatic conversion, was also used to assess its ability to improve the bioavailability/biodegradability of hydrocarbons in the soil. Parameters such as temperature, pH, water content and aeration (O2 availability) were monitored and optimized to favor degradation processes. Two different experimental tests were prepared: one to measure the degradation of hydrocarbons; the other to monitor the mobility of some elements in the soil and in the leachate produced by watering with tap water. Soil samples treated with MBM and cyclodextrin showed, over time, a greater removal of the more persistent hydrocarbon fraction (lubricant oil). MBM-treated soils underwent a faster hydrocarbon removal kinetic, especially in the first treatment period. However, the final hydrocarbon concentrations are comparable in all treatments, including control. Over time, the effect of cyclodextrin on hydrocarbon degradation seemed to be relevant. MBM-treated soils sequestered lead in the very first weeks. These results highlight the intrinsic capacity of soil, and its indigenous microbial communities, to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons and suggest that MBM-induced bioremediation is a promising, environmentally friendly technology which should be considered when dealing with hydrocarbon/heavy metal co-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavazzoli
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano 77, 38123, Trento, Italy; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Ville Selonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anna-Lea Rantalainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Andrea Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Via Dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy
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Bioremediation of clay with high oil content and biological response after restoration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9725. [PMID: 33958612 PMCID: PMC8102563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The clay with high oil content form soil lumps, which is hard for microbes to repair. In this paper, the bioaugmentation and biostimulation technology were applied to improve the bioremediation effect of the soil with high oil content, that modified by local cow dung and sandy soil, the ecological toxicity of the soil after restoration was further analyzed. After 53 days of bioremediation, the degradation efficiency with respect to the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) content reached 76.9% ± 2.2%. The soil bacterial count of M5 group reached log10 CFU/g soil = 7.69 ± 0.03 and the results were better than other experimental groups. The relative abundances of petroleum-degrading bacteria added to M5 remained high (Achromobacter 9.44%, Pseudomonas 31.06%, and Acinetobacter 14.11%), and the proportions of some other indigenous bacteria (Alcanivorax and Paenibacillus) also increased. The toxicity of the bioremediated soil was reduced by seed germination and earthworm survival experiments.
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Liu X, Selonen V, Steffen K, Surakka M, Rantalainen AL, Romantschuk M, Sinkkonen A. Meat and bone meal as a novel biostimulation agent in hydrocarbon contaminated soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:574-578. [PMID: 30901652 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination with diesel oil is frequent and methods to improve remediation of diesel oil contaminated soils are urgently needed. The aim of the current study was to assess the potential of meat and bone meal (MBM) as a biostimulation agent to enhance diesel oil degradation in contaminated soils collected from southern Finland. MBM (2% w/w) increased oil degradation in soils when compared to natural attenuation. The increase was comparable to soils treated with a traditional fertilizer (urea). Soil pH increased rapidly in urea treated soil but remained at the level of natural attenuation in MBM treated soil, suggesting that in large-scale experiments MBM treated soils avoid the usual negative impact of urea on soil pH and ultimately microbial degradation. These results indicate that MBM addition enhances diesel oil degradation, and that MBM speeds up ex situ bioremediation of oil contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Ville Selonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Kari Steffen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Mea Surakka
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anna-Lea Rantalainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
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Simpanen S, Dahl M, Gerlach M, Mikkonen A, Malk V, Mikola J, Romantschuk M. Biostimulation proved to be the most efficient method in the comparison of in situ soil remediation treatments after a simulated oil spill accident. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:25024-25038. [PMID: 27677992 PMCID: PMC5124059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of in situ techniques in soil remediation is still rare in Finland and most other European countries due to the uncertainty of the effectiveness of the techniques especially in cold regions and also due to their potential side effects on the environment. In this study, we compared the biostimulation, chemical oxidation, and natural attenuation treatments in natural conditions and pilot scale during a 16-month experiment. A real fuel spill accident was used as a model for experiment setup and soil contamination. We found that biostimulation significantly decreased the contaminant leachate into the water, including also the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). The total NAPL leachate was 19 % lower in the biostimulation treatment that in the untreated soil and 34 % lower in the biostimulation than oxidation treatment. Soil bacterial growth and community changes were first observed due to the increased carbon content via oil amendment and later due to the enhanced nutrient content via biostimulation. Overall, the most effective treatment for fresh contaminated soil was biostimulation, which enhanced the biodegradation of easily available oil in the mobile phase and consequently reduced contaminant leakage through the soil. The chemical oxidation did not enhance soil cleanup and resulted in the mobilization of contaminants. Our results suggest that biostimulation can decrease or even prevent oil migration in recently contaminated areas and can thus be considered as a potentially safe in situ treatment also in groundwater areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Simpanen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Mari Dahl
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Magdalena Gerlach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anu Mikkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vuokko Malk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
- Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Patteristonkatu 3, 50100, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
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Colla TS, Andreazza R, Bücker F, de Souza MM, Tramontini L, Prado GR, Frazzon APG, Camargo FADO, Bento FM. Bioremediation assessment of diesel-biodiesel-contaminated soil using an alternative bioaugmentation strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:2592-2602. [PMID: 24091525 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of successive bioaugmentation, conventional bioaugmentation, and biostimulation of biodegradation of B10 in soil. In addition, the structure of the soil microbial community was assessed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The consortium was inoculated on the initial and the 11th day of incubation for successive bioaugmentation and only on the initial day for bioaugmentation and conventional bioaugmentation. The experiment was conducted for 32 days. The microbial consortium was identified based on sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and consisted as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Ochrobactrum intermedium. Nutrient introduction (biostimulation) promoted a positive effect on microbial populations. The results indicate that the edaphic community structure and dynamics were different according to the treatments employed. CO2 evolution demonstrated no significant difference in soil microbial activity between biostimulation and bioaugmentation treatments. The total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis indicated a biodegradation level of 35.7 and 32.2 % for the biostimulation and successive bioaugmentation treatments, respectively. Successive bioaugmentation displayed positive effects on biodegradation, with a substantial reduction in TPH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Simonetto Colla
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Sinkkonen A, Kauppi S, Simpanen S, Rantalainen AL, Strömmer R, Romantschuk M. Layer of organic pine forest soil on top of chlorophenol-contaminated mineral soil enhances contaminant degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1737-1745. [PMID: 22752813 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols, like many other synthetic compounds, are persistent problem in industrial areas. These compounds are easily degraded in certain natural environments where the top soil is organic. Some studies suggest that mineral soil contaminated with organic compounds is rapidly remediated if it is mixed with organic soil. We hypothesized that organic soil with a high degradation capacity even on top of the contaminated mineral soil enhances degradation of recalcitrant chlorophenols in the mineral soil below. We first compared chlorophenol degradation in different soils by spiking pristine and pentachlorophenol-contaminated soils with 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in 10-L buckets. In other experiments, we covered contaminated mineral soil with organic pine forest soil. We also monitored in situ degradation on an old sawmill site where mineral soil was either left intact or covered with organic pine forest soil. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol was rapidly degraded in organic pine forest soil, but the degradation was slower in other soils. If a thin layer of the pine forest humus was added on top of mineral sawmill soil, the original chlorophenol concentrations (high, ca. 70 μg g(-1), or moderate, ca. 20 μg g(-1)) in sawmill soil decreased by >40 % in 24 days. No degradation was noticed if the mineral soil was kept bare or if the covering humus soil layer was sterilized beforehand. Our results suggest that covering mineral soil with an organic soil layer is an efficient way to remediate recalcitrant chlorophenol contamination in mineral soils. The results of the field experiment are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sinkkonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Section of Environmental Ecology, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
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Kauppi S, Romantschuk M, Strömmer R, Sinkkonen A. Natural attenuation is enhanced in previously contaminated and coniferous forest soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:53-63. [PMID: 21660637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prevalence of organic pollutants or their natural analogs in soil is often assumed to lead to adaptation in the bacterial community, which results in enhanced bioremediation if the soil is later contaminated. In this study, the effects of soil type and contamination history on diesel oil degradation and bacterial adaptation were studied. METHODS Mesocosms of mineral and organic forest soil (humus) were artificially treated with diesel oil, and oil hydrocarbon concentrations (GC-FID), bacterial community composition (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE), and oil hydrocarbon degraders (DGGE + sequencing of 16S rRNA genes) were monitored for 20 weeks at 16°C. RESULTS Degradation was advanced in previously contaminated soils as compared with pristine soils and in coniferous organic forest soil as compared with mineral soil. Contamination affected bacterial community composition especially in the pristine mineral soil, where diesel addition increased the number of strong bands in the DGGE gel. Sequencing of cloned 16S rRNA gene fragments and DGGE bands showed that potential oil-degrading bacteria were found in mineral and organic soils and in both pristine and previously contaminated mesocosms. Fast oil degradation was not associated with the presence of any particular bacterial strain in soil. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate at the mesocosm scale that previously contaminated and coniferous organic soils are superior environments for fast oil degradation as compared with pristine and mineral soil environments. These results may be utilized in preventing soil pollution and planning soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Kauppi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Section of Ecology, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
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