1
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Berner LT, Orndahl KM, Rose M, Tamstorf M, Arndal MF, Alexander HD, Humphreys ER, Loranty MM, Ludwig SM, Nyman J, Juutinen S, Aurela M, Happonen K, Mikola J, Mack MC, Vankoughnett MR, Iversen CM, Salmon VG, Yang D, Kumar J, Grogan P, Danby RK, Scott NA, Olofsson J, Siewert MB, Deschamps L, Lévesque E, Maire V, Morneault A, Gauthier G, Gignac C, Boudreau S, Gaspard A, Kholodov A, Bret-Harte MS, Greaves HE, Walker D, Gregory FM, Michelsen A, Kumpula T, Villoslada M, Ylänne H, Luoto M, Virtanen T, Forbes BC, Hölzel N, Epstein H, Heim RJ, Bunn A, Holmes RM, Hung JKY, Natali SM, Virkkala AM, Goetz SJ. The Arctic Plant Aboveground Biomass Synthesis Dataset. Sci Data 2024; 11:305. [PMID: 38509110 PMCID: PMC10954756 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant biomass is a fundamental ecosystem attribute that is sensitive to rapid climatic changes occurring in the Arctic. Nevertheless, measuring plant biomass in the Arctic is logistically challenging and resource intensive. Lack of accessible field data hinders efforts to understand the amount, composition, distribution, and changes in plant biomass in these northern ecosystems. Here, we present The Arctic plant aboveground biomass synthesis dataset, which includes field measurements of lichen, bryophyte, herb, shrub, and/or tree aboveground biomass (g m-2) on 2,327 sample plots from 636 field sites in seven countries. We created the synthesis dataset by assembling and harmonizing 32 individual datasets. Aboveground biomass was primarily quantified by harvesting sample plots during mid- to late-summer, though tree and often tall shrub biomass were quantified using surveys and allometric models. Each biomass measurement is associated with metadata including sample date, location, method, data source, and other information. This unique dataset can be leveraged to monitor, map, and model plant biomass across the rapidly warming Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Berner
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Orndahl
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Melissa Rose
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | - Mikkel Tamstorf
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie F Arndal
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heather D Alexander
- College of Forestry, Wildlife, and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, USA
| | - Elyn R Humphreys
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Sarah M Ludwig
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, Palisades, USA
| | - Johanna Nyman
- Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Sari Juutinen
- Climate System Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Aurela
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha Mikola
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michelle C Mack
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
| | | | - Colleen M Iversen
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Verity G Salmon
- Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Dedi Yang
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA
| | - Paul Grogan
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Ryan K Danby
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Neal A Scott
- Department of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Johan Olofsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matthias B Siewert
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lucas Deschamps
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Esther Lévesque
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Amélie Morneault
- Département des sciences de l'environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Gilles Gauthier
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Gignac
- Centre d'Études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Anna Gaspard
- Department of Biology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Heather E Greaves
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Donald Walker
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, USA
| | - Fiona M Gregory
- Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Timo Kumpula
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miguel Villoslada
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Institute of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Henni Ylänne
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Miska Luoto
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarmo Virtanen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bruce C Forbes
- Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Howard Epstein
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
| | - Ramona J Heim
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bunn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Washington University, Bellingham, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Scott J Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA
- Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland
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2
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Robinson SI, O’Gorman EJ, Frey B, Hagner M, Mikola J. Soil organic matter, rather than temperature, determines the structure and functioning of subarctic decomposer communities. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:3929-3943. [PMID: 35263490 PMCID: PMC9310844 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure and functioning are likely to be strongest at high latitudes due to the adaptation of biota to relatively low temperatures and nutrient levels. Soil warming is widely predicted to alter microbial, invertebrate, and plant communities, with cascading effects on ecosystem functioning, but this has largely been demonstrated over short-term (<10 year) warming studies. Using a natural soil temperature gradient spanning 10-35°C, we examine responses of soil organisms, decomposition, nitrogen cycling, and plant biomass production to long-term warming. We find that decomposer organisms are surprisingly resistant to chronic warming, with no responses of bacteria, fungi, or their grazers to temperature (fungivorous nematodes being an exception). Soil organic matter content instead drives spatial variation in microorganism abundances and mineral N availability. The few temperature effects that appear are more focused: root biomass and abundance of root-feeding nematodes decrease, and nitrification increases with increasing soil temperature. Our results suggest that transient responses of decomposers and soil functioning to warming may stabilize over time following acclimation and/or adaptation, highlighting the need for long-term, ecosystem-scale studies that incorporate evolutionary responses to soil warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka I. Robinson
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Beat Frey
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marleena Hagner
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)JokioinenFinland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Ecosystems and Environment Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)HelsinkiFinland
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3
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Mikola J, Koikkalainen K, Rasehorn M, Silfver T, Paaso U, Rousi M. Genotypic traits and tradeoffs of fast growth in silver birch, a pioneer tree. Oecologia 2021; 196:1049-1060. [PMID: 34309705 PMCID: PMC8367902 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Fast-growing and slow-growing plant species are suggested to show integrated economics spectrums and the tradeoffs of fast growth are predicted to emerge as susceptibility to herbivory and resource competition. We tested if these predictions also hold for fast-growing and slow-growing genotypes within a silver birch, Betula pendula population. We exposed cloned saplings of 17 genotypes with slow, medium or fast height growth to reduced insect herbivory, using an insecticide, and to increasing resource competition, using naturally varying field plot grass cover. We measured shoot and root growth, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal production using ergosterol analysis and soil N transfer to leaves using 15N-labelled pulse of NH4+. We found that fast-growing genotypes grew on average 78% faster, produced 56% and 16% more leaf mass and ergosterol, and showed 78% higher leaf N uptake than slow-growing genotypes. The insecticide decreased leaf damage by 83% and increased shoot growth, leaf growth and leaf N uptake by 38%, 52% and 76%, without differences between the responses of fast-growing and slow-growing genotypes, whereas root mass decreased with increasing grass cover. Shoot and leaf growth of fast-growing genotypes decreased and EM fungal production of slow-growing genotypes increased with increasing grass cover. Our results suggest that fast growth is genotypically associated with higher allocation to EM fungi, better soil N capture and greater leaf production, and that the tradeoff of fast growth is sensitivity to competition, but not to insect herbivory. EM fungi may have a dual role: to support growth of fast-growing genotypes under low grass competition and to maintain growth of slow-growing genotypes under intensifying competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Mikola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland. .,Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Katariina Koikkalainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.,Ramboll Finland, Niemenkatu 73, 15240, Lahti, Finland
| | - Mira Rasehorn
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Tarja Silfver
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.,Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ulla Paaso
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Possen BJHM, Rousi M, Keski‐Saari S, Silfver T, Kontunen‐Soppela S, Oksanen E, Mikola J. New evidence for the importance of soil nitrogen on the survival and adaptation of silver birch to climate warming. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. J. H. M. Possen
- Ecology Section Royal HaskoningDHV Larixplein 1 Eindhoven5616 VBThe Netherlands
| | - M. Rousi
- Vantaa Research Unit Natural Resources Institute Finland P.O. Box 18 Vantaa01301Finland
| | - S. Keski‐Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 Joensuu80101Finland
| | - T. Silfver
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme University of Helsinki Niemenkatu 73 Lahti15140Finland
| | - S. Kontunen‐Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 Joensuu80101Finland
| | - E. Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland P.O. Box 111 Joensuu80101Finland
| | - J. Mikola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme University of Helsinki Niemenkatu 73 Lahti15140Finland
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5
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Robinson SI, Mikola J, Ovaskainen O, O'Gorman EJ. Temperature effects on the temporal dynamics of a subarctic invertebrate community. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1217-1227. [PMID: 33625727 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Climate warming is predicted to have major impacts on the structure of terrestrial communities, particularly in high latitude ecosystems where growing seasons are short. Higher temperatures may dampen seasonal dynamics in community composition as a consequence of earlier snowmelt, with potentially cascading effects across all levels of biological organisation. Here, we examined changes in community assembly and structure along a natural soil temperature gradient in the Hengill geothermal valley, Iceland, during the summer of 2015. Sample collection over several time points within a season allowed us to assess whether temperature alters temporal variance in terrestrial communities and compositional turnover. We found that seasonal fluctuations in species richness, diversity and evenness were dampened as soil temperature increased, whereas invertebrate biomass varied more. Body mass was found to be a good predictor of species occurrence, with smaller species found at higher soil temperatures and emerging earlier in the season. Our results provide more in-depth understanding of the temporal nature of community and population-level responses to temperature, and indicate that climate warming will likely dampen the seasonal turnover of community structure that is characteristic of high latitude invertebrate communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinikka I Robinson
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
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6
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Scopetani C, Chelazzi D, Mikola J, Leiniö V, Heikkinen R, Cincinelli A, Pellinen J. Olive oil-based method for the extraction, quantification and identification of microplastics in soil and compost samples. Sci Total Environ 2020; 733:139338. [PMID: 32446078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have become a pressing environmental concern over the past few years and their extraction from solid samples is a scientific challenge that needs to be faced and solved. Standardized and validated protocols for MPs extraction are lacking and the existing methodology, such as density separation, is often unable to separate high density polymers. The aim of our research was to develop a non-density based, inexpensive, simple and safe method to extract MPs from soil and compost samples. We tested an oil-based extracting technique exploiting the oleophilic properties of plastics. For validating the method, soil and compost samples were spiked with six different micro-polymers: polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane. The obtained results are promising, and the polymer density had only a small role in the recovery rate: low, medium and high density polymers reached a mean recovery rate of 90% ±2%, 97% ± 5% and 95% ± 4%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Scopetani
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti FI-15140, Finland.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Juha Mikola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti FI-15140, Finland
| | - Ville Leiniö
- Muovipoli Oy, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Reijo Heikkinen
- LAB University of Applied Science, Mukkulankatu 19, Lahti 15210, Finland
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, and Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Jukka Pellinen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti FI-15140, Finland
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7
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Salojärvi J, Smolander OP, Nieminen K, Rajaraman S, Safronov O, Safdari P, Lamminmäki A, Immanen J, Lan T, Tanskanen J, Rastas P, Amiryousefi A, Jayaprakash B, Kammonen JI, Hagqvist R, Eswaran G, Ahonen VH, Serra JA, Asiegbu FO, de Dios Barajas-Lopez J, Blande D, Blokhina O, Blomster T, Broholm S, Brosché M, Cui F, Dardick C, Ehonen SE, Elomaa P, Escamez S, Fagerstedt KV, Fujii H, Gauthier A, Gollan PJ, Halimaa P, Heino PI, Himanen K, Hollender C, Kangasjärvi S, Kauppinen L, Kelleher CT, Kontunen-Soppela S, Koskinen JP, Kovalchuk A, Kärenlampi SO, Kärkönen AK, Lim KJ, Leppälä J, Macpherson L, Mikola J, Mouhu K, Mähönen AP, Niinemets Ü, Oksanen E, Overmyer K, Palva ET, Pazouki L, Pennanen V, Puhakainen T, Poczai P, Possen BJHM, Punkkinen M, Rahikainen MM, Rousi M, Ruonala R, van der Schoot C, Shapiguzov A, Sierla M, Sipilä TP, Sutela S, Teeri TH, Tervahauta AI, Vaattovaara A, Vahala J, Vetchinnikova L, Welling A, Wrzaczek M, Xu E, Paulin LG, Schulman AH, Lascoux M, Albert VA, Auvinen P, Helariutta Y, Kangasjärvi J. Author Correction: Genome sequencing and population genomic analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1187-1189. [PMID: 31197270 PMCID: PMC8076037 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Salojärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sitaram Rajaraman
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Omid Safronov
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pezhman Safdari
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Lamminmäki
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Immanen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tianying Lan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jaakko Tanskanen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pasi Rastas
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ali Amiryousefi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute of Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juhana I Kammonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Risto Hagqvist
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Haapastensyrjä, Läyliäinen, Finland
| | - Gugan Eswaran
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viivi Helena Ahonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Work Environment Laboratories, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juan Alonso Serra
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fred O Asiegbu
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Daniel Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olga Blokhina
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Blomster
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Broholm
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, and Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fuqiang Cui
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Forest Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chris Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearnysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sanna E Ehonen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Elomaa
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sacha Escamez
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Fagerstedt
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hiroaki Fujii
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Unité AGRI'TERR, UniLaSalle, Campus de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Peter J Gollan
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Halimaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pekka I Heino
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Courtney Hollender
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Kearnysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leila Kauppinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Colin T Kelleher
- DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sari Kontunen-Soppela
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - J Patrik Koskinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Blueprint Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andriy Kovalchuk
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa O Kärenlampi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna K Kärkönen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kean-Jin Lim
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Leppälä
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lee Macpherson
- Department of Haemato-oncology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriina Mouhu
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Tapio Palva
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ville Pennanen
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Puhakainen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Péter Poczai
- Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Boy J H M Possen
- Management and Production of Renewable Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland.,Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matleena Punkkinen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona M Rahikainen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Management and Production of Renewable Resources, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raili Ruonala
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Agricultural and Food Science/Scientific Agricultural Society of Finland, Lemu, Finland
| | | | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maija Sierla
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo P Sipilä
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Sutela
- Genetics and Physiology Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Teemu H Teeri
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja I Tervahauta
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aleksia Vaattovaara
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Vahala
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lidia Vetchinnikova
- Forest Research Institute Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Annikki Welling
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Royal Haskoning DHV, Maastricht Airport, Beek, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Wrzaczek
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enjun Xu
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Chemistry and Toxicology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars G Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alan H Schulman
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Lascoux
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Center and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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8
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Hagner M, Mikola J, Saloniemi I, Saikkonen K, Helander M. Effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on soil animal trophic groups and associated ecosystem functioning in a northern agricultural field. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8540. [PMID: 31189896 PMCID: PMC6561955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite an increasing concern of consequences of using vast amounts of glyphosate-based herbicides in agroecosystems, their potential effects on non-target soil organisms and soil functioning are mostly unknown. It has also been argued that fields in northern latitudes should be under special surveillance as the short active period of decomposers may restrict glyphosate degradation. We investigated the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup, on the abundance of enchytraeids and nematodes, both essential groups in decomposer food webs, and plant litter mass loss and soil availability of mineral N in a two-year agricultural field setting in south-west Finland. Our experiment consisted of (1) non-treated weed plots, (2) plots, where weeds were killed by hoeing, and (3) plots treated with both Roundup and hoeing. We found that killing plants by hoeing had drastic effects on soil fauna and functioning, and apparently, distinguishing these effects from direct glyphosate effects is profoundly important when evaluating glyphosate risks in soils. In contrast, the effects of Roundup on soil fauna and functioning were minor and transient and no glyphosate remains were found in the soil at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that side-effects can be minor and glyphosate degradation effective also in soil under northern climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleena Hagner
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
- Plant Health, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 31600, Jokioinen, Finland.
| | - Juha Mikola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Irma Saloniemi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
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9
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Mikola J, Silfver T, Paaso U, Possen BJMH, Rousi M. Leaf N resorption efficiency and litter N mineralization rate have a genotypic tradeoff in a silver birch population. Ecology 2018; 99:1227-1235. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juha Mikola
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme University of Helsinki Niemenkatu 73 15140 Lahti Finland
| | - Tarja Silfver
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme University of Helsinki Niemenkatu 73 15140 Lahti Finland
| | - Ulla Paaso
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme University of Helsinki Niemenkatu 73 15140 Lahti Finland
| | - Boy J. M. H. Possen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Finlandiantie 18 58450 Punkaharju Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Latokartanonkaari 9 00790 Helsinki Finland
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10
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Rousi M, Possen BJMH, Ruotsalainen S, Silfver T, Mikola J. Temperature and soil fertility as regulators of tree line Scots pine growth and survival-implications for the acclimation capacity of northern populations. Glob Chang Biol 2018; 24:e545-e559. [PMID: 29055160 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The acclimation capacity of leading edge tree populations is crucially important in a warming climate. Theoretical considerations suggest that adaptation through genetic change is needed, but this may be a slow process. Both positive and catastrophic outcomes have been predicted, while empirical studies have lagged behind theory development. Here we present results of a 30-year study of 55,000 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees, planted in 15 common gardens in three consecutive years near and beyond the present Scots pine tree line. Our results show that, contrary to earlier predictions, even long-distance transfers to the North can be successful when soil fertility is high. This suggests that present northern populations have a very high acclimation capacity. We also found that while temperature largely controls Scots pine growth, soil nutrient availability plays an important role-in concert with interpopulation genetic variation-in Scots pine survival and fitness in tree line conditions. These results suggest that rapid range expansions and substantial growth enhancements of Scots pine are possible in fertile sites as seed production and soil nutrient mineralization are both known to increase under a warming climate. Finally, as the ontogenetic pattern of tree mortality was highly site specific and unpredictable, our results emphasize the need for long-term field trials when searching for the factors that control fitness of trees in the variable edaphic and climatic conditions of the far North.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Rousi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Tarja Silfver
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Lahti, Finland
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11
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Paaso U, Keski-Saari S, Keinänen M, Karvinen H, Silfver T, Rousi M, Mikola J. Intrapopulation Genotypic Variation of Foliar Secondary Chemistry during Leaf Senescence and Litter Decomposition in Silver Birch ( Betula pendula). Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:1074. [PMID: 28694813 PMCID: PMC5483462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Abundant secondary metabolites, such as condensed tannins, and their interpopulation genotypic variation can remain through plant leaf senescence and affect litter decomposition. Whether the intrapopulation genotypic variation of a more diverse assortment of secondary metabolites equally persists through leaf senescence and litter decomposition is not well understood. We analyzed concentrations of intracellular phenolics, epicuticular flavonoid aglycones, epicuticular triterpenoids, condensed tannins, and lignin in green leaves, senescent leaves and partly decomposed litter of silver birch, Betula pendula. Broad-sense heritability (H2) and coefficient of genotypic variation (CVG) were estimated for metabolites in senescent leaves and litter using 19 genotypes selected from a B. pendula population in southern Finland. We found that most of the secondary metabolites remained through senescence and decomposition and that their persistence was related to their chemical properties. Intrapopulation H2 and CVG for intracellular phenolics, epicuticular flavonoid aglycones and condensed tannins were high and remarkably, increased from senescent leaves to decomposed litter. The rank of genotypes in metabolite concentrations was persistent through litter decomposition. Lignin was an exception, however, with a diminishing genotypic variation during decomposition, and the concentrations of lignin and condensed tannins had a negative genotypic correlation in the senescent leaves. Our results show that secondary metabolites and their intrapopulation genotypic variation can for the most part remain through leaf senescence and early decomposition, which is a prerequisite for initial litter quality to predict variation in litter decomposition rates. Persistent genotypic variation also opens an avenue for selection to impact litter decomposition in B. pendula populations through acting on their green foliage secondary chemistry. The negative genotypic correlations and diminishing heritability of lignin concentrations may, however, counteract this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Paaso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandJoensuu, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern FinlandJoensuu, Finland
| | - Heini Karvinen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
| | - Tarja Silfver
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of HelsinkiLahti, Finland
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12
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Simpanen S, Dahl M, Gerlach M, Mikkonen A, Malk V, Mikola J, Romantschuk M. Biostimulation proved to be the most efficient method in the comparison of in situ soil remediation treatments after a simulated oil spill accident. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:25024-25038. [PMID: 27677992 PMCID: PMC5124059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of in situ techniques in soil remediation is still rare in Finland and most other European countries due to the uncertainty of the effectiveness of the techniques especially in cold regions and also due to their potential side effects on the environment. In this study, we compared the biostimulation, chemical oxidation, and natural attenuation treatments in natural conditions and pilot scale during a 16-month experiment. A real fuel spill accident was used as a model for experiment setup and soil contamination. We found that biostimulation significantly decreased the contaminant leachate into the water, including also the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). The total NAPL leachate was 19 % lower in the biostimulation treatment that in the untreated soil and 34 % lower in the biostimulation than oxidation treatment. Soil bacterial growth and community changes were first observed due to the increased carbon content via oil amendment and later due to the enhanced nutrient content via biostimulation. Overall, the most effective treatment for fresh contaminated soil was biostimulation, which enhanced the biodegradation of easily available oil in the mobile phase and consequently reduced contaminant leakage through the soil. The chemical oxidation did not enhance soil cleanup and resulted in the mobilization of contaminants. Our results suggest that biostimulation can decrease or even prevent oil migration in recently contaminated areas and can thus be considered as a potentially safe in situ treatment also in groundwater areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Simpanen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Mari Dahl
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Magdalena Gerlach
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Anu Mikkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9 C, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Vuokko Malk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
- Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, Patteristonkatu 3, 50100, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Martin Romantschuk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
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13
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Silfver T, Paaso U, Rasehorn M, Rousi M, Mikola J. Genotype × herbivore effect on leaf litter decomposition in Betula Pendula saplings: ecological and evolutionary consequences and the role of secondary metabolites. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116806. [PMID: 25622034 PMCID: PMC4306545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic variation and herbivores can both influence ecosystem functioning by affecting the quantity and quality of leaf litter. Few studies have, however, investigated the effects of herbivore load on litter decomposition at plant genotype level. We reduced insect herbivory using an insecticide on one half of field-grown Betula Pendula saplings of 17 genotypes, representing random intrapopulation genetic variation, and allowed insects to naturally colonize the other half. We hypothesized that due to induced herbivore defence, saplings under natural herbivory produce litter of higher concentrations of secondary metabolites (terpenes and soluble phenolics) and have slower litter decomposition rate than saplings under reduced herbivory. We found that leaf damage was 89 and 53% lower in the insecticide treated saplings in the summer and autumn surveys, respectively, which led to 73% higher litter production. Litter decomposition rate was also affected by herbivore load, but the effect varied from positive to negative among genotypes and added up to an insignificant net effect at the population level. In contrast to our hypothesis, concentrations of terpenes and soluble phenolics were higher under reduced than natural herbivory. Those genotypes, whose leaves were most injured by herbivores, produced litter of lowest mass loss, but unlike we expected, the concentrations of terpenes and soluble phenolics were not linked to either leaf damage or litter decomposition. Our results show that (1) the genetic and herbivore effects on B. pendula litter decomposition are not mediated through variation in terpene or soluble phenolic concentrations and suggest that (2) the presumably higher insect herbivore pressure in the future warmer climate will not, at the ecological time scale, affect the mean decomposition rate in genetically diverse B. pendula populations. However, (3) due to the significant genetic variation in the response of decomposition to herbivory, evolutionary changes in mean decomposition rate are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Silfver
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Ulla Paaso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Mira Rasehorn
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, FI-15140 Lahti, Finland
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14
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Enari TM, Mikola J, Linko M. RESTRICTION OF PROTEOLYSIS IN MASHING BY USING A MIXTURE OF BARLEY AND MALT. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1964.tb02008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Mikola J, Enari TM. CHANGES IN THE CONTENTS OP BARLEY PROTEOLYTIC INHIBITORS DURING MALTING AND MASHING. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1970.tb03280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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17
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Pragnell MJ, Jones M, Pierce JS, Mikola J, Enari TM. INCORPORATION OF U-14C- AND15N-LEUCINE BY EXCISED BARLEY EMBRYOS. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1969.tb03240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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19
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Sopanen T, Takkinen P, Mikola J, Enari TM. RATE-LIMITING ENZYMES IN THE LIBERATION OF AMINO ACIDS IN MASHING. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1980.tb06868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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21
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Nykänen A, Kontio H, Klutas O, Penttinen OP, Kostia S, Mikola J, Romantschuk M. Increasing lake water and sediment oxygen levels using slow release peroxide. Sci Total Environ 2012; 429:317-24. [PMID: 22591992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sediment and hypolimnion of many Finnish lakes suffer from anoxia due to increasing nutrient loading. The aim of this research was to develop a method for increasing the oxygen level using granulated calcium peroxide (CaO₂) as a slow oxygen releasing compound. This compound releases oxygen (O₂) in a reaction with water during 5 to 7 months. The method was tested in both laboratory and field conditions. In the field test granulated CaO₂ were then spread manually from a rowing boat over the whole surface of the test pond. The granules sink onto and into the sediment. No mixing was needed. The dissolved oxygen concentration increased significantly during a laboratory experiment with a CaO₂ amendment of 75 g m⁻² and in a pond experiment with a CaO₂ amendment of 50 g m⁻². In the pond experiment, the effect was visible for the entire 40-week experiment. In the laboratory, the abundance of aerobic bacteria increased in the sediment after CaO₂ addition, while the pond experiment gave more mixed results. The organic matter content of the sediment did not change during the experiment in the control pond, but decreased from 18% to 4% in the pond with the CaO₂ amendment. This was possibly due to enhanced microbial activity in the test pond. Although the results show improved oxygen concentrations and effects on the sediment organic matter following CaO₂ amendment, the usability of this method in larger lakes remains to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Nykänen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
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22
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Sinkkonen A, Somerkoski E, Paaso U, Holopainen JK, Rousi M, Mikola J. Genotypic variation in yellow autumn leaf colours explains aphid load in silver birch. New Phytol 2012; 195:461-469. [PMID: 22548444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• It has been suggested that autumn-migrating insects drive the evolution of autumn leaf colours. However, evidence of genetic variation in autumn leaf colours in natural tree populations and the link between the genetic variation and herbivore abundances has been lacking. • Here, we measured the size of the whole aphid community and the development of green-yellow leaf colours in six replicate trees of 19 silver birch (Betula pendula) genotypes at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of autumn colouration. We also calculated the difference between green leaf and leaf litter nitrogen (N) and estimated the changes in phloem sap N loading. • Autumn leaf colouration had significant genetic variation. During the last survey, genotypes that expressed the strongest leaf reflectance 2-4 wk earlier had an abundance of egg-laying Euceraphis betulae females. Surprisingly, the aphid community size during the first surveys explained N loss by the litter of different birch genotypes. • Our results are the first evidence at the tree intrapopulation genotypic level that autumn-migrating pests have the potential to drive the evolution of autumn leaf colours. They also stress the importance of recognizing the role of late-season tree-insect interactions in the evolution of herbivory resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sinkkonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Eeva Somerkoski
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Ulla Paaso
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
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23
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Bezemer TM, Fountain MT, Barea JM, Christensen S, Dekker SC, Duyts H, van Hal R, Harvey JA, Hedlund K, Maraun M, Mikola J, Mladenov AG, Robin C, de Ruiter PC, Scheu S, Setälä H, Šmilauer P, van der Putten WH. Divergent composition but similar function of soil food webs of individual plants: plant species and community effects. Ecology 2010; 91:3027-36. [DOI: 10.1890/09-2198.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. T. Fountain
- Science Department, East Malling Research, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ United Kingdom
| | - J. M. Barea
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - S. Christensen
- Copenhagen University, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Ø. Farimagsgade 2D, DK 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S. C. Dekker
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H. Duyts
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands
| | - R. van Hal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands
| | - K. Hedlund
- Department of Ecology, Lund University, S 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Maraun
- Georg August University of Goettingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - J. Mikola
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - A. G. Mladenov
- Biodiversity Department, Central Laboratory of General Ecology, 2, Yurii Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - C. Robin
- Nancy Université, (INPL)-INRA, Agronomie et Environment, Nancy-Colmar, BP 172, F-54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - P. C. de Ruiter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80115, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Soil Centre, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S. Scheu
- Georg August University of Goettingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Goettingen, Germany
| | - H. Setälä
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - P. Šmilauer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - W. H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 8123, 6700 ES Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Nykänen AM, Hämäläinen N, Kostia S, Mikola J, Romantschuk M. Reduction of odorants in swine manure by carbohydrate and bacterial amendments. J Environ Qual 2010; 39:678-685. [PMID: 20176840 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Malodors from pig manure storage pits are a problem lacking a cost-efficient solution particularly for small pig (Sus domestica) farms. The objective of this study was to reduce emissions of noxious odorants by changing the conditions in the pig manure to favor an altered microbial community. Sugars (maltose, lactose, and saccharose), carbohydrate-rich waste (maltose syrup and wheat flour), and bacterial amendments (Lactobacillus plantarum and L. amylophilus) were tested for their effect on manure pH, bacterial community, and gaseous emissions. In laboratory experiments, a permanent pH reduction was achieved with all carbohydrates when added to a 5% final concentration. Maltose significantly decreased emissions of sulfur-containing compounds, whereas bacterial amendments had little effect on odorants. Lactobacilli were found in manure receiving carbohydrate amendments alone, but Clostridiales, Bacteroidetes, and Enterobacteriaceae were observed in all treatments (including the control). At the mesocosm (60 L) level, maltose syrup and wheat flour amendments caused clear pH reductions in manure, whereas L. plantarum and L. amylophilus had no additional effect. The addition of maltose syrup and wheat flour to a manure storage pit (600 m(3)) lowered the pH slightly. When the manure was spread onto the fields, the observed reduction in odor was found to be reversible, and the release of malodors was delayed rather than eliminated. We conclude that these methods require further development to produce a reliable technical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Nykänen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland
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Ilmarinen K, Mikola J. Soil feedback does not explain mowing effects on vegetation structure in a semi-natural grassland. Acta Oecologica 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Saj S, Mikola J, Ekelund F. Species-specific effects of live roots and shoot litter on soil decomposer abundances do not forecast plant litter-nitrogen uptake. Oecologia 2009; 161:331-41. [PMID: 19484477 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1380-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant species produce litter of varying quality and differ in the quality and quantity of compounds they release from live roots, which both can induce different decomposer growth in the soil. To test whether differences in decomposer growth can forecast the amount of N species acquire from plant litter, as suggested by theory, we grew individuals of three grassland plants-Holcus lanatus, Plantago lanceolata and Lotus corniculatus-in soils into which (15)N-labelled litter of either Holcus, Plantago or Lotus was added. We measured the effects of live roots and litter of each species on soil microbes and their protozoan and nematode feeders, and to link decomposer growth and plant nutrient uptake, we measured the amount of N taken up by plants from the added litter. We hypothesised that those species that induce the highest growth of microbes, and especially that of microbial feeders, will also take up the highest amount of N from the litter. We found, however, that although numbers of bacterial-feeding Protozoa and nematodes were on average lower after addition of Holcus than Plantago or Lotus litter, N uptake was higher from Holcus litter. Further, although the effects on Protozoa and bacterial- and fungal-feeding nematodes did not differ between the live plants, litter-N uptake differed, with Holcus being the most efficient compared to Plantago and Lotus. Hence, although microbes and their feeders unquestionably control N mineralization in the soil, and their growth differs among plant species, these differences cannot predict differences in litter-N uptake among plant species. A likely reason is that for nutrient uptake, other species-specific plant traits, such as litter chemistry, root proliferation ability and competitiveness for soil N, override in significance the species-specific ability of plants to induce decomposer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Saj
- Department of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, Lahti, Finland.
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Mikola J, Setälä H, Virkajärvi P, Saarijärvi K, Ilmarinen K, Voigt W, Vestberg M. Defoliation and patchy nutrient return drive grazing effects on plant and soil properties in a dairy cow pasture. ECOL MONOGR 2009. [DOI: 10.1890/08-1846.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Ilmarinen K, Mikola J, Nissinen K, Vestberg M. Role of Soil Organisms in the Maintenance of Species-Rich Seminatural Grasslands through Mowing. Restor Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Silfver T, Mikola J, Rousi M, Roininen H, Oksanen E. Leaf litter decomposition differs among genotypes in a local Betula pendula population. Oecologia 2007; 152:707-14. [PMID: 17361453 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ecosystem processes, such as plant litter decomposition, are known to be partly genetically determined, but the magnitude of genetic variation within local populations is still poorly known. We used micropropagated field-grown saplings of 19 Betula pendula genotypes, representing genetic variation in a natural birch population, to examine (1) whether genotype can explain variation in leaf litter decomposition within a local plant population, and (2) whether genotypic variation in litter decomposition is associated with genotypic variation in other plant attributes. We found that a local B. pendula population can have substantial genotypic variation in leaf litter mass loss at the early stages of the decomposition process and that this variation can be associated with genotypic variation in herbivore resistance and leaf concentrations of soluble proteins and total nitrogen (N). Our results are among the first to show that fundamental ecosystem processes can be significantly affected by truly intraspecific genetic variation of a plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarja Silfver
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Mikola J. Biological Diversity and Function in Soils D. R. Bardgett, M. B. Usher, D. W. Hopkins . 2005. Biological Diversity and Function in Soils. Cambridge University Press.xiv+. 411 17 × 24.5 cm, softcover, US$65.00. ISBN: 0-521-60987-9. Ecoscience 2006. [DOI: 10.2980/1195-6860(2006)13[557:bdafis]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hokka V, Mikola J, Vestberg M, Setälä H. Interactive effects of defoliation and an AM fungus on plants and soil organisms in experimental legume-grass communities. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mikola J, Barker GM, Wardle DA. Linking above-ground and below-ground effects in autotrophic microcosms: effects of shading and defoliation on plant and soil properties. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.890318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mikola J, Yeates GW, Barker GM, Wardle DA, Bonner KI. Effects of defoliation intensity on soil food-web properties in an experimental grassland community. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.920216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mikola J, Salonen V, Setälä H. Studying the effects of plant species richness on ecosystem functioning: does the choice of experimental design matter? Oecologia 2002; 133:594-598. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-002-1077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2002] [Accepted: 09/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Setala H, Kulmala P, Mikola J, Markkola AM. Influence of Ectomycorrhiza on the Structure of Detrital Food Webs in Pine Rhizosphere. OIKOS 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/3547002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mikola J, Setälä H, Setala H. Relating Species Diversity to Ecosystem Functioning: Mechanistic Backgrounds and Experimental Approach with a Decomposer Food Web. OIKOS 1998. [DOI: 10.2307/3546560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nyman S, Sopanen T, Mikola J. Regulation of development of leucine uptake activity by glutamine in the scutellum of germinating barley grain. Plant Physiol 1983; 73:135-41. [PMID: 16663162 PMCID: PMC1066422 DOI: 10.1104/pp.73.1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Scutella from ungerminated grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Pirkka) take up leucine at a slow rate, which increases rapidly during germination. When endosperms were removed from the grains after imbibition for 4 hours or after germination for 12 or 72 hours, the increase in the rate of leucine uptake was greatly accelerated during subsequent incubation of the embryos or scutella. These increases were rapidly inhibited by cordycepin and cycloheximide, suggesting that protein synthesis, probably synthesis of the carrier protein, was required for the development of the uptake activity.In separated embryos or scutella, the increases in the leucine uptake activity were inhibited by glutamine. The inhibitions caused by glutamine and cycloheximide were not additive, suggesting that glutamine did not interfere with the function of the carrier but repressed its synthesis. Glutamine did not inhibit the simultaneous increase in peptide uptake; in this respect, its effect was specific for leucine uptake, which appears to be due to a general amino acid uptake system.Some other protein amino acids also inhibited the increase in leucine uptake without inhibiting the increase in peptide uptake. However, these effects were smaller than that of glutamine.These results suggest that the transfer of leucine (and other amino acids) from the endosperm to the seedling in a germinating barley grain is regulated at the uptake step by repression of the synthesis of the amino acid carrier protein by glutamine and-possibly to a lesser extent-by some other amino acids taken up from the endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nyman
- Biotechnical Laboratory, Technical Research Centre of Finland, SF-02150 Espoo 15, Finland
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Mikola L, Mikola J. Mobilization of proline in the starchy endosperm of germinating barley grain. Planta 1980; 149:149-154. [PMID: 24306246 DOI: 10.1007/bf00380876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/1979] [Accepted: 03/04/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In germinating grains of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Himalaya, free proline accumulated in the starchy endosperm during the period of rapid mobilization of reserve proteins. When starchy endosperms were separated from germinating grains and homogenized in a dilute buffer of pH 5 (the pH of the starchy endosperm), the liberation of proline continued in these suspensions. The process was completely inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, indicating that it was totally dependent on serine carboxy-peptidases. The carboxypeptidases present in the starchy endosperms of germinating grains were fractionated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Four peaks were obtained, all with different activity spectra on the seven carbobenzoxydipeptides (Z-dipeptides) tested. Two of the peaks corresponded to previously known barley carboxypeptidases; these as well as a third peak hydrolyzed substrates of the types Z-X-Y and Z-X-Pro (X and Y denote any amino acid residue except proline). The fourth peak corresponded to a proline carboxypeptidase specific for substrates of the Z-Pro-X type. Apparently, in the hydrolysis of longer proline-containing peptides there must be sequential cooperation between the two carboxypeptidase types. The carboxypeptidases in extracts of starchy endosperms also liberated proline from the peptides Ala-Ala-Ala-Pro and Ala-Ala-Pro while Ala-Pro and Pro-Ala were not attacked. The dipeptides, however, were rapidly hydrolyzed around pH 7 by extracts prepared from the scutella of germinating grains. It is concluded that one part of the proline residues of the reserve proteins is liberated in situ in the starchy endosperm through the combined action of acid proteinases and carboxypeptidases, while another part is taken up in the form of small peptides by the scutellum, where proline is liberated by amino- and/or dipeptidases in some "neutral compartment".
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mikola
- Department of Biology, University of Jyväskylä, SF-40100, Jyväskylä 10, Finland
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Abstract
A peptidase acting on Leu-Gly-Gly and Leu-Tyr at pH 8 to 10 was purified about 670-fold from germinated grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Gel electrophoretic analyses indicated a purity of about 90%. The purified enzyme is remarkably similar to mammalian leucine aminopeptidases (EC 3.4.1.1) both in chemical and in enzymatic properties. It has a sedimentation constant of 12.7S and a molecular weight of about 260,000. The enzyme has a high activity on leucine amide and di- and tripeptides with N-terminal leucine or methionine; leucyl-beta-naphthylamide, in contrast, is hydrolyzed very slowly. The enzyme also liberates N-terminal amino acids from the insulin B chain. The pH optima for the hydrolysis of different substrates depend on the buffers used; highest reaction rates are generally obtained at pH 8.5 to 10.5. Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) ions stabilize (and probably activate) the enzyme. In contrast to mammalian leucine aminopeptidases, the barley enzyme is inactivated in the absence of reducing sulfydryl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sopanen
- Technical Research Centre of Finland, Biotechnical Laboratory, Helsinki 18, Finland
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Abstract
Germinating barley grains contain at least eight different peptidases: three carboxypeptidase (pH optima 4.8, 5.2, and 5.7), three aminopeptidases which act on aminoacyl-β-naphthylamides (pH opitima in the hydrolysis of di- and tripeptides at pH 5.8-6.5), and two peptidases which hydrolyse Ala-Gly and Leu-Tyr optimally at pH 7.8 and 8.6 respectively. We have determined the activities of these enzymes in the different tissues of non-germinated grains and followed the changes in the activities during a 5-day germination at 16°C.The aleurone layers contain high activities of all three groups of peptidases; there are no changes in the activities of the five aminopeptidases on germination, while the carboxypeptidases exhibit a small increase of activity. The starchy endosperms contain high carboxypeptidase activities, which increase during germination, but are totally devoid of the five aminopeptidases.All the peptidases exhibit high activities in the scutella; the carboxypeptidases and the enzymes acting on Ala-Gly and Leu-Tyr increase in activity during germination, while the "naphthylamidase" activities remain constant.The three peptidase groups occur in the seedling as well, but compared to the other tissues the carboxypeptidase activities are very small and the "naphthylamidase" activities are very high. The last-named enzymes seem to be characteristic for growing tissues.The starchy endosperm contains about two thirds of the total reserve proteins of the grain. Its internal pH during germination is 5.0-5.2, a value at which all the carboxypeptidases are highly active. As these enzymes are present in high concentrations in this tissue, it is probable that they have a central role in the mobilization of the reserve proteins during germination. The high peptidase activities of the scutellum, on the other hand, suggest that some of the hydrolysis products are absorbed as peptides and these are further hydrolysed to amino acids in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikola
- Biotechnical Laboratory, The State Institute for Technical Research, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
The three groups of proteolytic inhibitors present in resting barley grains, namely, trypsin inhibitors, Aspergillus-proteinase inhibitors, and inhibitors of endogenous proteinases, occur in both the embryo and the two endosperm tissues. There are pronounced quantitative differences, however. The three inhibitor activities in the embryo are, respectively, 6-, 0.1-, and 6-fold of those in the endosperm.During germination at 20° all inhibitor activities disappear from the endosperms in 4-5 days. Young rootlets and coleoptiles contain inhibitors of trypsin and Aspergillus proteinase, but these disappear after 4-5 days' germination. However, the trypsin inhibitor content per seedlings remains roughly constant through the whole period. The Aspergillus-proteinase inhibitors, in contrast, exhibit a pronounced increase of activity per seedling.No inhibitor activities were detected in leaves and roots at later stages of growth.The trypsin inhibitor which we have earlier purified from resting grains occurs exclusively in the two endospermal tissues and is immunologically entirely different from the trypsin inhibitors present in embryos and young seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kirsi
- Department of Botany, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
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