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Total p-PAH Levels Nearby a Complex Industrial Area: A Tailored Monitoring Experiment to Assess the Impact of Emission Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, data on the hourly concentrations of the total particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) collected between 1 August 2013 and 31 August 2014 by the air quality fence monitoring network of the biggest European steel plant, were analyzed. In contrast with what was predicted, the total p-PAH concentration did not decrease with distance from the steel plant, and higher concentrations were registered at the Orsini site, in the urban settlement, relative to the Parchi site, which is nearest to the coke ovens. Therefore, in order to identify and explain the cause of these high concentrations, a tailored monitoring experiment was carried out on a specific monitoring pathway by using a total p-PAHs monitor placed onto a cart. The real-time monitoring of the total p-PAH concentration on the road revealed to be a useful tool, which identified vehicular traffic as an important source of p-PAHs and highlighted the possible high short-term effect that vehicular traffic sources could have on the health of the exposed human population. Moreover, the study focused attention on the importance of the spatial representativeness of fixed monitoring stations, especially in a highly complex industrial area such as Taranto (Southern Italy).
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Estrella B, Sempértegui F, Franco OH, Cepeda M, Naumova EN. Air pollution control and the occurrence of acute respiratory illness in school children of Quito, Ecuador. J Public Health Policy 2019; 40:17-34. [PMID: 30377300 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-018-0148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of air quality management and control, traffic-related air pollution has declined in Quito, Ecuador. We evaluated the effect of a city-wide 5-year air pollution control program on the occurrence of acute respiratory illness (ARI). We compared two studies conducted at the same location in Quito: in 2000, 2 years before the policy to control vehicle emission was introduced, and in 2007. Each study involved ~ 730 children aged 6-12 years, observed for 15 weeks. We examined associations between carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) serum concentration-an exposure proxy for carbon monoxide (CO)-ambient CO, and ARI in both cohorts. In 2007, we found a 48% reduction in the ARI incidence (RR 0.52; 95% CI 0.45-0.62, p < 0.0001), and 92% decrease in the percentage of children with COHb > 2.5% as compared to the 2000 study. We found no association between COHb concentrations above the safe level of 2.5% and the ARI incidence (p = 0.736). The decline in air pollution due to vehicle emissions control was associated with a lower incidence of respiratory illness in school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Estrella
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central Ecuador, Luis Sodiro sn, 170136, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Fernando Sempértegui
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central Ecuador, Luis Sodiro sn, 170136, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda Cepeda
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena N Naumova
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Evaluation of Sources and Patterns of Elemental Composition of PM 2.5 at Three Low-Income Neighborhood Schools and Residences in Quito, Ecuador. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017. [PMID: 28644400 PMCID: PMC5551112 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Elemental characterization of fine particulate matter was undertaken at schools and residences in three low income neighborhoods in Quito, Ecuador. The three zones were located in the northern (Cotocollao), south central (El Camal), and south east (Los Chillos) neighborhoods and were classified as zones 1–3, respectively. Forty elements were quantified via ICP-MS analysis. Amongst the geogenic elements, the concentration of Si was the most abundant followed by S, Al, and Ca. Elements with predominantly anthropogenic sources such as Zn, V, and Ni were higher in zone 3 school followed by zone 2 and zone 1 schools. Enrichment factors were calculated to study the role of crustal sources in the elemental concentrations. Geogenic elements, except K, all had values <10 and anthropogenic elements such as Ni, V, Zn, Pb, As, Cr had >10. Principal Component Analysis suggested that Ni and V concentrations were strongly attributable to pet coke and heavy oil combustion. Strong associations between As and Pb could be attributed to traffic and other industrial emissions. Resuspended dust, soil erosion, vehicular emissions (tailpipe, brake and tire wear, and engine abrasion), pet coke, heavy oil combustion, and heavy industrial operations were major contributors to air pollution.
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Raysoni AU, Armijos RX, Weigel MM, Montoya T, Eschanique P, Racines M, Li WW. Assessment of indoor and outdoor PM species at schools and residences in a high-altitude Ecuadorian urban center. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:668-679. [PMID: 27149144 PMCID: PMC4893982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An air monitoring campaign to assess children's environmental exposures in schools and residences, both indoors and outdoors, was conducted in 2010 in three low-income neighborhoods in Z1 (north), Z2 (central), and Z3 (southeast) zones of Quito, Ecuador - a major urban center of 2.2 million inhabitants situated 2850 m above sea level in a narrow mountainous basin. Z1 zone, located in northern Quito, historically experienced emissions from quarries and moderate traffic. Z2 zone was influenced by heavy traffic in contrast to Z3 zone which experienced low traffic densities. Weekly averages of PM samples were collected at schools (one in each zone) and residences (Z1 = 47, Z2 = 45, and Z3 = 41) every month, over a twelve-month period at the three zones. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 10.6 ± 4.9 μg/m(3) (Z1 school) to 29.0 ± 30.5 μg/m(3) (Z1 residences) and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations varied from 10.9 ± 3.2 μg/m(3) (Z1 school) to 14.3 ± 10.1 μg/m(3) (Z2 residences), across the three zones. The lowest values for PM10-2.5 for indoor and outdoor microenvironments were recorded at Z2 school, 5.7 ± 2.8 μg/m(3) and 7.9 ± 2.2 μg/m(3), respectively. Outdoor school PM concentrations exhibited stronger associations with corresponding indoor values making them robust proxies for indoor exposures in naturally ventilated Quito public schools. Correlation analysis between the school and residential PM size fractions and the various pollutant and meteorological parameters from central ambient monitoring (CAM) sites suggested varying degrees of temporal relationship. Strong positive correlation was observed for outdoor PM2.5 at Z2 school and its corresponding CAM site (r = 0.77) suggesting common traffic related emissions. Spatial heterogeneity in PM2.5 concentrations between CAM network and sampled sites was assessed using Coefficient of Divergence (COD) analysis. COD values were lower when CAM sites were paired with outdoor measurements (<0.2) and higher when CAM and indoor values were compared (>0.2), suggesting that CAM network in Quito may not represent actual indoor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit U Raysoni
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Rodrigo X Armijos
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Proyecto Prometeo, Secretaria de Education Superior, Ciencia y Tecnologia (SENESCYT), Quito, Ecuador; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - M Margaret Weigel
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Proyecto Prometeo, Secretaria de Education Superior, Ciencia y Tecnologia (SENESCYT), Quito, Ecuador; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Teresa Montoya
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | | | - Marcia Racines
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Wen-Whai Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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Greenwald R, Bergin MH, Yip F, Boehmer T, Kewada P, Shafer MM, Schauer JJ, Sarnat JA. On-Roadway In-Cabin Exposure to Particulate Matter: Measurement Results Using Both Continuous and Time-Integrated Sampling Approaches. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2014; 48:664-675. [PMID: 35923760 PMCID: PMC9345602 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2014.912745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Atlanta Commuters Exposure (ACE) Study was designed to measure in-cabin exposure to roadway particulate pollution and acute health response in a panel of adults with and without asthma following a 2-h scripted route along major highways in Atlanta. This article focuses on methods and results of both continuous and integrated approaches used to measure the concentration of PM2.5 mass, particle number concentration (PNC), black carbon (BC) mass, and particle-bound PAHs, in-cabin noise, PM elemental composition, elemental carbon, organic carbon, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) content, and speciation of a broad range of organic compounds including alkanes, hopanes, and PAHs. Speciated PM data indicates that in-cabin particles derive from three non-co-varying processes: the resuspension of road dust containing crustal elements and previously-deposited brake pad residue with a contribution of normal fuel combustion, incomplete combustion processes producing PAHs and carbon particles, and particles ablated from brake pads that have not previously deposited to the roadside environment. Most in-cabin pollutants were elevated during the warm season with the notable exception of PNC. PNC was not found to be correlated with most other pollutants. In-cabin concentrations were marginally higher when windows were open.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roby Greenwald
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael H. Bergin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Fuyuen Yip
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tegan Boehmer
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Priya Kewada
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Martin M. Shafer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James J. Schauer
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Harris AM, Sempértegui F, Estrella B, Narváez X, Egas J, Woodin M, Durant JL, Naumova EN, Griffiths JK. Air pollution and anemia as risk factors for pneumonia in Ecuadorian children: a retrospective cohort analysis. Environ Health 2011; 10:93. [PMID: 22050924 PMCID: PMC3223143 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-10-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollution and malnutrition, particularly anemia, are risk factors for pneumonia, a leading cause of death in children under five. We simultaneously assessed these risk factors in Quito, Ecuador. METHODS In 2005, we studied two socioeconomically similar neighborhoods in Quito: Lucha de los Pobres (LP) and Jaime Roldos (JR). LP had relatively high levels of air pollution (annual median PM2.5 = 20.4 μg/m3; NO2 = 29.5 μg/m3) compared to JR (annual median PM2.5 = 15.3 μg/m3; NO2 = 16.6 μg/m3). We enrolled 408 children from LP (more polluted) and 413 children from JR (less polluted). All subjects were aged 18-42 months. We obtained medical histories of prior physician visits and hospitalizations during the previous year, anthropometric nutrition data, hemoglobin levels, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation via oximetry. RESULTS In anemic children, higher pollution exposure was significantly associated with pneumonia hospitalization (OR = 6.82, 95%CI = 1.45-32.00; P = 0.015). In non-anemic children, no difference in hospitalizations by pollution exposure status was detected (OR = 1.04, NS). Children exposed to higher levels of air pollution had more pneumonia hospitalizations (OR = 3.68, 1.09-12.44; P = 0.036), total respiratory illness (OR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.92-4.47; P < 0.001), stunting (OR = 1.88, 1.36-2.60; P < 0.001) and anemia (OR = 1.45, 1.09-1.93; P = 0.013) compared to children exposed to lower levels of air pollution. Also, children exposed to higher levels of air pollution had significantly lower oxygen saturation (92.2% ± 2.6% vs. 95.8% ± 2.2%; P < 0.0001), consistent with air pollution related dyshemoglobinemia. CONCLUSIONS Ambient air pollution is associated with rates of hospitalization for pneumonia and with physician's consultations for acute respiratory infections. Anemia may interact with air pollution to increase pneumonia hospitalizations. If confirmed in larger studies, improving nutrition-related anemia, as well as decreasing the levels of air pollution in Quito, may reduce pneumonia incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Harris
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fernando Sempértegui
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Corporación Ecuatoriana de Biotecnología, Quito, Ecuador
- Medical School, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Bertha Estrella
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Corporación Ecuatoriana de Biotecnología, Quito, Ecuador
- Medical School, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ximena Narváez
- Corporación Ecuatoriana de Biotecnología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Egas
- Corporación Ecuatoriana de Biotecnología, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Mark Woodin
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
| | - John L Durant
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Elena N Naumova
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Griffiths
- Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA, USA
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Blasco M, Domeño C, López P, Nerín C. Behaviour of different lichen species as biomonitors of air pollution by PAHs in natural ecosystems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2588-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rodriguez JH, Pignata ML, Fangmeier A, Klumpp A. Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and trace elements in the bioindicator plants Tillandsia capillaris and Lolium multiflorum exposed at PM10 monitoring stations in Stuttgart (Germany). CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:208-15. [PMID: 20493514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Tillandsia capillaris Ruiz and Pav. form capillaris and trace elements in T. capillaris and Lolium multiflorum (LAM) cv. Lema was assessed and evaluated in the city of Stuttgart, Germany. Several sites (urban, suburban and rural) categorized according to type and intensity of vehicular traffic were investigated. At these sites, plants of T. capillaris and standardized cultures of L. multiflorum were exposed to ambient air. Foliar concentrations of PAHs (16 priority pollutants according to US-EPA) and of the trace elements Br, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined. A high level of vehicular traffic was associated with the largest concentrations of PM(10) in ambient air and with the highest contents of PAHs and heavy metals in the bioindicator plants. The results showed a similar pattern between T. capillaris and the standardized biomonitor L. multiflorum. Therefore, these results allow us to propose T. capillaris as a suitable bioindicator to assess the distribution of pollution impacts caused by PAHs and trace elements in different subtropical and tropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Rodriguez
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Plant Biology, Section Pollution and Bioindicators, Faculty of Physical and Natural Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Av. Vélez Sársfield 1611, Cordoba, Argentina
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Durant JL, Ash CA, Wood EC, Herndon SC, Jayne JT, Knighton WB, Canagaratna MR, Trull JB, Brugge D, Zamore W, Kolb CE. Short-term variation in near-highway air pollutant gradients on a winter morning. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2010; 10:5599-5626. [PMID: 22427751 PMCID: PMC3304588 DOI: 10.5194/acpd-10-5599-2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants near highways is hampered by incomplete knowledge of the scales of temporal variation of pollutant gradients. The goal of this study was to characterize short-term temporal variation of vehicular pollutant gradients within 200-400 m of a major highway (>150 000 vehicles/d). Monitoring was done near Interstate 93 in Somerville (Massachusetts) from 06:00 to 11:00 on 16 January 2008 using a mobile monitoring platform equipped with instruments that measured ultrafine and fine particles (6-1000 nm, particle number concentration (PNC)); particle-phase (>30 nm) [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and organic compounds; volatile organic compounds (VOCs); and CO(2), NO, NO(2), and O(3). We observed rapid changes in pollutant gradients due to variations in highway traffic flow rate, wind speed, and surface boundary layer height. Before sunrise and peak traffic flow rates, downwind concentrations of particles, CO(2), NO, and NO(2) were highest within 100-250 m of the highway. After sunrise pollutant levels declined sharply (e.g., PNC and NO were more than halved) and the gradients became less pronounced as wind speed increased and the surface boundary layer rose allowing mixing with cleaner air aloft. The levels of aromatic VOCs and [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and organic aerosols were generally low throughout the morning, and their spatial and temporal variations were less pronounced compared to PNC and NO. O(3) levels increased throughout the morning due to mixing with O(3)-enriched air aloft and were generally lowest near the highway reflecting reaction with NO. There was little if any evolution in the size distribution of 6-225 nm particles with distance from the highway. These results suggest that to improve the accuracy of exposure estimates to near-highway pollutants, short-term (e.g., hourly) temporal variations in pollutant gradients must be measured to reflect changes in traffic patterns and local meteorology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Durant
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - C. A. Ash
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - E. C. Wood
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - J. B. Trull
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - D. Brugge
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W. Zamore
- Mystic View Task Force, Somerville, MA, USA
| | - C. E. Kolb
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
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