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He R, Qiu Z. Exposure characteristics of ultrafine particles on urban streets and its impact on pedestrians. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:735. [PMID: 36068351 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the pedestrian exposure characteristics of ultrafine particles (UFPs) on urban streets, both mobile and fixed-point monitoring experiments were conducted. A generalized additive model and a respiratory deposition dose model were used to quantify the influencing factors and potential harm of UFPs, respectively. The results showed that UFPs' hotspots were more likely to manifest at places where vehicles tend to cluster, namely at road intersections and bus stops. The pedestrian bridge had the lowest number concentration of UFPs in comparison with the pedestrian crossing and underground passage at the same intersection. Aboveground, a "weekend effect" acting upon urban streets and evidence for periodicity at the intersections were found. The UFPs' number concentration was comprehensively explained-about 62.7% of its variation-by traffic volume, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity. The UFPs were mainly deposited in the alveolar region of the respiratory system, but the deposition doses of males exceeded those of females under the same conditions. Based on these findings, the study also provides appropriate suggestions for better managing traffic pollution sources, traffic infrastructure, and traffic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong He
- School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Yucai Road, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowen Qiu
- School of Automobile, Chang'an University, Chang'an Road, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Chaudhuri S, Kumar A. Urban greenery for air pollution control: a meta-analysis of current practice, progress, and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:235. [PMID: 35233683 PMCID: PMC8887805 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09808-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Most governmental initiatives in India, to leash down urban air pollution, have yielded little results till date, largely due to purely technocratic vision, which is shrouded by technological, economic, social, institutional, and political hardships. We present this reflective article on urban greenery, as a proposition to urban authorities (e.g., pollution regulators, environmental systems' managers, urban landscape planners, environmental policy makers), shift from purely technocratic way of thinking to thinking with nature, by strategic greening of urban spaces, for long-term air pollution prevention and control measures. To that end, we offer a meta-analysis of recent (post 2005) global literature using four-stage PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach. We open the narrative by briefing about main pollutant filtration mechanisms by trees, followed by cognitive aspects of species selection (e.g., deciduous vs. evergreen, air pollution tolerance index, environmental stressors). Till date, most Indian studies on urban greenery mostly but focused on physiological aspects of trees. Here, we draw attention of urban authorities to an equally compelling, but yet less explored, aspect: design criteria, with reference to two most common urban configurations, namely, street canyon and open road. With pictorial depictions, we enumerate various categories of street canyons and discuss aspect ratio (building height to street width) and various wind flow regimes (isolated roughness, wake interface, and skimming), that the urban authorities should be cognizant about to maximize pollutant removal efficiency. For open road, we discuss vegetation barriers, with special emphasis on canopy porosity/density functions. In the final sections, we reflect on a potential systems' thinking approach for on-ground implementation, comprising of revamping of urban forestry programs, research and development, community mobilization and stakeholder engagement, and strategic outreach. In addition, we emphasize on means to harness co-benefits of urban greenery, beyond mere pollutant removal, to garner support from urban residents' communities. Last but not the least, we also caution the urban authorities about the undesirable outcomes of urban greenery that will require more process-level research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arvaan Kumar
- Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), South Asia, C/O, BSI Group India, Mira Corporate Suites, Plot No. 1 & 2, Ishwar Nagar, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110065 India
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Tiwari A, Kumar P, Kalaiarasan G, Ottosen TB. The impacts of existing and hypothetical green infrastructure scenarios on urban heat island formation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:115898. [PMID: 33243540 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is posing a significant challenge due to growing urbanisations across the world. Green infrastructure (GI) is popularly used for mitigating the impact of UHI, but knowledge on their optimal use is yet evolving. The UHI effect for large cities have received substantial attention previously. However, the corresponding effect is mostly unknown for towns, where appreciable parts of the population live, in Europe and elsewhere. Therefore, we analysed the possible impact of three vegetation types on UHI under numerous scenarios: baseline/current GI cover (BGI); hypothetical scenario without GI cover (HGI-No); three alternative hypothetical scenarios considering maximum green roofs (HGR-Max), grasslands (HG-Max) and trees (HT-Max) using a dispersion model ADMS-Temperature and Humidity model (ADMS-TH), taking a UK town (Guildford) as a case study area. Differences in an ambient temperature between three different landforms (central urban area, an urban park, and suburban residential area) were also explored. Under all scenarios, the night-time (0200 h; local time) showed a higher temperature increase, up to 1.315 °C due to the lowest atmospheric temperature. The highest average temperature perturbation (change in ambient temperature) was 0.563 °C under HGI-No scenario, followed by HG-Max (0.400 °C), BGI (0.343 °C), HGR-Max (0.326 °C) and HT-Max (0.277 °C). Furthermore, the central urban area experienced a 0.371 °C and 0.401 °C higher ambient temperature compared with its nearby suburban residential area and urban park, respectively. The results allow to conclude that temperature perturbations in urban environments are highly dependent on the type of GI, anthropogenic heat sources (buildings and vehicles) and the percentage of land covered by GI. Among all other forms of GI, trees were the best-suited GI which can play a viable role in reducing the UHI. Green roofs can act as an additional mitigation measure for the reduction of UHI at city scale if large areas are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Tiwari
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gopinath Kalaiarasan
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Thor-Bjørn Ottosen
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Deng B, Chen Y, Duan X, Li D, Li Q, Tao D, Ran J, Hou K. Dispersion behaviors of exhaust gases and nanoparticle of a passenger vehicle under simulated traffic light driving pattern. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140090. [PMID: 32554028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the flow structure and pollutants dispersions were investigated by experiment and simulation on a typical passenger vehicle under simulated traffic light driving pattern. Some important findings were achieved: 1) gaseous pollutants diffuse drastically during first 0.3-0.6 m distance depending on wind velocity, at 1.25 m/s wind speed which is the similar level of exhaust gas, the pollutant concentration rises suddenly at ~0.6 m because exhaust plume is twisted by bottom gas flow, and a low velocity zone is produced; 2) as wind speed increases, the vehicle-induced turbulence is more and more important on pollutant dispersion pattern than exhaust plume dynamics. For instance, at 1.25 m/s and 4.17 m/s wind speeds, pollutants decrease to zero at ~1.6 m behind tail pipe, but at 0 m/s condition, pollutant relative fraction is still at ~0.12 level even at very long distance; 3) solid particle has larger attenuation rate than gaseous pollutants, only after ~0.6 m the particle number (PN) and diameter are very close to background values. Solid particle can diffuse to farther distance in vehicle transverse direction, when a car passes through the pedestrians with a 3 m distance, pedestrians expose to 2.6-3 times higher PN relative to atmosphere with diameters of 28-33 nm, this is very hazardous for human health; 4) exhaust pollutants disperse difficultly when followed by a car with a commonly waiting distance. At free dispersion scenario only behind ~0.6 m, PN decreases to 5800 #/cm3 (background value), but in-cabin PN of the following car (behind 0.8 m) rises to 3.5 × 104 #/cm3 (even after 2-3 times decay through ventilation system). This study provides implications for future studies on transport planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banglin Deng
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiongbo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, 410082 Changsha, China.
| | - Di Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Da Tao
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jiaqi Ran
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kaihong Hou
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Guo P, Tian W, Li H, Zhang G, Li J. Global characteristics and trends of research on construction dust: based on bibliometric and visualized analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:37773-37789. [PMID: 32613507 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09723-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The booming construction industry has led to many environmental and occupational health and safety problems. Construction dust caused irreversible damage to the health of frontline workers and polluted the surrounding air environment, which has attracted the attention of researchers and practitioners. In this study, to systematically sort and analyze the distribution of construction dust (CD) research, its hot areas, and the evolution of its fronts, papers with "construction dust" as the subject term in the Web of Science Core Collection Database since 2010 are visually analyzed using CiteSpace. The characteristics of these papers, including the quantity trend, quality, author group, affiliated institution type, and journal type, are summarized, and keyword co-appearance and paper co-citation knowledge maps are produced. The results show that (1) China is the backbone of CD research, and the research results account for a considerable proportion of the total. (2) Respiratory dust and atmospheric aerosols, marble dust, PM2.5, and other hot issues have always attracted international attention. And exposure assessment and spatial distribution were the main focuses in the study of CD. (3) The direction of CD research will explore in a more subtle and intelligent direction in the future, for example, monitoring and control equipment under the technical support of big data technology and machine learning and face recognition. By combining bibliometrics with a systematic review, we aim to analyze the research foci and future development direction deeply, providing scholars with a comprehensive view of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China.
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Beijing Shougang Construction Group Co Ltd., Beijing, 100041, China
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Slezakova K, Pereira MC, Morais S. Ultrafine particles: Levels in ambient air during outdoor sport activities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113648. [PMID: 31806467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Conducting aerobic activity on regular basis is recognised as one of the steps to maintain healthier lifestyle. The positive outcomes though can be outweighed if conducted in polluted atmosphere. Furthermore, the specific inhalation during exercising, which results in bypass of nasal filtration systems and deeper penetration into the respiratory system, might result in higher risks especially to pollutants such as ultrafine particles (UFP), which aerodynamic particle diameter are <100 nm. Thus, this work aims to evaluate UFP levels at sites used for conducting physical sport activities outdoors and to estimate the respective inhalation doses considering various scenarios and different physical activities. Monitoring of UFP was conducted during three weeks (May-June 2015) at four different sites (S1-S4) regularly used to conduct physical exercising. The results showed that UFP highly varied (medians 5.1-20.0 × 103 # cm-3) across the four sites, with the highest UFP obtained when exercising next to trafficked streets whereas S3 and S4 (a garden and city park) exhibited 2-4 times lower UFP. In view of the obtained UFP concentrations, the estimated inhalation doses ranged 1.73 × 108-3.81 × 108 # kg-1 when conducting moderately intense sport activities and 1.93 × 108-5.95 × 108 # kg-1 for highly intense ones. Highly intense activities (i.e. running) led to twice higher UFP exposure; children and youths (5-17 yrs old) experienced 203-267% higher doses. Considering the age- and gender- differences, estimated UFP doses of males were 1.1-2.8 times higher than of females. Finally, UFP inhalation doses estimated for walking (commuting to work and/or schools) were 1.6-7.5 times lower than when conducting sport activities. Thus to protect public health and to promote healthy and physically active lifestyle, strategies to minimize the negative impacts of air pollution should be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Slezakova
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Khan AO, Di Maio A, Guggenheim EJ, Chetwynd AJ, Pencross D, Tang S, Belinga-Desaunay MFA, Thomas SG, Rappoport JZ, Lynch I. Surface Chemistry-Dependent Evolution of the Nanomaterial Corona on TiO 2 Nanomaterials Following Uptake and Sub-Cellular Localization. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030401. [PMID: 32106393 PMCID: PMC7152854 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterial (NM) surface chemistry has an established and significant effect on interactions at the nano-bio interface, with important toxicological consequences for manufactured NMs, as well as potent effects on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of nano-therapies. In this work, the effects of different surface modifications (PVP, Dispex AA4040, and Pluronic F127) on the uptake, cellular distribution, and degradation of titanium dioxide NMs (TiO2 NMs, ~10 nm core size) are assessed and correlated with the localization of fluorescently-labeled serum proteins forming their coronas. Imaging approaches with an increasing spatial resolution, including automated high throughput live cell imaging, correlative confocal fluorescence and reflectance microscopy, and dSTORM super-resolution microscopy, are used to explore the cellular fate of these NMs and their associated serum proteins. Uncoated TiO2 NMs demonstrate a rapid loss of corona proteins, while surface coating results in the retention of the corona signal after internalization for at least 24 h (varying with coating composition). Imaging with two-color super-resolution dSTORM revealed that the apparent TiO2 NM single agglomerates observed in diffraction-limited confocal microscopy are actually adjacent smaller agglomerates, and provides novel insights into the spatial arrangement of the initial and exchanged coronas adsorbed at the NM surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah O. Khan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.O.K.); (D.P.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Alessandro Di Maio
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Emily J. Guggenheim
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
| | - Andrew J. Chetwynd
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
| | - Dan Pencross
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.O.K.); (D.P.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Selina Tang
- Promethean Particles Ltd., 1-3 Genesis Park, Midland Way, Nottingham NG7 3EF, UK;
| | - Marie-France A. Belinga-Desaunay
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
| | - Steven G. Thomas
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, College of Medical Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (A.O.K.); (D.P.); (S.G.T.)
| | - Joshua Z. Rappoport
- Boston College, Higgins 644A, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (A.J.C.); (M.-F.A.B.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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Sharma A, Kumar P. A review of factors surrounding the air pollution exposure to in-pram babies and mitigation strategies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:262-278. [PMID: 30103125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure to in-pram babies poses a serious threat to their early childhood development, necessitating a need for effective mitigation measures. We reviewed the scientific and grey literature on in-pram babies and their personal exposure to traffic generated air pollutants such as particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM10), ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), ≤0.10 μm (ultrafine particles) in size, black carbon and nitrogen oxides and potential mitigation pathways. In-pram babies can be exposed up to ~60% higher average concentrations depending on the pollutant types compared with adults. The air within the first few meters above the road level is usually most polluted. Therefore, we classified various pram types based on criteria such as height, width and the seating capacity (single versus twin) and assessed the breathing heights of sitting babies in various pram types available in the market. This classification revealed the pram widths between 0.56 and 0.82 m and top handle heights up to ~1.25 m as opposed to breathing height between 0.55 and 0.85 m, suggesting that the concentration within the first meter above the road level is critical for exposure to in-pram babies. The assessment of flow features around the prams suggests that meteorological conditions (e.g., wind speed and direction) and traffic-produced turbulence affect the pollution dispersion around them. A survey of the physicochemical properties of particles from roadside environment demonstrated the dominance of toxic metals that have been shown to damage their frontal lobe as well as cognition and brain development when inhaled by in-pram babies. We then assessed a wide range of active and passive exposure mitigation strategies, including a passive control at the receptor such as the enhanced filtration around the breathing zone and protection of prams via covers. Technological solutions such as creating a clean air zone around the breathing area can provide instant solutions. However, a holistic approach involving a mix of innovative technological solutions, community empowerment and exposure-centric policies are needed to help limit personal exposure of in-pram babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Sharma
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom.
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Slezakova K, Peixoto C, Oliveira M, Delerue-Matos C, Pereira MDC, Morais S. Indoor particulate pollution in fitness centres with emphasis on ultrafine particles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:180-193. [PMID: 29073525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fitness centres (FC) represent a unique indoor microenvironment. Exercising on regular basis provides countless health benefits and improves overall well-being, but if these facilities have poor indoor air quality, the respective exercisers might be subjected to some adverse risks. Considering the limited existent data, this work aimed to evaluate particulate pollution (PM10, PM2.5, and ultrafine particles - UFP) in indoor air of FC and to estimate the respective risks for occupants (both staff and exercising subjects). Sampling was conducted during 40 consecutive days of May-June 2014 in general fitness areas, studios and classrooms (for group activities) of four different fitness centres (FC1-FC4) situated within Oporto metropolitan area, Portugal. The results showed that across the four FC, PM10 ranged between 5 and 1080 μg m-3 with median concentrations (15-43 μg m-3) fulfilling the limit (50 μg m-3) of Portuguese legislation in all FC. PM2.5 (medians 5-37 μg m-3; range 5-777 μg m-3) exceeded thresholds of 25 μg m-3 at some FC, indicating potential risks for the respective occupants; naturally ventilated FC exhibited significantly higher PM ranges (p < 0.05). Similarly, UFPs (range 0.5-88.6 × 103 # cm-3) median concentrations were higher (2-3 times) at FC without controlled ventilation systems. UFP were approximately twice higher (p < 0.05) during the occupied periods (mean of 9.7 × 103vs. 4.8 × 103 # cm-3) with larger temporal variations of UFP levels observed in general fitness areas than in classrooms and studios. Cardio activities (conducted in studios and classrooms) led to approximately twice the UFPs intakes than other types of exercising. These results indicate that even short-term physical activity (or more specifically its intensity) might strongly influence the daily inhalation dose. Finally, women exhibited 1.2 times higher UFPs intake than men thus suggesting the need for future gender-specific studies assessing UFP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Slezakova
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Peixoto
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Oliveira
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.
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Larson T, Gould T, Riley EA, Austin E, Fintzi J, Sheppard L, Yost M, Simpson C. Ambient Air Quality Measurements from a Continuously Moving Mobile Platform: Estimation of Area-Wide, Fuel-Based, Mobile Source Emission Factors Using Absolute Principal Component Scores. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2017; 152:201-211. [PMID: 32148434 PMCID: PMC7059631 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have applied the absolute principal component scores (APCS) receptor model to on-road, background-adjusted measurements of NOx, CO, CO2, black carbon (BC), and particle number (PN) obtained from a continuously moving platform deployed over nine afternoon sampling periods in Seattle, WA. Two Varimax-rotated principal component features described 75% of the overall variance of the observations. A heavy-duty vehicle feature was correlated with black carbon and particle number, whereas a light-duty feature was correlated with CO and CO2. NOx had moderate correlation with both features. The bootstrapped APCS model predictions were used to estimate area-wide, average fuel-based emission factors and their respective 95% confidence limits. The average emission factors for NOx, CO, BC and PN (14.8, 18.9, 0.40 g/kg, and 4.3×1015 particles/kg for heavy duty vehicles, and 3.2, 22.4, 0.016 g/kg, and 0.19×1015 particles/kg for light-duty vehicles, respectively) are consistent with previous estimates based on remote sensing, vehicle chase studies, and recent dynamometer tests. Information on the spatial distribution of the concentrations contributed by these two vehicle categories relative to background during the sampling period was also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Larson
- University of Washington, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 352700 Seattle, WA 98195-2700, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel: +1 206 543 6815.
| | - Timothy Gould
- University of Washington, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Box 352700 Seattle, WA 98195-2700, USA
| | - Erin A. Riley
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
| | - Elena Austin
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
| | - Jonathan Fintzi
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 981957232, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 981957232, USA
| | - Michael Yost
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
| | - Christopher Simpson
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195-7234, USA
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Woo SH, Kwak KH, Bae GN, Kim KH, Kim CH, Yook SJ, Jeon S, Kwon S, Kim J, Lee SB. Overestimation of on-road air quality surveying data measured with a mobile laboratory caused by exhaust plumes of a vehicle ahead in dense traffic areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1116-1127. [PMID: 27622843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The unintended influence of exhaust plumes emitted from a vehicle ahead to on-road air quality surveying data measured with a mobile laboratory (ML) at 20-40 km h-1 in dense traffic areas was investigated by experiment and life-sized computational fluidic dynamics (CFD) simulation. The ML equipped with variable sampling inlets of five columns by four rows was used to measure the spatial distribution of CO2 and NOx concentrations when following 5-20 m behind a sport utility vehicle (SUV) as an emitter vehicle equipped with a portable emission monitoring system (PEMS). The PEMS measured exhaust gases at the tailpipe for input data of the CFD simulations. After the CFD method was verified with experimental results of the SUV, dispersion of exhaust plumes emitted from a bus and a sedan was numerically analyzed. More dilution of the exhaust plume was observed at higher vehicle speeds, probably because of eddy diffusion that was proportional to turbulent kinetic energy and vehicle speed. The CO2 and NOx concentrations behind the emitter vehicle showed less overestimation as both the distance between the two vehicles and their background concentrations increased. If the height of the ML inlet is lower than 2 m and the ML travels within 20 m behind a SUV and a sedan ahead at 20 km h-1, the overestimation should be considered by as much as 200 ppb in NOx and 80 ppm in CO2. Following a bus should be avoided if possible, because effect of exhaust plumes from a bus ahead could not be negligible even when the distance between the bus and the ML with the inlet height of 2 m, was more than 40 m. Recommendations are provided to avoid the unintended influence of exhaust plumes from vehicles ahead of the ML during on-road measurement in urban dense traffic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Woo
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Kwak
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Yook
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangzin Jeon
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Kwon
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Kim
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Garcia JM, Teodoro F, Cerdeira R, Coelho LMR, Kumar P, Carvalho MG. Developing a methodology to predict PM10 concentrations in urban areas using generalized linear models. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:2316-2325. [PMID: 26839052 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1149228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A methodology to predict PM10 concentrations in urban outdoor environments is developed based on the generalized linear models (GLMs). The methodology is based on the relationship developed between atmospheric concentrations of air pollutants (i.e. CO, NO2, NOx, VOCs, SO2) and meteorological variables (i.e. ambient temperature, relative humidity (RH) and wind speed) for a city (Barreiro) of Portugal. The model uses air pollution and meteorological data from the Portuguese monitoring air quality station networks. The developed GLM considers PM10 concentrations as a dependent variable, and both the gaseous pollutants and meteorological variables as explanatory independent variables. A logarithmic link function was considered with a Poisson probability distribution. Particular attention was given to cases with air temperatures both below and above 25°C. The best performance for modelled results against the measured data was achieved for the model with values of air temperature above 25°C compared with the model considering all ranges of air temperatures and with the model considering only temperature below 25°C. The model was also tested with similar data from another Portuguese city, Oporto, and results found to behave similarly. It is concluded that this model and the methodology could be adopted for other cities to predict PM10 concentrations when these data are not available by measurements from air quality monitoring stations or other acquisition means.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Garcia
- a Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal , Instituto Politécnico , Setúbal , Portugal
| | - F Teodoro
- a Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal , Instituto Politécnico , Setúbal , Portugal
- b CEMAT, Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - R Cerdeira
- a Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal , Instituto Politécnico , Setúbal , Portugal
| | - L M R Coelho
- a Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal , Instituto Politécnico , Setúbal , Portugal
| | - Prashant Kumar
- c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS) , University of Surrey Guildford , Surrey , UK
- d Environmental Flow Research Centre, FEPS , University of Surrey Guildford GU2 7XH , Surrey , UK
| | - M G Carvalho
- e Instituto Superior Técnico , Lisboa , Portugal
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Zhao Y, Kato S, Zhao J. Characteristics of particle coagulation in an underground parking lot. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:18654-18668. [PMID: 26490941 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Particles in vehicle exhaust plumes in underground parking lots have adverse health effects due to the enclosed environment in which they are released and the temperature difference between the tailpipe and ambient environment; at the same time, particle coagulation might be obvious near the tailpipe in an underground parking lot. In the present study, airflow and temperature fields were calculated using the Realizable k-ε model, and the Eulerian particle transport model was selected in the numerical simulation of particle concentration dispersion. Polydisperse thermal coagulation due to Brownian collisions was employed to calculate the particle coagulation. The results show that particle coagulation rate and half-time were significant within 1 m from the tailpipe. The variations in the particle coagulation rate and half-time were similar, but their directions were opposite. Air exhaust time was nearly four times longer than averaged half-time and 40 times longer than minimum half-time. The peak particle diameter increased approximately 1.43 times due to coagulation. A double particle concentration at the tailpipe caused the fourfold rise in the particle coagulation rate in the distance ranging less than 1 m from the tailpipe. An increase in exhaust velocity at the tailpipe could shorten the obvious range of particle coagulation along the centerline of the tailpipe from 1 to 0.8 m in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Kato Lab and Ooka Lab, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jianing Zhao
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Al-Dabbous AN, Kumar P. Source apportionment of airborne nanoparticles in a Middle Eastern city using positive matrix factorization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:802-812. [PMID: 25749465 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Airborne nanoparticles have been studied worldwide, but little is known about their sources in the Middle East region, where hot, arid and dusty climatic conditions generally prevail. For the first time in Kuwait, we carried out size-resolved measurements of particle number distributions (PNDs) and concentrations (PNCs) in the 5-1000 nm size range. Measurements were made continuously for 31 days during the summer months of May and June 2013 using a fast-response differential mobility spectrometer (Cambustion DMS500) at a sampling rate of 10 Hz. Sources and their contributions were identified using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) approach that was applied to the PND data. Simultaneous measurements of gaseous pollutants (i.e., O3, NO, NOx, SO2 and CO), PM10, wind speed and direction were also carried out to aid the interpretation of the PMF results through the conditional probability function plots and Pearson product-moment correlations. Six major sources of PNCs were identified, contributing ∼46% (fresh traffic emissions), 27% (aged traffic emissions), 9% (industrial emissions), 9% (regional background), 6% (miscellaneous sources) and 3% (Arabian dust transport) of the total PNCs. The sources of nanoparticles and their PND profiles identified could serve as reference data to design more detailed field studies in the future and treat these sources in dispersion modelling and health impact assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah N Al-Dabbous
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK.
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Zhao Y, Kato S, Zhao J. Numerical Analysis of Particle Dispersion Characteristics at the Near Region of Vehicles in a Residential Underground Parking Lot. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2014.963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Habilomatis G, Chaloulakou A. Ultrafine particles dispersion modeling in a street canyon: development and evaluation of a composite lattice Boltzmann model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 463-464:478-487. [PMID: 23831794 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a branch of particulate matter research concerns on ultrafine particles found in the urban environment, which originate, to a significant extent, from traffic sources. In urban street canyons, dispersion of ultrafine particles affects pedestrian's short term exposure and resident's long term exposure as well. The aim of the present work is the development and the evaluation of a composite lattice Boltzmann model to study the dispersion of ultrafine particles, in urban street canyon microenvironment. The proposed model has the potential to penetrate into the physics of this complex system. In order to evaluate the model performance against suitable experimental data, ultrafine particles levels have been monitored on an hourly basis for a period of 35 days, in a street canyon, in Athens area. The results of the comparative analysis are quite satisfactory. Furthermore, our modeled results are in a good agreement with the results of other computational and experimental studies. This work is a first attempt to study the dispersion of an air pollutant by application of the lattice Boltzmann method.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Habilomatis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou str., 15773 Zografou, Athens, Greece
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Kumar P, Morawska L, Harrison RM. Nanoparticles in European Cities and Associated Health Impacts. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2012_161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Tang Y, Guo B. Computational fluid dynamics simulation of aerosol transport and deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11783-011-0365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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