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Chu W, Li H, Ji Y, Zhang X, Xue L, Gao J, An C. Research on ozone formation sensitivity based on observational methods: Development history, methodology, and application and prospects in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:543-560. [PMID: 38135419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Observation-based method for O3 formation sensitivity research is an important tool to analyze the causes of ground-level O3 pollution, which has broad application potentials in determining the O3 pollution formation mechanism and developing prevention and control strategies. This paper outlined the development history of research on O3 formation sensitivity based on observational methods, described the principle and applicability of the methodology, summarized the relative application results in China and provided recommendations on the prevention and control of O3 pollution in China based on relevant study results, and finally pointed out the shortcomings and future development prospects in this field in China. The overview study showed that the O3 formation sensitivity in some urban areas in China in recent years presented a gradual shifting tendency from the VOC-limited regime to the transition regime or the NOx-limited regime due to the implementation of the O3 precursors emission reduction policies; O3 pollution control strategies and precursor control countermeasures should be formulated based on local conditions and the dynamic control capability of O3 pollution control measures should be improved. There are still some current deficiencies in the study field in China. Therefore, it is recommended that a stereoscopic monitoring network for atmospheric photochemical components should be further constructed and improved; the atmospheric chemical mechanisms should be vigorously developed, and standardized methods for determining the O3 formation sensitivity should be established in China in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanghui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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2
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Chang C, Yan Z, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Jiang M, Ruan L, Xiao M, Yu Y, He H. Design of Ca-type todorokite catalysts with highly active for the selective reduction of NO x by NH 3 at low temperatures. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:697-708. [PMID: 38135432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ca-type todorokite catalysts were designed and prepared by a simple redox method and applied to the selective reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3-SCR) for the first time. Compared with the Na-type manjiroite prepared by the same method, the todorokite catalysts with different Mn/Ca ratios showed greatly improved catalytic activity for NOx reduction. Among them, Mn8Ca4 catalyst exhibited the best NH3-SCR performance, achieving 90% NOx conversion within temperature range of 70-275°C and having a high sulphur resistance. Compared to the Na-type manjiroite sample, Ca-type todorokite catalysts possessed an increased size of tunnel, resulting in a larger specific surface area. As increased the amounts of Ca doping, the Na content in Ca-type todorokite catalysts significantly decreased, providing larger amounts of Brønsted acid sites for NH3 adsorption to produce NH4+. The NH4+ species were highly active for reaction with NO + O2, playing a determining role in NH3-SCR process at low temperatures. Meanwhile, larger amounts of surface adsorbed oxygen contained over the Ca-doping samples than that over Na-type manjiroite, promoting the oxidation of NO and fast SCR processes. Over the Ca-type todorokite catalysts, furthermore, nitrates produced during the flow of NO + O2, were more active for reaction with NH3 than that over Na-type manjiroite, benefiting the occurrence of NH3-SCR process. This study provides novel insights into the design of NH3-SCR catalysts with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Chang
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zidi Yan
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yanshuang Zhang
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Luna Ruan
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Hong He
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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3
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Asri AK, Lee HY, Chen YL, Wong PY, Hsu CY, Chen PC, Lung SCC, Chen YC, Wu CD. A machine learning-based ensemble model for estimating diurnal variations of nitrogen oxide concentrations in Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 2024; 916:170209. [PMID: 38278267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is inextricable from human activity patterns. This is especially true for nitrogen oxide (NOx), a pollutant that exists naturally and also as a result of anthropogenic factors. Assessing exposure by considering diurnal variation is a challenge that has not been widely studied. Incorporating 27 years of data, we attempted to estimate diurnal variations in NOx across Taiwan. We developed a machine learning-based ensemble model that integrated hybrid kriging-LUR, machine-learning, and an ensemble learning approach. Hybrid kriging-LUR was performed to select the most influential predictors, and machine-learning algorithms were applied to improve model performance. The three best machine-learning algorithms were suited and reassessed to develop ensemble learning that was designed to improve model performance. Our ensemble model resulted in estimates of daytime, nighttime, and daily NOx with high explanatory powers (Adj-R2) of 0.93, 0.98, and 0.94, respectively. These explanatory powers increased from the initial model that used only hybrid kriging-LUR. Additionally, the results depicted the temporal variation of NOx, with concentrations higher during the daytime than the nighttime. Regarding spatial variation, the highest NOx concentrations were identified in northern and western Taiwan. Model evaluations confirmed the reliability of the models. This study could serve as a reference for regional planning supporting emission control for environmental and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aji Kusumaning Asri
- Department of Geomatics, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lee
- Department of Leisure Industry and Health Promotion, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ling Chen
- Department of Geomatics, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Yi Wong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Yu Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Sustainability and Human Health, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chun Candice Lung
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Geomatics, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan; Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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4
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Kawakami K, Watatani K, Yamasaki H, Kuroki T, Okubo M. Performance evaluation of PM, NO x, and hydrocarbon removal in diesel engine exhaust by surface discharge-induced plasma. J Hazard Mater 2024; 462:132685. [PMID: 37862904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Diesel engines are characterized by low CO2 emissions and high fuel efficiency. However, their exhausts contain nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbons (HC) that require removal by aftertreatment. A novel low-temperature plasma-based aftertreatment method has been developed for the simultaneous removal of NOx, PM, and HC. NOx could be reduced by reacting with HC and CO in the exhaust gas. The particle and gas concentrations in the exhaust are measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer, a NOx analyzer, and a total hydrocarbon analyzer. The treatment performance is evaluated using the resulting measurements. The diesel engine is operated under 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% loads (maximum output of 2 kW), and the exhaust gas is mixed with N2 + O2 (13%) gas. The power is adjusted to provide 100, 200, 300, and 400 W input power during the plasma reactor treatment. The aftertreatment removal of NOx, PM, and HC is evaluated, and the engine exhibits a removal efficiency of 70% for NOx, 98% for PM, and 67% for HC at 75% engine load and an input power of 100 W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Ken Watatani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Yamasaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kuroki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masaaki Okubo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan.
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5
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Li K, Xue T, Chen L, Li J, Dong F, Sun Y. Dual function of H 2O on interfacial intermediate conversion and surface poisoning regulation in simultaneous photodegradation of NO and toluene. Environ Res 2024; 240:117526. [PMID: 37898225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Co-existing air pollutants, especially NOx and VOCs, will generate secondary photochemical pollution under light irradiation. However, simultaneous elimination of multi-pollutants has long been a challenge. Photocatalysis could turn the reaction pathway between pollutants to convert them into harmless products, which is a promising technology for multi-pollutant control. Here we achieved synergistic photocatalytic degradation of NO and C7H8 on InOOH photocatalyst, and the performance can be adjusted by H2O through affecting the interaction between surface species and catalyst. In situ DRIFTS and GC-MS revealed that the improved efficiency originated from the fast conversion of C-N coupling intermediates led by additional H2O. Surface characterizations and DFT simulation determined that accumulated nitrates will compete with the adsorption of NO and C7H8, resulting in a decline in efficiency in the later stage. Although improved efficiency would bring more nitrates, as H2O has comparable adsorption to nitrate at the same site, high humidity can mitigate the deactivation. The photocatalyst can be also simply regenerated by water washing. This work reveals the complex interaction in the multi-pollutant system and provides guidelines for precisely regulating the synergistic removal of NOx and VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanglu Li
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Lvcun Chen
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yanjuan Sun
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Shi X, Xue W, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yan G. Health impacts under different ozone mitigation pathways in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surroundings. Sci Total Environ 2023; 882:163436. [PMID: 37059152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of the various ozone (O3) control approaches on environmental health and health inequalities, 121 reduction scenarios for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were developed, and their environmental health impacts were calculated. With the target of achieving the 90th percentile of the daily maximum 8 h mean O3 concentration (MDA8-90th) of 160 μg/m3 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surroundings ("2 + 26" cities), three typical scenarios namely, High-NOx reduction ratio (HN, NOx/VOCs = 6:1), High-VOCs reduction ratio (HV, NOx/VOCs = 3:7), and Balanced reduction ratio (Balanced, NOx/VOCs = 1:1) were investigated. The results show that O3 formation is currently NOx-limited at the regional scale, while some developed cities are VOC-limited, indicating that NOx mitigation should be the core for achieving the targeted concentration (160 μg/m3) at the regional scale, whereas cities such as Beijing in the short term should focus on VOCs mitigation. The population-weighted O3 concentrations in the HN, Balanced, and HV scenarios were 159.19, 159.19, and 158.44 μg/m3, respectively. In addition, the O3-related premature mortality was 41,320 in "2 + 26" cities; control measures under HN, Balanced, and HV could potentially decrease O3-related premature deaths by 59.94 %, 60.25 %, and 71.48 %, respectively. The HV scenario has been found to be more advantageous in lowering the O3-related environmental health impacts than the HN and Balanced scenarios. It was further found that premature deaths avoided by the HN scenario were mainly concentrated in economically unadvanced regions, whereas those prevented by the HV scenario were mainly concentrated in developed cities. This may lead to geographical inequities in environmental health. As ozone pollution in large cities with high population density is primarily VOC-limited, decrease in VOCs should be focused on in the short term to avoid more O3-related premature deaths, whereas NOx control may be more important in decreasing ozone concentrations and ozone-related mortality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, 100043 Beijing, China
| | - Xurong Shi
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, 100043 Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Xue
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China; Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, 100043 Beijing, China.
| | - Zeyuan Liu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012 Beijing, China
| | - Gang Yan
- Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis, Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, 100043 Beijing, China.
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7
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Kamińska JA, Kajewska-Szkudlarek J. The importance of data splitting in combined NO x concentration modelling. Sci Total Environ 2023; 868:161744. [PMID: 36690101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The polluted air breathed every day by those living in large conurbations poses a significant risk to their health. Through effective modelling (prediction) of concentrations of pollutants and identification of the factors influencing them, it should be possible to obtain advance information on dangers and to plan and implement measures to reduce them. This work describes two different modelling approaches: based on the NOx concentration of the previous hour (C&RT models); and based on meteorological factors, traffic flow, and past (up to two previous hours) NOx and NO2 concentrations (CA models). For each approach, three alternative machine learning methods were applied: artificial neutral network (ANN), random forest (RF), and support vector regression (SVR). The best fits were obtained for the models using ANN and RF (MAPE values in the range 18.3-18.5 %). Poorer fits were found for the SVR models (MAPE equal to 23.4 % for the C&RT approach and 29.3 % for CA). No significant preferences were identified between the C&RT and CA approaches (based on various goodness-of-fit measures). The choice should be determined by the purposes for which the forecast is to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Kamińska
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzka Street 53, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kajewska-Szkudlarek
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 24, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland.
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8
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Wilde SE, Hopkins JR, Lewis AC, Dunmore RE, Allen G, Pitt JR, Ward RS, Purvis RM. The air quality impacts of pre-operational hydraulic fracturing activities. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159702. [PMID: 36309263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a short phase in unconventional oil and natural gas (O&G) development. Before fracking there is a lengthy period of preparation, which can represent a significant proportion of the well lifecycle. Extensive infrastructure is delivered onto site, leading to increased volumes of heavy traffic, energy generation and construction work on site. Termed the "pre-operational" period, this is rarely investigated as air quality evaluations typically focus on the extraction phase. In this work we quantify the change in air pollution during pre-operational activities at a shale gas exploration site near Kirby Misperton, North Yorkshire, England. Baseline air quality measurements were made two years prior to any shale gas activity and were used as a training dataset for random forest (RF) machine learning models. The models allowed for a comparison between observed air quality during the pre-operational phase and a counterfactual business as usual (BAU) prediction. During the pre-operational phase a significant deviation from the BAU scenario was observed. This was characterised by significant enhancements in NOx and a concurrent reduction in O3, caused by extensive additional vehicle movements and the presence of combustion sources such as generators on the well pad. During the pre-operational period NOx increased by 274 % and O3 decreased by 29 % when compared to BAU model values. There was also an increase in primary emissions of NO2 during the pre-operational phase which may have implications for the attainment of ambient air quality standards in the local surroundings. Unconventional O&G development remains under discussion as a potential option for improving the security of supply of domestic energy, tensioned however against significant environmental impacts. Here we demonstrate that the preparative work needed to begin fracking elevates air pollution in its own right, a further potential disbenefit that should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shona E Wilde
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - James R Hopkins
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alastair C Lewis
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Rachel E Dunmore
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Grant Allen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchetser, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joseph R Pitt
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchetser, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Robert S Ward
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Ruth M Purvis
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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9
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Que T, Duan K, Koppala S, Zhang Y, He Y, Jia L, Liu T. Novel synthesis of reed flower-like SmMnO x catalyst with enhanced low-temperature activity and SO 2 resistance for NH 3-SCR. Environ Res 2022; 215:114231. [PMID: 36087772 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel co-precipitation coupled solvothermal procedure is proposed to prepare a SmMnOx catalyst (SmMnOx-CP + ST) with a reed flower-like structure for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by NH3 (NH3-SCR). Over 90% NOx conversion and N2 selectivity was achieved at a low temperature range (25-200 °C), and 96% NOx conversion was achieved in the presence of 100 ppm SO2 at 75 °C. While the NH3-SCR of the SmMnOx catalysts prepared by co-precipitation (SmMnOx-CP) and solvothermal (SmMnOx-ST) methods performed much poorer than the SmMnOx-CP + ST catalyst. All catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, NOx-TPD, and FT-IR. The results revealed that the superior performance of the SmMnOx-CP + ST is due to the unique reed flower-like structure morphology, which endows the SmMnOx-CP + ST with the largest surface area, the strongest synergistic reaction of Sm and Mn, abundant surface oxygen species and surface active sites, and significantly enhances the redox ability. Furthermore, the amorphous reed flower-like structure showed strong short-range ordered interaction between the active components and weaken the formation of sulfates species. In addition, the highest content of Mn4+ and Mn3++Mn4+ greatly promotes the redox cycles of Sm2+↔Mn4+ and Sm2+↔Mn3+, and suppresses the production of sulfate species in the presence of SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Que
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650505, China
| | - Kaijiao Duan
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650505, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China.
| | - Sivasankar Koppala
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650505, China
| | - Yungang He
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650505, China
| | - Lijuan Jia
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650505, China
| | - Tiancheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650505, China
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10
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Barboza ABV, Mohan S, Dinesha P. On reducing the emissions of CO, HC, and NO x from gasoline blended with hydrogen peroxide and ethanol: Optimization study aided with ANN-PSO. Environ Pollut 2022; 310:119866. [PMID: 35944781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of ethanol blending for gasoline has been found to have a significant effect in reducing emissions without any loss in the performance of a spark ignition engine. However, an increase in the emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) may be seen due to the increased oxygen content in the fuel. On the contrary, emulsifying fuel with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has shown a substantial effect in reducing all the emissions, including NOx in a compression ignition (CI) engine. In this study, 10% ethanol is blended with gasoline (E10) and further emulsified with H2O2 up to 1.5%. When compared to neat gasoline, a 4.8% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is obtained with 10% ethanol and 1.5% H2O2. The corresponding average decrease in the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and NOx were 80%, 43%, and 17%, respectively. The results of the experimental trials are used to model an artificial neural network (ANN) to derive a relationship between the input factors of ethanol concentration, H2O2 concentration, and engine speeds with the output responses of BTE, CO, HC, and NOx. The ANN models of each response are optimized using a multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PSO) for maximizing BTE and minimizing emissions of CO, HC, and NOx. The PSO results showed that operating the engine at 2000 rpm using ethanol blending between 4 and 6% and H2O2 emulsification of 1.5% are the best optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine B V Barboza
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Sooraj Mohan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - P Dinesha
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Li M, Gu H, Lam SS, Sonne C, Peng W. Deposition-mediated phytoremediation of nitrogen oxide emissions. Environ Pollut 2022; 308:119706. [PMID: 35798191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing global population and use of natural resources lead to significant air pollution. Nitrogen oxide emissions is a potential killer threatening human health requiring focus and remediation using vegetation being efficient and cheap. Here we review the mechanisms of removing nitrogen oxides by dry deposition of plants, discussing the principle of leaf absorption of pollutants and factors affecting the removal of nitrogen oxides providing a theoretical basis for the selection of urban greening vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Li
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Haping Gu
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries; 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Christian Sonne
- Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province International Collaboration Lab of Forest Resources Utilization, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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12
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Zong Z, Shi X, Sun Z, Tian C, Li J, Fang Y, Gao H, Zhang G. Nitrogen isotopic composition of NO x from residential biomass burning and coal combustion in North China. Environ Pollut 2022; 304:119238. [PMID: 35367503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stable nitrogen isotope (δ15N) technology has often been used as a powerful tool to separate nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced by residential combustion (i.e., biomass burning and coal combustion) from other sources. However, the insufficient measurement of δ15N-NOx fingerprints of these emissions limits its application, especially in North China where residential emissions are significant. This study conducted combustion experiments to determine the δ15N-NOx of typical residential fuels in North China, including ten biomass fuels and five types of coal. The results showed that the δ15N of biomass varied between -6.9‰ and 2.3‰, which was lower than the δ15N of residential coal (-0.2‰-4.6‰). After combustion, the δ15N of biomass residues increased greatly, while that of coal residues showed no significant upward trend (p > 0.05). The δ15N-NOx produced by biomass burning ranged from -5.6‰ to 3.2‰ (-0.4‰ ± 2.4‰), showing a significant linear relation with δ15N-biomass. Comparatively, the δ15N-NOx derived from residential coal combustion was much higher (16.1‰ ± 3.3‰), ranging from 11.7‰ to 19.7‰. It was not well correlated with δ15N-coal, and only slightly lower than the estimated δ15N-NOx of industrial coal combustion (17.9‰, p > 0.05). These observations indicate that the δ15N-NOx of residential coal combustion is a result of the mixture of thermal- and fuel-released NOx. Based on the isotopic characteristics observed in this study, we analyzed the reported δ15N-NOx, and provided more statistically robust δ15N-NOx distributions for biomass burning (1.3‰ ± 4.3‰; n = 101) and coal combustion (17.9‰ ± 3.1‰; n = 26), which could provide guidance for scientific studies aiming to quantify the origin of NOx in North China and in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaolan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, PR China
| | - Zeyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, Shandong, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110164, PR China
| | - Huiwang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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13
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Ren Y, Wei J, Wang G, Wu Z, Ji Y, Li H. Evolution of aerosol chemistry in Beijing under strong influence of anthropogenic pollutants: Composition, sources, and secondary formation of fine particulate nitrated aromatic compounds. Environ Res 2022; 204:111982. [PMID: 34478729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) constitute a key segment of brown carbon (BrC), thereby contributing to the light-absorbing characteristics of aerosols in the atmosphere. However, until recently, there is a scarcity of research on their generation in the urban environment. The current study is based upon an extensive field study of NACs from fine particle samples obtained at an urban location in Beijing in the spring and summer of 2017, which was characterized by both high anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and high-NOx dominated conditions. The mean total concentration of the nine NACs was 8.58 ng m-3 in spring and 8.54 ng m-3 in summer. In the spring, the most abundant NACs were 4-nitrophenol (33.7%) and 4-nitrocatechol (19.3%), while in the summer, the most abundant NACs were 4-nitroguaiacol (34.9%) and 2, 4-dinitrophenol (23%). Atmospheric NACs were primarily produced from coal combustion (52%) and biomass burning (32%) in spring, and originated from the secondary formation (37%) and traffic (35%) in summer. NO2 could promote the formation of NACs with a significant effect on their compositions, especially for nitrophenols and nitrocatechols. It can also affect the formation of nitrated aerosols and their existing form. Inorganic nitrates were increased to conversion in the daytime when NO2 concentrations were higher than 30 ppb, but the corresponding oxidation products shifted to primarily organic ones at night. The transition was VOC-sensitive regimes for NAC formation, and nitration of toluene was a more important pathway during the campaign in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education of China, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200142, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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14
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Gao J, Wang Y, Chen H, Laurikko J, Liu Y, Pellikka AP, Li Y. Variations of significant contribution regions of NO x and PN emissions for passenger cars in the real-world driving. J Hazard Mater 2022; 424:127590. [PMID: 34749228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate number (PN) emissions are the main concerns of the passenger cars in the real-world driving. NOx and PN emissions are greatly dependent on the driving behaviors which differ significantly between standard driving cycles and real-world driving. However, the significant contribution regions (short durations corresponding to high proportions of total emissions) of NOx and PN emissions regarding different driving behaviors (e.g. vehicle speed and acceleration) are still uncovered. NOx20% and NOx50% refer to instantaneous NOx emission rates when NOx emission rates are ranked from high to low level where the sums of NOx emission rates being higher than NOx20% and NOx50% correspond to 20% and 50% of total NOx emissions, respectively. t20% and t50% are corresponding durations where NOx emission rates are higher than NOx20% and NOx50%. In this paper, three Euro-6 compliant direct injection gasoline passenger cars and a diesel passenger car are tested in a real-world driving trial in which nineteen drivers are involved. Novel key performance indicators with reference to the regimes of specific NOx and PN contributions to total emissions are defined. Instantaneous NOx and PN emissions are monitored using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) in the test. The results indicate that the maximum and minimum average speed over the four cars being approximately 32.3 km/h s and 42.6 km/h, respectively. Average PN emission factor of the diesel car is the lowest among the four given cars. Average t20% and t50% corresponding to NOx20% and NOx50% are lower than 3% and 12%, respectively, for all the passenger cars; additionally, these two parameters show the same pattern. The corresponding t20% and t50% variations of the Euro-6a gasoline car and the diesel car are much lower than the other two. Average acceleration corresponding to 20% and 50% of total NOx emissions for the given diesel car is approximately 1.25 m/s2 and 0.6 m/s2, respectively, being much higher than that of the other three gasoline cars (lower than 1 m/s2 and 0.4 m/s2 respectively) over the specific driving route and drivers. The average PN20% and PN50% of the given diesel car are approximately 7 × 107#/s and 3 × 107#/s respectively, being much lower than the three given gasoline cars (higher than 8 ×109#/s and 2 ×109#/s respectively) under the given test conditions; the corresponding t20% and t50% are lower than 4% and 17% respectively for all the three gasoline cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbing Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yufeng Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Ye Liu
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Ying Li
- Dynnoteq, 61 Bridge Street, Kington HR5 3DJ, UK
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15
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Yuan P, Ma H, Shen B, Ji Z. Abatement of NO/SO 2/Hg 0 from flue gas by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): Tech-category, status quo and prospects. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:150958. [PMID: 34656565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides a state-of-art insight into the removal of NO, SO2 and elemental mercury (Hg0) from flue gas by using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) method. Firstly, the main flue gas purification strategies based on AOPs would be classified as gas-gas, gas-liquid and gas-solid systems preliminarily, and the primary chemistry/mechanism of the above homogeneous/heterogeneous reaction systems were presented as the oxidation of NO, SO2 and Hg0 by the oxidative free radicals (OH, O2 and SO4-etc.). Secondly, the research progress and reaction pathways for separately or simultaneously removing NO, SO2 and Hg0 from flue gas by AOPs has been reviewed elaborated and analyzed in more details. Notably, the wet/dry oxidation coupled with efficient absorption process would be a promising method of efficient removal of above gaseous pollutants. Subsequently, four types of assumed layout modes were described graphically. The application prospects of AOPs for the purification of flue gas from coal-fired boiler or industrial furnace were evaluated and found that the operation cost and utilization of oxidants must be reduced and improved respectively. Finally, the limitations in the current removal technologies based on AOPs are highlighted, meanwhile the future research directions are suggested, such as cut down the cost of oxidants and catalysts, improve the yield and valid utilization of highly reactive radicals and enhance the reactivity, resistance and stability of catalysts. Significantly, it is also envisaged that the review could enrich the knowledge repository to function as a scientific reference for the sustainable development of economical, effective and environment-friendly technologies for the abatement of a wide variety of emissions from flue gas, and further improve the feasibility and reliability of the strategies for moving from laboratory studies to large-scale development and industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutants Control, School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
| | - Haofei Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutants Control, School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Boxiong Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization and Pollutants Control, School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China.
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16
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Feng C, Han L, Wang P, Liu X, Zhou G, Zhang D. Unraveling SO 2-tolerant mechanism over Fe 2(SO 4) 3/TiO 2 catalysts for NO x reduction. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 111:340-350. [PMID: 34949363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing low-temperature SO2-tolerant catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx is still a challenging task. The sulfation of active metal oxides and deposition of ammonium bisulfate deactivate catalysts, due to the difficult decomposition of the as-formed sulfate species at low temperatures (<300 °C). In recent years, metal sulfate catalysts have attracted increasing attention owing to their good catalytic activity and strong SO2 tolerance at higher temperatures (>300°C); however, the SO2-tolerant mechanism of metal sulfate catalysts is still ambiguous. In this study, Fe2(SO4)3/TiO2 and Ce2(SO4)3/TiO2 catalysts were prepared using the corresponding metal sulfate salt as the precursor. These catalysts were tested for their low-temperature activity and SO2 tolerance activity. Compared to Ce2(SO4)3/TiO2, Fe2(SO4)3/TiO2 showed significantly better low-temperature activity and SO2 tolerance. It was demonstrated that less surface sulfate species formed on Fe2(SO4)3/TiO2 and Ce2(SO4)3/TiO2. However, the presence of NO and O2 could assist the decomposition of NH4HSO4 over Fe2(SO4)3/TiO2 at a lower temperature, endowing Fe2(SO4)3/TiO2 with better low-temperature SO2 tolerance than Ce2(SO4)3/TiO2. This study unraveled the SO2-tolerant mechanism of Fe2(SO4)3/TiO2 at lower temperatures (<300 °C), and a potential strategy is proposed for improving the low-temperature SO2-tolerance of catalysts with Fe2(SO4)3 as the main active component or functional promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lupeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Penglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dengsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, School of Materials Science and Engineering, International Joint Laboratory of Catalytic Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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17
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Zhu X, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Li J, Ahmed S, Yan B, Chen G, Li N. Flue gas torrefaction of distilled spirit lees and the effects on the combustion and nitrogen oxide emission. Bioresour Technol 2021; 342:125975. [PMID: 34563818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flue gas torrefaction (FGT) integrated with combustion was introduced for the clean treatment of distilled spirit lees (DSL). The effects of temperature, residence time, and volumetric flow rate of FGTs were investigated. The improvement in the physicochemical and combustion characteristics of the torrefied DSL and the reaction mechanisms were clarified by a tube furnace and the TG-MS device. The results showed that FGT could effectively improve the properties of DSL. With increasing temperature, residence time, and volumetric flow rate, the mass and energy yields decreased. FGT showed positive effects on the removal of free and bonding water, as well as the enrichment of lignin. FGT effectively inhibited the release of NOx. The overall emission of NOx was reduced by 57.3%. Additionally, the cost of DSL drying and denitrification could be greatly reduced by FGT. This study provided a practical treatment for DSL and new insight into FGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Shengquan Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; CECEP Green Carbon Environment Protection, Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- CECEP Green Carbon Environment Protection, Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Sarwaich Ahmed
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Guanyi Chen
- Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Wastes Utilization, Tianjin 300072, PR China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China; School of Science, Tibet University, Lhasa 850012, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) can be used as absorbents and catalysts for NOx absorption and conversion due to their low toxicity, low energy consumption and excellent reusability. The capacity and absorption mechanism of NOx absorption by ILs are presented in this paper. Generally, NOx are physically absorbed by conventional ILs such as imidazolium-based ILs. The absorption capacity is as follows: NO2>NO>N2O, which is in good agreement with the binding energy between NOx and ILs. Furthermore, low temperature, high pressure and large cation volume are favorable for NOx absorption. The strategies of enhancing NOx capacity through functionalized ILs with metal-containing anions (e.g. [FeCl4]2-), amine groups, sulfonate and carboxylate anions are also concluded. Active N or O sites in functionalized ILs can react with the dimer of NO (N2O2), resulting in high capacity. Moreover, introducing electron-withdrawing substituents such as chlorine and bromine into carboxylate or sulfonate anions reduces desorption residue. Besides NOx absorption, ILs with [NO3]- can activate NO and efficiently catalyze its conversion into HNO3 in the presence of O2 and H2O, and have better performance than ILs with [Cl]-, [Ac]- and [CF3SO3]-, which is attributed to the strong oxidization capability of [NO3]-. In addition, low temperature and high O2 content can further improve NO conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
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19
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Baumann A, Hernández-Arriaga A, Brandt A, Sánchez V, Nier A, Jung F, Kehm R, Höhn A, Grune T, Frahm C, Witte OW, Camarinha-Silva A, Bergheim I. Microbiota profiling in aging-associated inflammation and liver degeneration. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151500. [PMID: 33813306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of people above the age of 60 years is raising world-wide being associated with an increase in the prevalence of aging-associated impairments and even diseases. Recent studies suggest that aging is associated with alterations in bacterial endotoxin levels and that these changes may add to low-grade inflammation, the so-called 'inflammaging', and aging-associated liver degeneration. However, mechanisms involved, and especially, the interaction of intestinal microbiota and barrier in the development of aging-associated inflammation and liver degeneration have not been fully understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine if intestinal microbiota composition changes with age and if these alterations are associated with changes of markers of intestinal barrier function and the development of inflammation and liver degeneration. METHODS Blood, liver, small and large intestinal tissue of male 2-, 15-, 24- and 30-months old C57BL/6 mice fed standard chow were obtained. Intestinal microbiota composition, expression levels of antimicrobial peptides in small intestine and markers of intestinal barrier function were measured. Furthermore, indices of liver damage, inflammation and expression levels of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (Lbp) as well as of toll-like receptors (Tlr) 1-9 in liver tissue were assessed. RESULTS Pairwise comparisons of the microbial community in the small intestine showed differences between 2- and 24-, 15- and 24-, as well as 15- and 30-months old animals while Shannon's diversity, species richness and evenness indexes did not differ in both small and large intestine, respectively, between age groups. Concentrations of nitric oxide were significantly lower in small intestine of 15-, 24- and 30-months old mice compared to 2-months old mice while mRNA expression of the antimicrobial peptides defensin alpha 1 and lysozyme 1 was unchanged. In contrast, in liver tissue, older age of animals was associated with increasing inflammation and the development of fibrosis in 24- and 30-months old mice. Numbers of inflammatory foci and neutrophils in livers of 24- and 30-months old mice were significantly higher compared to 2-months old mice. These alterations were also associated with higher endotoxin levels in plasma as well as an increased mRNA expression of Lbp and Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr4, Tlr6 and Tlr9 in livers in older mice. CONCLUSION Despite no consistent and robust changes of microbiota composition in small and/or large intestine of mice of different age were observed, our data suggest that alterations of markers of intestinal barrier function in small intestine are associated with an induction of several Tlrs and beginning hepatic inflammation in older mice and increase with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Baumann
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Annette Brandt
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Victor Sánchez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anika Nier
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Finn Jung
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Kehm
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Annika Höhn
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Frahm
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto Wilhelm Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Ropkins K, Tate JE. Early observations on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on air quality trends across the UK. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142374. [PMID: 33254916 PMCID: PMC7492802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UK government implemented national lockdown in response to COVID-19 on the 23-26 March 2020. As elsewhere in Europe and Internationally, associated restrictions initially limited individual mobility and workplace activity to essential services and travel, and significant air quality benefits were widely anticipated. Here, break-point/segment methods are applied to air pollutant time-series from the first half of 2020 to provide an independent estimate of the timings of discrete changes in NO, NO2, NOx, O3, PM10 and PM2.5 time-series from Automatic Urban Rural Network (AURN) monitoring stations across the UK. NO, NO2 and NOx all exhibit abrupt decreases at the time the UK locked down of (on average) 7.6 to 17 μg·m-3 (or 32 to 50%) at Urban Traffic stations and 4 to 5.7 μg·m-3 (or 26 to 46%) at Urban Background stations. However, after the initial abrupt reduction, gradual increases were then observed through lockdown. This suggests that the return of vehicles to the road during early lockdown has already offset much of the air quality improvement seen when locking down (provisional estimate 50 to 70% by 01 July). While locking down O3 increased (7 to 7.4 μg·m-3 or 14 to 17% at Urban stations) broadly in line with NO2 reductions, but later changes suggest significant non-lockdown contributions to O3 during the months that followed. Increases of similar magnitudes were observed for both PM10 (5.9 to 6.3 μg·m-3) and PM2.5 (3.9 to 5.0 μg·m-3) at both Rural and Urban stations alike, but the distribution of changes suggests the lockdown was not an obvious direct source of changes in levels of either of these species during this period, and that more complex contributions, e.g. from resuspension and secondary aerosol, may be more likely major drivers for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Ropkins
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - James E Tate
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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21
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Sun J, Shen Z, Wang R, Li G, Zhang Y, Zhang B, He K, Tang Z, Xu H, Qu L, Sai Hang Ho S, Liu S, Cao J. A comprehensive study on ozone pollution in a megacity in North China Plain during summertime: Observations, source attributions and ozone sensitivity. Environ Int 2021; 146:106279. [PMID: 33276317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution has been becoming prominent in North China Plain (NCP) in China since last decade. In order to clarify the source contribution and formation mechanism of O3, the critical precursors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured with both on-line and off-line methods in Luoyang City in summer of 2019. The concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx, sum of NO and NO2) and O3 were simultaneously monitored. Fifty-seven VOCs measured in U.S. Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Station (PAMS) showed daily concentrations in a range of 14.5 ± 5.33 to 29.2 ± 11.2 ppbv in Luoyang, which were comparable with those in other Chinese megacities. The mass compositions of VOCs were determined, with comparatively low proportions of alkanes (<50%) but high fractions of photoreactive alkenes and alkyne. Source apportionment of VOCs was conducted by Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model (HERM). The results indicated that industrial (38.5%) and traffic (32.0%) were the two dominated pollution sources of VOCs in the urban, while the biogenic and residential sources had contributions of 15.8% and 13.8%, respectively. To further measure the O3 formation sensitivity and its source attribution, the WRF-CHEM model was adopted in this study. The variation of O3 between the observation and the stimulation using the local emission inventory showed an index of agreement (IOA) of 0.85. The simulation conducted by WRF-CHEM indicated an average of 43.5% of the O3 was associated with the regional transportation, revealing the importance of inter-regional prevention and control policy. Traffic and biogenic emissions were the two major pollution sources to an O3 episode occurred from July 21 to July 27, 2019 (when O3 concentration over 150 μg m-3) in Luoyang, with average contributions of 22.9% and 18.3%, respectively. The O3 isopleths proved that its formation in the atmosphere of Luoyang was in transitional regime and collectively controlled by both VOCs and NOx. This was different from the observations in main cities of NCP before implantations of strict emission controls. The isopleths additionally designated that the O3 formation regime would move forward or shift to NOx regime after a reduction of over 45% during the episode. Similar patterns were also reported in other Chinese megacities such as Beijing and Shanghai, due to the tightening of the NOx control policies. Our results do support that the simultaneous controls of NOx and VOCs were effective in reductions of tropospheric O3 in Luoyang. Meanwhile, joint regional control policies on the emissions of NOx and VOCs can potentially overwhelm the current O3 pollutions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Ruonan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhuoyue Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Divison of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno NV89512, United States
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
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Ryan RG, Rhodes S, Tully M, Schofield R. Surface ozone exceedances in Melbourne, Australia are shown to be under NO x control, as demonstrated using formaldehyde:NO 2 and glyoxal:formaldehyde ratios. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141460. [PMID: 32814203 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two and a half years of multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) are presented alongside in-situ ozone (O3) measurements in Melbourne, Australia. Seasonal and diurnal cycles, vertical profiles and relationships with key meteorological variables are provided. NO2 and CHOCHO were found at highest concentration for low wind speeds implying that their sources were predominantly localised and anthropogenic. HCHO showed an exponential relationship with temperature and a strong wind direction dependence from the northern and eastern sectors, and therefore most likely originated from oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from surrounding forested and rural areas. The glyoxal:formaldehyde ratio (Rgf), reported for the first time in Australia, was consistently high compared to values elsewhere in the world with a mean of 0.105 ± 0.0503 and tended to increase with increasing anthropogenic influence. The HCHO:NO2 ratio (Rfn) was used to characterise tropospheric ozone formation conditions. A strong relationship was found between high temperature, low Rgf, high Rfn and high ozone surface concentrations. Therefore, we propose that both Rgf and Rfn may be useful indicators of tropospheric ozone production regimes and concentrations. The Rfn showed that the vast majority of high ozone production episodes occurred under NOx-limited conditions, suggesting that surface ozone pollution events in Melbourne could be curtailed using NOx emission controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Ryan
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, The University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, The University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052,Australia.
| | - Steve Rhodes
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology, 700 Collins St, Docklands, Melbourne 3208, Australia
| | - Matt Tully
- Australian Bureau of Meteorology, 700 Collins St, Docklands, Melbourne 3208, Australia
| | - Robyn Schofield
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, The University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, The University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052,Australia
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Tan W, Wang J, Li L, Liu A, Song G, Guo K, Luo Y, Liu F, Gao F, Dong L. Gas phase sulfation of ceria-zirconia solid solutions for generating highly efficient and SO 2 resistant NH 3-SCR catalysts for NO removal. J Hazard Mater 2020; 388:121729. [PMID: 31787400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of ceria-zirconia solid solutions (CexZr1-xO2) were prepared by co-precipitation method and then sulfated with SO2 + O2 at 200 °C. Subsequent testing with the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 (NH3-SCR) showed that the activity of the sulfated CexZr1-xO2 catalysts oxide catalysts exhibited a volcano-type tendency with increasing Zr content. Furthermore, the sulfated Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 catalyst showed the most desirable NH3-SCR activity at 250-300 °C, and exhibited much better SO2 resistance at 250 °C. Detailed characterization results demonstrated that Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 could adsorb more surface sulfate species and then produce more stable acid sites than pure CeO2 at 200 °C. After sulfation treatment, more Ce3+ and oxygen vacancies were formed on the surface of Ce0.6Zr0.4O2. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) experiments suggested that the nitrates species deposited on the surface of as-prepared Ce0.6Zr0.4O2, which showed no reactivity, could barely deposit on the same sample after sulfation. While, the sulfated Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 had more reactive acid sites to participate in the NH3-SCR and the reaction proceeded via Eley-Rideal mechanism. This work proved that sulfation treatment could be used in designing an efficient cerium-zirconium based NH3-SCR catalyst with great application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Lulu Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Annai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Kai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yidan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience Technology Center (NSTC), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States.
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of Environment, Center of Modern Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of Environment, Center of Modern Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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24
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Gong C, Xian C, Su Y, Ouyang Z. Estimating the nitrogen source apportionment of Sophora japonica in roadside green spaces using stable isotope. Sci Total Environ 2019; 689:1348-1357. [PMID: 31466171 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that urban vegetation absorbs air pollutants resulting in improved air quality. However, limited work has provided experimental data that can be used to quantify this. In this study, Sophora japonica in the near-road environment was studied, and stable isotopes were used to estimate the proportional contributions of different nitrogen sources to the trees. δ15N and δ18O values were quantified for plant (n = 254) and soil samples (n = 86) collected from 12 sampling sites in Beijing. The elemental composition (total nitrogen (TN) and total carbon (TC)) of both samples types, and the ionic concentration (NO3- and NH4+) of soil samples were also measured. δ15N in S. japonica sampled near the road was significantly lower than in samples collected far from the road. Variation of δ18O, TN, and TC in plant samples could not be explained by the road distance. Using the SIAR Bayesian isotope mixing model and the mixing polygon method, the average proportional contributions of three nitrogen sources for the tree samples among all experiment sites were estimated, with the proportion for each nitrogen source following the order: soil (69.2%) > traffic-related NOx (19.3%) > dry deposition (11.5%). In addition, the results of the Bayesian model revealed that the nitrogen contribution of traffic-related NOx at road-adjacent sites (23.0%) was higher than the contribution of traffic-related NOx at sites far from the road (16.4%). These results indicated that the S. japonica in near-road green spaces was significantly influenced by traffic-related NOx emissions that were characterized by lower δ15N values. We found that using the SIAR Bayesian isotope mixing model and mixing polygon method, the potential nitrogen sources of plants could be estimated and the proportional contributions estimated by the model can reflect the plant's ability to absorb air-borne NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gong
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui 230026, China.
| | - Chaofan Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yuebo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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25
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Triantafyllopoulos G, Dimaratos A, Ntziachristos L, Bernard Y, Dornoff J, Samaras Z. A study on the CO 2 and NO x emissions performance of Euro 6 diesel vehicles under various chassis dynamometer and on-road conditions including latest regulatory provisions. Sci Total Environ 2019; 666:337-346. [PMID: 30798242 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents a detailed analysis of the gaseous emissions, focusing on CO2 and NOx, of diesel vehicles under several operating conditions. An assessment is also made on the impact and effectiveness of the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test, which is mandatory by the European Union (EU) type approval regulation for passenger cars since September 2017. The method followed comprises emissions measurement tests on three Euro 6 diesel vehicles, under laboratory and various on-road operation conditions. Chassis dynamometer tests in the laboratory showed that emissions over the current type approval test (World-wide harmonized Light-duty Test Procedure or WLTP), and over the former one (New European Driving Cycle or NEDC), poorly reflect real-world levels. However, the most demanding CADC testing comes closer to real drive emissions. Comparison of driving conditions on the chassis dynamometer over different driving cycles and on the road reveals that the emission performance substantially varies between different tests, even for apparently similar operation conditions. The NOx emissions reduction strategy of pre-RDE monitoring Euro 6 vehicles seems to be optimized for the NEDC driving conditions, which are not representative of the real-world driving conditions. The real-world emissions during normal driving conditions are effectively captured with the new RDE test, however driving the vehicle dynamically, at conditions outside the RDE regulation boundaries, results to disproportional high emissions. This is a significant shortcoming which might be critical for populations living on hilly areas or those close to specific micro-environments, such as highway entrance ramps, traffic lights, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoann Bernard
- International Council on Clean Transportation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Dornoff
- International Council on Clean Transportation, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zissis Samaras
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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26
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Qi L, Li J, Yao Y, Zhang Y. Heavy metal poisoned and regeneration of selective catalytic reduction catalysts. J Hazard Mater 2019; 366:492-500. [PMID: 30562661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Being poison to heterogeneous catalysts, Pb and As are important metals in the study of industrial NOx emission reductions. A series of V2O5-WO3/TiO2-SiO2 catalysts poisoned by Pb and As were prepared through wet impregnation. The regeneration effect of deionized water, acid solution, complexing agent, and alkali solution on a poisoned catalyst was evaluated through experimental and theoretical calculations. For a Pb-poisoned catalyst, deionized water, acetic acid, and triethylenetetramine were used to wash. NOx conversion rate on the Pb-V2O5-WO3/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst increased from approximately 59.49% to 95.70%, which is 98.43% of the efficiency of the original fresh catalyst. As for an As-poisoned catalyst, deionized water, acetic acid solution, and sodium carbonate solution were used to wash, and the NOx conversion rate on the As-V2O5-WO3/TiO2-SiO2 catalyst increased from approximately 64.05% to 80.76%, which is 98.45% of the original efficiency of the fresh catalyst. The specific surface areas of the lead and arsenic regeneration catalyst were 46.41 m2/g and 45.95 m2/g respectively, approximately 14.00% and 11.02% higher than that of the poisoned catalyst (40.71 m2/g and 41.39 m2/g).The study provides a new method for the regeneration of SCR catalysts, which is particularly applicable for regenerating a large number of Pb- and As-poisoned catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 102206, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China.
| | - Jintao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
| | - Yajuan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding, 071003, China
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27
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Casquero-Vera JA, Lyamani H, Titos G, Borrás E, Olmo FJ, Alados-Arboledas L. Impact of primary NO 2 emissions at different urban sites exceeding the European NO 2 standard limit. Sci Total Environ 2019; 646:1117-1125. [PMID: 30235598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A large part of the European population is still exposed to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels exceeding the European Union (EU) air quality standards, being a key challenge to reduce NO2 concentrations across many European urban areas, particularly close to roads. In this work, a trend analysis of pollutants involved in NO2 processes was done for the period 2003-2014 in traffic sites from three Spanish cities (Barcelona, Madrid and Granada) that still exceed the European NO2 air quality standard limits. We also estimated the contributions of primary NO2 emissions and photo-chemically formed NO2 to the observed ambient NO2 concentrations in order to explore their possible role in the observed NO2 concentration trends. The NOx and NO concentrations at these traffic sites showed significant decreasing trends during the period 2003-2014, especially at Barcelona (BARTR) and Madrid (MADTR) traffic stations. The NO2 concentrations showed statistically significant downward trends at BARTR and MADTR and remained unchanged at Granada traffic station (GRATR) during the study period. Despite the significant decrease in NO2 concentrations in BCNTR and MADTR during the analysed period, the NO2 concentrations observed over these sites still above the annual NO2 standard limit of 40 μg m-3 and, therefore, more efficient measures are still needed. Primary NO2 emissions significantly influence NO2 concentrations at the three analysed sites. However, as no drastic changes are expected in the after-exhaust treatment technology that can reduce primary NO2 emissions to zero in the near future, only a substantial reduction in NOx emissions will help to comply with the NO2 European air quality standards. Reduction of 78%, 56% and 16% on NOx emissions in Barcelona, Madrid and Granada were estimated to be necessary to comply with the NO2 annual limit of 40 μg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Casquero-Vera
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - H Lyamani
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - G Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - E Borrás
- Fundación CEAM, Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Atmospheric Pesticide Research Group of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - F J Olmo
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - L Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research, IISTA-CEAMA, University of Granada, Junta de Andalucía, Granada, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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28
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Li Q, Gabay M, Rubin Y, Fredj E, Tas E. Measurement-based investigation of ozone deposition to vegetation under the effects of coastal and photochemical air pollution in the Eastern Mediterranean. Sci Total Environ 2018; 645:1579-1597. [PMID: 30248876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dry deposition of ozone (O3) to vegetation is an important pathway for its removal from the troposphere, and it can lead to adverse effects in plants and changes in climate. However, our mechanistic understanding of O3 dry deposition is insufficient to adequately account for it in global and regional models, primarily because this process is highly complicated by feedback mechanisms and sensitivity to specific characteristics of vegetative environment and atmospheric dynamics and composition. We hypothesized that measuring dry deposition of O3 to vegetation near the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) coast, where large variations in meteorological conditions and photochemical air pollution frequently occur, would enable identifying the mechanisms controlling O3 deposition to vegetation. Moreover, we have only limited knowledge of O3 deposition to vegetation occurring near a coastline, under air pollution, or in the EM. This study investigated O3 deposition to mixed Mediterranean vegetation between the summers of 2015 and 2017, 3.6 km away from the EM coast, using the eddy covariance technique to quantify vertical flux of O3 and its partitioning to stomatal and non-stomatal flux, concurrent with nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Surprisingly, nighttime O3-deposition velocity (Vd) was smaller than daytime Vd by only ~20-37% on average for all measurement periods, primarily related to moderate nighttime atmospheric stability due to proximity to the seashore. We provide evidence for the role of sea-salt aerosols in enhancing O3 deposition via surface-wetness buildup at low relative humidity near the coast, and for daytime enhancement of O3 deposition by the combined effects of biogenic volatile organic compound emission and surface-wetness buildup. We further show that NOx emitted from elevated emission sources can reduce O3 deposition, and even lead to a positive O3 flux, demonstrating the importance of adequately taking into account the impact of air pollution on O3 deposition to vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maor Gabay
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erick Fredj
- Department of Computer Science, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Eran Tas
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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29
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Liu X, Tan H, Wang Y, Yang F, Mikulčić H, Vujanović M, Duić N. Low NO x combustion and SCR flow field optimization in a low volatile coal fired boiler. J Environ Manage 2018; 220:30-35. [PMID: 29753986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Low NOx burner redesign and deep air staging have been carried out to optimize the poor ignition and reduce the NOx emissions in a low volatile coal fired 330 MWe boiler. Residual swirling flow in the tangentially-fired furnace caused flue gas velocity deviations at furnace exit, leading to flow field unevenness in the SCR (selective catalytic reduction) system and poor denitrification efficiency. Numerical simulations on the velocity field in the SCR system were carried out to determine the optimal flow deflector arrangement to improve flow field uniformity of SCR system. Full-scale experiment was performed to investigate the effect of low NOx combustion and SCR flow field optimization. Compared with the results before the optimization, the NOx emissions at furnace exit decreased from 550 to 650 mg/Nm³ to 330-430 mg/Nm³. The sample standard deviation of the NOx emissions at the outlet section of SCR decreased from 34.8 mg/Nm³ to 7.8 mg/Nm³. The consumption of liquid ammonia reduced from 150 to 200 kg/h to 100-150 kg/h after optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Houzhang Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yibin Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuxin Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hrvoje Mikulčić
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Vujanović
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Neven Duić
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Motta O, Cucciniello R, La Femina R, Pironti C, Proto A. Development of a new radial passive sampling device for atmospheric NO x determination. Talanta 2018; 190:199-203. [PMID: 30172499 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we used Na2CO3-impregnated silica as reactive substrate for the determination of atmospheric NOx (NO+NO2) by using a passive sampling device, with radial symmetry, which is unprecedented. We conducted laboratory and field tests at an urban setting, with co-located passive samplers and continuous measurements of NOx by a chemiluminescence detector, used as reference. The performance of the carbonate-based sorbent for the NOx sampler was evaluated in two different time frames (autumn 2016 and winter 2017), characterised by different environmental conditions. The comparison of the NOx concentration levels measured by passive sampling, using Na2CO3 as NOx sorbent, showed a close relationship with those obtained by the chemiluminescence analyzer. Validation experiments in the laboratory and in the field are reported together with the calculation of the diffusion-sampling rate of the samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Motta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia e Odontoiatria "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Raffaele Cucciniello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Rosa La Femina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
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31
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O'Driscoll R, Stettler MEJ, Molden N, Oxley T, ApSimon HM. Real world CO 2 and NO x emissions from 149 Euro 5 and 6 diesel, gasoline and hybrid passenger cars. Sci Total Environ 2018; 621:282-290. [PMID: 29186703 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study CO2 and NOx emissions from 149 Euro 5 and 6 diesel, gasoline and hybrid passenger cars were compared using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). The models sampled accounted for 56% of all passenger cars sold in Europe in 2016. We found gasoline vehicles had CO2 emissions 13-66% higher than diesel. During urban driving, the average CO2 emission factor was 210.5 (sd. 47) gkm-1 for gasoline and 170.2 (sd. 34) gkm-1 for diesel. Half the gasoline vehicles tested were Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI). Euro 6 GDI engines <1.4ℓ delivered ~17% CO2 reduction compared to Port Fuel Injection (PFI). Gasoline vehicles delivered an 86-96% reduction in NOx emissions compared to diesel cars. The average urban NOx emission from Euro 6 diesel vehicles 0.44 (sd. 0.44) gkm-1 was 11 times higher than for gasoline 0.04 (sd. 0.04) gkm-1. We also analysed two gasoline-electric hybrids which out-performed both gasoline and diesel for NOx and CO2. We conclude action is required to mitigate the public health risk created by excessive NOx emissions from modern diesel vehicles. Replacing diesel with gasoline would incur a substantial CO2 penalty, however greater uptake of hybrid vehicles would likely reduce both CO2 and NOx emissions. Discrimination of vehicles on the basis of Euro standard is arbitrary and incentives should promote vehicles with the lowest real-world emissions of both NOx and CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind O'Driscoll
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, 13-15 Princes Gardens, London SW7 1NA, United Kingdom.
| | - Marc E J Stettler
- Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Molden
- Emissions Analytics, Kimball Smith Limited, Kings Worthy House, Court Road, Kings Worthy, Winchester, SO23 7QA, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Oxley
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, 13-15 Princes Gardens, London SW7 1NA, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M ApSimon
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, 13-15 Princes Gardens, London SW7 1NA, United Kingdom
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Xing Y, Li H, Huang L, Wu H, Shen H, Chen Z. The production of formaldehyde and hydroxyacetone in methacrolein photooxidation: New insights into mechanism and effects of water vapor. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 66:1-11. [PMID: 29628075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Methacrolein (MACR) is an abundant multifunctional carbonyl compound with high reactivity in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigated the hydroxyl radical initiated oxidation of MACR at various NO/MACR ratios (0 to 4.04) and relative humidities (<3% to 80%) using a flow tube. Meanwhile, a box model based on the Master Chemical Mechanism was performed to test our current understanding of the mechanism. In contrast to the reasonable predictions for hydroxyacetone production, the modeled yields of formaldehyde (HCHO) were twice higher than the experimental results. The discrepancy was ascribed to the existence of unconsidered non-HCHO forming channels in the chemistry of CH3C(CH2)OO, which account for approx. 50%. In addition, the production of hydroxyacetone and HCHO were affected by water vapor as well as the initial NO/MACR ratio. The yields of HCHO were higher under humid conditions than that under dry condition. The yields of hydroxyacetone were higher under humid conditions at low-NOx level, while lower at high-NOx level. The reasonable explanation for the lower hydroxyacetone yield under humid conditions at high-NOx level is that water vapor promotes the production of methacrolein nitrate in the reaction of HOCH2C(CH3)(OO)CHO with NO due to the peroxy radical-water complex formation, which was evidenced by calculational results. And the minimum equilibrium constant of this water complex formation was estimated to be 1.89×10-18cm3/molecule. These results provide new insights into the MACR oxidation mechanism and the effects of water vapor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liubin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hengqing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Duan Z, Liu J, Shi J, Zhao Z, Wei Y, Zhang X, Jiang G, Duan A. The selective catalytic reduction of NO over Ce 0.3TiO x-supported metal oxide catalysts. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 65:1-7. [PMID: 29548380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A Ce0.3TiOx oxide carrier was synthesized via a sol-gel process, and Ce0.3TiOx supported metal (M=Cd, Mn, Fe, W, Mo) oxide catalysts were prepared by the method of incipient-wetness impregnation. The catalysts were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and Temperature-programmed reduction with H2 (H2-TPR). The catalytic activities for de-NOx were evaluated by the NH3-SCR reaction. Among all the catalysts tested, the 2wt.% Cd/Ce0.3TiOx catalyst exhibited the best NH3-SCR performance, with a wide temperature window of 250-450°C for NO conversion above 90%. Moreover, the catalyst showed N2 selectivity greater than 99% from 200 to 450°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China.
| | - Juan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Yuechang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Guiyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Aijun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Lab of Oil & Gas Pollution Control, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
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Ma J, Chu B, Liu J, Liu Y, Zhang H, He H. NO x promotion of SO 2 conversion to sulfate: An important mechanism for the occurrence of heavy haze during winter in Beijing. Environ Pollut 2018; 233:662-669. [PMID: 29121601 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, concentrations of NOx, SO2, O3 and fine particles (PM2.5) were measured at three monitoring stations in Beijing during 2015. For extreme haze episodes during 25 Nov. - 3 Dec. 2015, observation data confirmed that high concentrations of NOx promoted the conversion of SO2 to sulfate. Annual data confirmed that this is an important mechanism for the occurrence of heavy haze during winter in Beijing. Furthermore, in situ perturbation experiments in a potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor were carried out at Shengtaizhongxin (STZX) station during both clean and polluted days. The concentrations of SO42-, NH4+, NO3- and organic aerosol were positively related to the concentration of added NO2. These results provide definitive evidence that NO2 can promote the conversion of SO2 to sulfate. At the same time, we found that NO2 can promote the formation of NH4+ and organic compounds in the aerosols. Our results illustrate that strengthened controls of nitrogen oxides is a key step in reducing the fine particles level in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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35
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Plusquin M, Guida F, Polidoro S, Vermeulen R, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Campanella G, Hoek G, Kyrtopoulos SA, Georgiadis P, Naccarati A, Sacerdote C, Krogh V, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Monique Verschuren WM, Sayols-Baixeras S, Panni T, Peters A, Hebels DGAJ, Kleinjans J, Vineis P, Chadeau-Hyam M. DNA methylation and exposure to ambient air pollution in two prospective cohorts. Environ Int 2017; 108:127-136. [PMID: 28843141 PMCID: PMC6139298 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with several adverse health effects including cardiovascular, respiratory diseases and cancers. However, underlying molecular alterations remain to be further investigated. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of long-term exposure to air pollutants on (a) average DNA methylation at functional regions and, (b) individual differentially methylated CpG sites. An assumption is that omic measurements, including the methylome, are more sensitive to low doses than hard health outcomes. This study included blood-derived DNA methylation (Illumina-HM450 methylation) for 454 Italian and 159 Dutch participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Long-term air pollution exposure levels, including NO2, NOx, PM2.5, PMcoarse, PM10, PM2.5 absorbance (soot) were estimated using models developed within the ESCAPE project, and back-extrapolated to the time of sampling when possible. We meta-analysed the associations between the air pollutants and global DNA methylation, methylation in functional regions and epigenome-wide methylation. CpG sites found differentially methylated with air pollution were further investigated for functional interpretation in an independent population (EnviroGenoMarkers project), where (N=613) participants had both methylation and gene expression data available. Exposure to NO2 was associated with a significant global somatic hypomethylation (p-value=0.014). Hypomethylation of CpG island's shores and shelves and gene bodies was significantly associated with higher exposures to NO2 and NOx. Meta-analysing the epigenome-wide findings of the 2 cohorts did not show genome-wide significant associations at single CpG site level. However, several significant CpG were found if the analyses were separated by countries. By regressing gene expression levels against methylation levels of the exposure-related CpG sites, we identified several significant CpG-transcript pairs and highlighted 5 enriched pathways for NO2 and 9 for NOx mainly related to the immune system and its regulation. Our findings support results on global hypomethylation associated with air pollution, and suggest that the shores and shelves of CpG islands and gene bodies are mostly affected by higher exposure to NO2 and NOx. Functional differences in the immune system were suggested by transcriptome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Plusquin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Florence Guida
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Campanella
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Soterios A Kyrtopoulos
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Georgiadis
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., Athens 11635, Greece
| | | | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology-CERMS, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tommaso Panni
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dennie G A J Hebels
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Kleinjans
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; IIGM, Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, Turin, Italy
| | - Marc Chadeau-Hyam
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council-Health Protection Agency Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mendoza JA, Lee DH, Kang JH. Photocatalytic removal of gaseous nitrogen oxides using WO 3/TiO 2 particles under visible light irradiation: Effect of surface modification. Chemosphere 2017; 182:539-546. [PMID: 28521170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic nanoparticles have been receiving considerable attention for their potential use in many environmental management applications, including urban air quality control. This paper investigates the performance of surface modified WO3/TiO2 composite particles in removing gaseous nitrogen oxides (NOx) under visible light irradiation. The WO3/TiO2 composite particles were synthesized using a modified wet chemical method with different concentrations of NaOH solution used as a surface modification agent for the host TiO2 particles. The NOx removal efficiency of the WO3/TiO2 particles was evaluated using a lab-scale continuous gas flow photo-reactor with a gas contact time of 1 min. Results showed that surface modification using NaOH can enhance the photocatalytic activity of the WO3/TiO2 particles. The NOx removal efficiency of the surface modified WO3/TiO2 was greater than 90%, while that of WO3/TiO2 particles prepared by the conventional wet chemical method was ∼75%. The enhanced removal efficiency might be attributed to the formation of oxygen vacancies on the TiO2 surface, providing sites for WO3 particles to effectively bind with TiO2. However, excess amount of NaOH >3 M deteriorated the photocatalytic performance due to the increased agglomeration of the host TiO2 particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Albert Mendoza
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University - Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University - Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyon Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dongguk University - Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon S, Park Y, Park J, Kim J, Choi KH, Cha JS. Characteristics of on-road NO x emissions from Euro 6 light-duty diesel vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system. Sci Total Environ 2017; 576:70-77. [PMID: 27780101 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the on-road nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions measurements from Euro 6 light-duty diesel vehicles using a portable emissions measurement system on the predesigned test routes in the metropolitan area of Seoul, Korea. Six diesel vehicles were tested and the NOx emissions results were analyzed according to the driving routes, driving conditions, data analysis methods, and ambient temperatures. Total NOx emissions for route 1, which has higher driving severity than route 2, differed by -4-60% from those for route 2. The NOx emissions when the air conditioner (AC) was used were higher by 68% and 85%, on average, for routes 1 and 2, respectively, compared to when the AC was not used. The analytical results for NOx emissions by the moving averaging window method were higher by 2-31% compared to the power binning method. NOx emissions at lower ambient temperatures (0-5°C) were higher by 82-192% compared to those at higher ambient temperatures (15-20°C). This result shows that performance improvements of exhaust gas recirculation and the NOx after-treatment system will be needed at lower ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangil Kwon
- Transport Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 42 Hwankyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Park
- Transport Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 42 Hwankyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Park
- Transport Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 42 Hwankyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Kim
- Transport Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 42 Hwankyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choi
- Department of Physics, Namseoul University, Cheonan 31020, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Cha
- Global Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), 42 Hwankyeong-Ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
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Cucciniello R, Proto A, La Femina R, Pironti C, Farina A, Motta O. A new sorbent tube for atmospheric NO x determination by active sampling. Talanta 2016; 164:403-406. [PMID: 28107948 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we used hydrated mayenite as reactive substrate for NOx active sampling in the air, which is novel. The performance of the mayenite-based sorbent for the NOx tubes was evaluated in two different monitoring surveys (autumn 2015 and winter 2016), characterized by different environmental conditions. Sorbent tubes filled with mayenite were exposed simultaneously to triethanolamine (TEA)-based sorbent tubes and to a chemiluminescence detector, as reference. The comparison of the NOx concentration levels measured by active sampling, using mayenite as NOx sorbent, showed a close relationship with the chemiluminescence analyzer. The effect of the environmental conditions on the performance of both mayenite and TEA-based sorbent tubes was evaluated and limitations connected to the use of TEA were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Cucciniello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia,Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonio Proto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia,Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Rosa La Femina
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia,Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia,Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Anna Farina
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile,Civile, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia e Odontoiatria "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Salvatore Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy
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Woo SH, Kwak KH, Bae GN, Kim KH, Kim CH, Yook SJ, Jeon S, Kwon S, Kim J, Lee SB. Overestimation of on-road air quality surveying data measured with a mobile laboratory caused by exhaust plumes of a vehicle ahead in dense traffic areas. Environ Pollut 2016; 218:1116-1127. [PMID: 27622843 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The unintended influence of exhaust plumes emitted from a vehicle ahead to on-road air quality surveying data measured with a mobile laboratory (ML) at 20-40 km h-1 in dense traffic areas was investigated by experiment and life-sized computational fluidic dynamics (CFD) simulation. The ML equipped with variable sampling inlets of five columns by four rows was used to measure the spatial distribution of CO2 and NOx concentrations when following 5-20 m behind a sport utility vehicle (SUV) as an emitter vehicle equipped with a portable emission monitoring system (PEMS). The PEMS measured exhaust gases at the tailpipe for input data of the CFD simulations. After the CFD method was verified with experimental results of the SUV, dispersion of exhaust plumes emitted from a bus and a sedan was numerically analyzed. More dilution of the exhaust plume was observed at higher vehicle speeds, probably because of eddy diffusion that was proportional to turbulent kinetic energy and vehicle speed. The CO2 and NOx concentrations behind the emitter vehicle showed less overestimation as both the distance between the two vehicles and their background concentrations increased. If the height of the ML inlet is lower than 2 m and the ML travels within 20 m behind a SUV and a sedan ahead at 20 km h-1, the overestimation should be considered by as much as 200 ppb in NOx and 80 ppm in CO2. Following a bus should be avoided if possible, because effect of exhaust plumes from a bus ahead could not be negligible even when the distance between the bus and the ML with the inlet height of 2 m, was more than 40 m. Recommendations are provided to avoid the unintended influence of exhaust plumes from vehicles ahead of the ML during on-road measurement in urban dense traffic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Woo
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Kwak
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Kangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyeok Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Yook
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Wangsimni-ro 222, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangzin Jeon
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Kwon
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsoo Kim
- Transportation Pollution Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon 22755, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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Thang PQ, Muto Y, Maeda Y, Trung NQ, Itano Y, Takenaka N. Increase in ozone due to the use of biodiesel fuel rather than diesel fuel. Environ Pollut 2016; 216:400-407. [PMID: 27396671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of fuel by vehicles emits nitrogen oxides (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) into the atmosphere, which are important ozone precursors. Ozone is formed as a secondary pollutant via photochemical processes and is not emitted directly into the atmosphere. In this paper, the ozone increase resulting from the use of biodiesel and diesel fuels was investigated, and the different ozone formation trends were experimentally evaluated. Known amounts of exhaust gas from a power generator operated using biodiesel and diesel fuels were added to ambient air. The quality of the ambient air, such as the initial NMHC and NOx concentrations, and the irradiation intensity have an effect on the ozone levels. When 30 cm(3) of biodiesel fuel exhaust gas (BFEG) or diesel fuel exhausted gas (DFEG) was added to 18 dm(3) of ambient air, the highest ratios of ozone increase from BFEG compared with DFEG in Japan and Vietnam were 31.2 and 42.8%, respectively, and the maximum ozone increases resulting from DFEG and BFEG compared with the ambient air in Japan were 17.4 and 26.4 ppb, respectively. The ozone increase resulting from the use of BFEG was large and significant compared to that from DFEG under all experimental conditions. The ozone concentration increased as the amount of added exhaust gas increased. The ozone increase from the Jatropha-BFEG was slightly higher than that from waste cooking oil-BFEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Quang Thang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan; Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Yusuke Muto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Maeda
- Research Organization for University-Community Collaborations, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
| | - Nguyen Quang Trung
- Institute of Environmental Technology (IET), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Yasuyuki Itano
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health & Environmental Sciences, 8-34 Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka, 543-0026, Japan
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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Wang Q, Hung PC, Lu S, Chang MB. Catalytic decomposition of gaseous PCDD/Fs over V2O5/TiO2-CNTs catalyst: Effect of NO and NH3 addition. Chemosphere 2016; 159:132-137. [PMID: 27285382 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a strong need for a control technology that simultaneously achieving the abatement of PCDD/Fs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in waste incineration industry. TiO2 and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as composite carriers to support vanadium oxide as an innovative catalyst to simultaneously control PCDD/Fs and NO emissions. The removal efficiencies (RE) of PCDD/Fs by V2O5/TiO2-CNTs catalyst under a space velocity (SV) of 20,000 h(-1) reaches 99.9% at 150 °C and adsorption is supposed to be the main mechanism at this temperature. The influence of NONH3 reaction on PCDD/Fs catalytic reaction is investigated. The kinetics analysis exhibits that the addition of NO and NH3 reduces the activation energies for OCDD (octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and OCDF (octachlorodibenzofuran) decomposition to 3.6 kJ/mol and 5.4 kJ/mol respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Pao Chang Hung
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jungdad Road, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Moo Been Chang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, No. 300, Jungdad Road, Chungli 320, Taiwan
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42
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Lv D, Zhu T, Liu R, Lv Q, Sun Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhang F. Effects of co-processing sewage sludge in cement kiln on NOx, NH3 and PAHs emissions. Chemosphere 2016; 159:595-601. [PMID: 27343866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of co-processing sewage sludge in cement kiln on NOx, NH3 and PAHs emissions were systematically investigated in a cement production line in Beijing. The results show that co-processing the sewage sludge was helpful to reduce NOx emission, which primarily depends on the NH3 amount released from the sewage sludge. Meanwhile, NOx and NH3 concentrations in the flue gas have a negative correlation, and the contribution of feeding the sewage sludge to NOx removal decreased with the increase of injection amount of ammonia water in the SNCR system. Therefore, it is suggested that the injection amount of ammonia water in SNCR system may reduce to cut down the operating costs during co-processing the sewage sludge in cement kiln. In addition, the emission of total PAHs seems to increase with the increased amount of the sewage sludge feeding to the cement kiln. However, the distributions of PAHs were barely changed, and lower molecular weight PAHs were mainly distributed in gaseous phase, accounted for the major portion of PAHs when co-processing sewage sludge in cement kiln.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lv
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianle Zhu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Runwei Liu
- Beijing Taihang Qianjing Cement Co., Ltd, Beijing, 102471, China
| | - Qingzhi Lv
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Yamada H, Hayashi R, Tonokura K. Simultaneous measurements of on-road/in-vehicle nanoparticles and NOx while driving: Actual situations, passenger exposure and secondary formations. Sci Total Environ 2016; 563-564:944-955. [PMID: 26806073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous measurements of on-road and in-vehicle NO and NO2 levels, particle number concentrations (PNCs), and particles size distributions were performed while driving using a test vehicle equipped with real-time sensors. The results obtained on regional roads showed that heavy-duty vehicles in traffic seem to have a major impact on on-road air quality. Measurements on highways that included a 10km tunnel and a 2km uphill section of road indicated that sub-50nm particles have different features from the other species because of their higher volatility. The other species showed quite high on-road concentrations in the tunnel. In-vehicle conditions were made similar to the on-road ones by setting the air conditioning (AC) mode to the fresh air mode. The in-vehicle NO2 concentration in the tunnel was over 0.50ppmV, which is almost five times higher than the 1-hour ambient air quality standard proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). In sections other than the tunnel, the in-vehicle NO2 concentration was almost the same as the 1-hour WHO standard. Higher on-road NO2/NOx ratios than those of exhaust gases and different behavior of sub-50nm particles from other species suggested that NO2 and sub-50nm particles were mainly due to secondary products formed by atmospheric reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Yamada
- National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory, 7-42-27 Jindaiji-higashimachi, Chofu, Tokyo 182-0012, Japan.
| | - Rumiko Hayashi
- Division for Environment, Health and Safety, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tonokura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8563, Japan
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Lu X, Yao T, Li Y, Fung JCH, Lau AKH. Source apportionment and health effect of NOx over the Pearl River Delta region in southern China. Environ Pollut 2016; 212:135-146. [PMID: 26845361 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most notorious atmospheric pollutants, NOx not only promotes the formation of ozone but also has adverse health effects on humans. It is therefore of great importance to study the sources of NOx and its effects on human health. The Comprehensive Air Quality Model (CAMx) modeling system and ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT) were used to study the contribution of NOx from different emission sources over southern China. The results indicate that heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) and industrial point sources are the two major local NOx sources, accounting for 30.8% and 18.5% of local NOx sources, respectively. In Hong Kong, marine emissions contributed around 43.4% of local NOx in 2011. Regional transport is another important source of this pollutant, especially in February and November, and it can contribute over 30% of ambient NOx on average. Power plant point emission is an significant regional source in Zhuhai, Zhongshan and Foshan. The total emission sources are estimated to cause 2119 (0-4405) respiratory deaths and 991 (0-2281) lung cancer deaths due to long-term exposure to NOx in the Pearl River Delta region. Our results suggest that local governments should combine their efforts and vigorously promote further reduction of NOx emissions, especially for those sources that make a substantial contribution to NOx emissions and affect human health: HDDV, LDGV, industrial point sources and marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Lu
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Teng Yao
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jimmy C H Fung
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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DeForest Hauser C, Buckley A, Porter J. Passive samplers and community science in regional air quality measurement, education and communication. Environ Pollut 2015; 203:243-249. [PMID: 25556581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Charlotte, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, was ranked in the top ten cities with the worst air quality for ozone in the United States by the American Lung Association from 2009 to 2011. Nearby counties that may experience similar air quality do not have state or county monitors. This study utilized NOx and ozone Ogawa passive samplers and community scientists to monitor air quality in five counties surrounding Charlotte and increase public engagement in air quality issues. Community scientists deployed samplers weekly at a residential site within each county. Samples were analyzed using spectrophotometry and ion chromatography. Elevated NOx concentrations were observed in four of the five counties relative to those with existing monitors. Ozone concentrations showed little county to county variation, except Iredell and Cabarrus which had higher concentrations than Rowan. Community involvement in this work led to an increase in local dissemination of the results, thus increasing air quality awareness.
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Liu X, Wang J, Wang X, Zhu T. Simultaneous removal of PCDD/Fs and NOx from the flue gas of a municipal solid waste incinerator with a pilot plant. Chemosphere 2015; 133:90-96. [PMID: 25951617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The pilot-scale plant on the simultaneous removal of PCDD/Fs and NOx from the flue gas of a municipal solid waste incinerator is presented. In order to research the influence of temperature on the catalytic decomposition of PCDD/Fs and the selective catalytic reduction of NOx, the experiments were performed at 220 °C, 260 °C, and 300 °C, and the congener profiles of PCDD/Fs for the samples collected at the inlet and outlet were illustrated. Noteworthy, the detailed congener distributions of PCDD/Fs in the gas-phase and particle-phase of the inlet and 300-outlet (decomposition temperature = 300 °C) samples are presented, and the removal efficiencies η(g-I-TEQ) and η(p-I-TEQ) reached to 94.94% and 99.67%, respectively. The effect of the SCR process on the removal of PCDD/Fs was also studied at a relatively low temperature of 220 °C. Additionally, the NOx emissions and the SCR efficiencies were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tingyu Zhu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Lin X, Yan M, Dai A, Zhan M, Fu J, Li X, Chen T, Lu S, Buekens A, Yan J. Simultaneous suppression of PCDD/F and NO(x) during municipal solid waste incineration. Chemosphere 2015; 126:60-66. [PMID: 25720846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiourea was tested as a dioxins inhibitor in a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator with high capacity (34 t h(-1)). The suppressant, featuring a high S- and N-content, was converted into liquor and then injected (35 kg h(-1)) into the furnace (850 °C) through the inlets already used for Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) of flue gas NOx. The first results show that thiourea reduces the dioxins in flue gas by 55.8 wt.%, those in fly ash by 90.3 wt.% and the total dioxins emission factor by 91.0 wt.%. The concentration of PCDD/Fs was 0.08 ng TEQ Nm(-3), below the national standard of 0.1 ng TEQ Nm(-3). The weight average chlorination degree of dioxins decreases slightly after adding the inhibitor, indicating that it suppresses both the formation and the chlorination of dioxins. Analysis of fly ash by scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggests that the particle size becomes larger after adding the inhibitor. Further analysis using an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) reveals that the sulphur content in fly ash rises, but the chlorine content declines when adding thiourea. These results suggest that poisoning the metal catalyst and blocking the chlorination are probably responsible for suppression. NOx reduction attains 42.6 wt.%. These tests are paving the way for further industrial application and assist in controlling the future emissions of dioxins and NOx from MSWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Mi Yan
- Institute of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ahui Dai
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mingxiu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shengyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Alfons Buekens
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Querol X, Alastuey A, Pandolfi M, Reche C, Pérez N, Minguillón MC, Moreno T, Viana M, Escudero M, Orio A, Pallarés M, Reina F. 2001-2012 trends on air quality in Spain. Sci Total Environ 2014; 490:957-69. [PMID: 24911774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at interpreting the 2001-2012 trends of major air pollutants in Spain, with a major focus on evaluating their relationship with those of the national emission inventories (NEI) and policy actions. Marked downward concentration trends were evidenced for PM10, PM2.5 and CO. Concentrations of NO2 and NOx also declined but in a lesser proportion at rural and traffic sites. At rural sites O3 has been kept constant, whereas it clearly increased at urban and industrial sites. Comparison of the air quality trends and major inflection points with those from NEIs, the National Energy Consumption and the calendar of the implementation of major policy actions allowed us to clearly identify major benefits of European directives on power generation and industrial sources (such as the Large Combustion Plants and the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directives). This, together with a sharp 2007-2008 decrease of coal consumption has probably caused the marked parallel decline of SO2, NOx and for PM2.5 concentrations. Also the effect of the EURO 4 and 5 vehicle emission standards on decreasing emissions of PM and CO from vehicles is noticeable. The smooth decline in NO2-NOx levels is mostly attributed to the low efficiency of EURO 4 and 5 standards in reducing real life urban driving NO2 emissions. The low NOx decrease together with the complexity of the reactions of O3 formation is responsible for the constant O3 concentrations, or even the urban increase. The financial crisis has also contributed to the decrease of the ambient concentration of pollutants; however this caused a major reduction of the primary energy consumption from 2008 to 2009, and not from 2007 to 2008 when ambient air PM and SO2 sharply decreased. The meteorological influence was characterized by a 2008-2012 period favorable to the dispersion of pollutants when compared to the 2001-2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M C Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - T Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Escudero
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa de Zaragoza, Academia General Militar, Ctra. Huesca s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Orio
- Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, G.D. Environmental Quality and Evaluation, Pl. San Juan de la Cruz s/n, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pallarés
- Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, G.D. Environmental Quality and Evaluation, Pl. San Juan de la Cruz s/n, 28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Reina
- Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, G.D. Environmental Quality and Evaluation, Pl. San Juan de la Cruz s/n, 28071 Madrid, Spain
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Blatcher DJ, Eames I. Compliance of Royal Naval ships with nitrogen oxide emissions legislation. Mar Pollut Bull 2013; 74:10-18. [PMID: 23906471 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from marine diesel engines pose a hazard to human health and the environment. From 2021, demanding emissions limits are expected to be applied to sea areas that the Royal Navy (RN) accesses. We analyze how these future constraints affect the choice of NOx abatement systems for RN ships, which are subject to more design constraints than civilian ships. A weighted matrix approach is used to facilitate a quantitative assessment. For most warships to be built soon after 2021 Lean Nitrogen Traps (LNT) in conjunction with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) represents a relatively achievable option with fewer drawbacks than other system types. Urea-selective catalytic reduction is likely to be most appropriate for ships that are built to civilian standards. The future technologies that are at an early stage of development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Blatcher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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