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Jamil HMA, Gatasheh MK, Ahmad R, Ibrahim KE, Khan SA, Irshad U, Shahzad M, Abbasi AM. Ectomycorrhiza and ethylenediurea reduced the impact of high nitrogen and ozone stresses and increased the growth of Cedrus deodara. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28635. [PMID: 38586366 PMCID: PMC10998246 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cedrus deodara is the central conifer plant affected by ozone and nitrogen pollutants among forest species worldwide. The growth of C. deodara depends upon the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) association, which is usually disturbed by these factors. This study aims to understand how these factors affect plants at physiological and biochemical levels. Three fungal strain consortiums were inoculated with two-year-old C. deodara seedlings. The stresses of 100 kg N h-1and 100 ppb O3 were applied for six months to study their impact on chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and APX). The results showed that C2 (Consortium of Cedrus deodara) positively impacted the growth of selected plant species. The high photosynthesis rate was determined by enhanced chlorophyll content, and C2-treated plants showed high chlorophyll content. Relatively, chlorophyll a and b contents increased significantly in the seedlings treated with Ethylenediurea (EDU) alone and with ozone stress. In addition, a significant difference was observed between EDU and O3-treated plants (14% EDU400-O3 and 23% EDU600-O3) and the control. Overall, antioxidant activities were higher in the treated samples than in the control. The order of SOD activity was C2 (448 U/gFW) and lowest (354.7 U/gFW) in control. APX also showed higher activity in treated plants in C1 ≥ C2 ≥ C3+O3, whereas CAT activity was the highest in C2 treatments. Ozone and nitrogen-stressed plants showed higher activities than EDU-treated plants compared to non-treated ones. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the signaling effects of numerous precursors. Moreover, an extended investigation of seedlings developing into trees must be conducted to verify the potential of ectomycorrhizal strains associated with C. deodara and comprehend EDU's role as a direct molecular scavenger of reactive toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Ansab Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Mansour K. Gatasheh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rafiq Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Elfaki Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabaz Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Mehmood Abbasi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Abbottabad, Pakistan
- University of Gastronomic Sciences of Pollenzo, Piazza V. Emanuele II, I-12042, Bra/Pollenzo, Italy
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Agathokleous E, Kitao M, Hoshika Y, Haworth M, Tang Y, Koike T. Ethylenediurea protects against ozone phytotoxicity not by adding nitrogen or controlling stomata in a stomata-unresponsive hybrid poplar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162672. [PMID: 36894106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent environmental issue worldwide, which causes widespread damage to vegetation, deteriorating plant health and reducing plant productivity. Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a synthetic chemical that has been widely applied in scientific studies as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicities. Despite four decades of active research, the exact mechanisms to explain its mode of action remain unclear. Here, we aimed to reveal whether EDU's phytoprotective property is due to its control over stomatal regulation and/or its action as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer, utilizing stomatal-unresponsive plants of a hybrid poplar (Populus koreana × trichocarpa cv. Peace) grown in a free-air O3-concenctration enrichment (FACE) facility. Plants were treated with water (WAT), EDU (400 mg L-1), or EDU's constitutive amount of N every nine days, and exposed to ambient (AOZ) or elevated (EOZ) O3 during a growing season (June-September). EOZ led to extensive foliar injuries (but protected against rust disease), lower photosynthetic rate (A), impaired dynamics of responses of A to changes in light intensity, and smaller total plant leaf area. EDU protected against common phytotoxicities caused by EOZ without inducing stomatal closure, since stomatal conductance (gs) was generally unresponsive to the experimental treatments. EDU also modulated the dynamic response of A to light fluctuations under O3 stress. N addition acted as a fertilizer but did not satisfactorily protect plants against O3 phytotoxicities. The results suggest that EDU protects against O3 phytotoxicity not by adding N or controlling stomata, which provides a new insight into our understanding of the mode of action of EDU as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Research Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan; Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
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High Variation in Resource Allocation Strategies among 11 Indian Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cultivars Growing in High Ozone Environment. CLIMATE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cli7020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eleven local cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were chosen to study the effect of ambient ozone (O3) concentration in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of India at two high-ozone experimental sites by using 300 ppm of Ethylenediurea (EDU) as a chemical protectant against O3. The O3 level was more than double the critical threshold reported for wheat grain production (AOT40 8.66 ppm h). EDU-grown plants had higher grain yield, biomass, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis, less lipid peroxidation, changes in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, changes in content of oxidized and reduced glutathione compared to non-EDU plants, thus indicating the severity of O3 induced productivity loss. Based on the yield at two different growing sites, the cultivars could be addressed in four response groups: (a) generally well-adapted cultivars (above-average yield); (b) poorly-adapted (below-average yield); (c) adapted to low-yield environment (below-average yield); and (d) sensitive cultivars (adapted to high-yield environment). EDU responses were dependent on the cultivar, the developmental phase (vegetative, flowering and harvest) and the experimental site.
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Ashrafuzzaman M, Haque Z, Ali B, Mathew B, Yu P, Hochholdinger F, de Abreu Neto JB, McGillen MR, Ensikat HJ, Manning WJ, Frei M. Ethylenediurea (EDU) mitigates the negative effects of ozone in rice: Insights into its mode of action. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2882-2898. [PMID: 30107647 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of ozone damage to crops plays an increasingly important role for the food security of many developing countries. Ethylenediurea (EDU) could be a tool to assess ozone damage to vegetation on field scale, but its physiological mode of action remains unclear. This study investigated mechanisms underlying the ozone-protection effect of EDU in controlled chamber experiments. Ozone sensitive and tolerant rice genotypes were exposed to ozone (108 ppb, 7 hr day-1 ) and control conditions. EDU alleviated ozone effects on plant morphology, foliar symptoms, lipid peroxidation, and photosynthetic parameters in sensitive genotypes. Transcriptome profiling by RNA sequencing revealed that thousands of genes responded to ozone in a sensitive variety, but almost none responded to EDU. Significant interactions between ozone and EDU application occurred mostly in ozone responsive genes, in which up-regulation was mitigated by EDU application. Further experiments documented ozone degrading properties of EDU, as well as EDU deposits on leaf surfaces possibly related to surface protection. EDU application did not mitigate the reaction of plants to other abiotic stresses, including iron toxicity, zinc deficiency, and salinity. This study provided evidence that EDU is a surface protectant that specifically mitigates ozone stress without interfering directly with the plants' stress response systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashrafuzzaman
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Zahidul Haque
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Basharat Ali
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Boby Mathew
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peng Yu
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans-Jürgen Ensikat
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - William J Manning
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Chen YJ, Wen MX, Sui JX, Yan YQ, Yuan W, Hong L, Zhang L. Ameliorating Effects of Leaf Water Extract of Three Aromatic Plant Species on Ozone-Polluted Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Jiangjunyoudou'). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:849-855. [PMID: 29572555 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2331-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the major pollutants in near-surface air. In order to protect sensitive plants from O3 pollution, many kinds of protectants including synthetic ones, were assessed in previous studies. Although they have certain protective effects, some of them are not environment-friendly. In the present study, leaf water extracts of aromatic plants [Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus (PHT), Pelargonium hortorum (PHB), Tagetes patula (TP)] were compared for mitigating the damages caused by O3 (150 ppb for 3 days, 8 h day-1) on snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris 'Jiangjunyoudou'). Our results showed that O3 fumigation impaired plasma membrane, decreased chlorophyll content, increased contents of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion, inhibited photosynthesis, and caused visible injury. Leaf water extracts of PHT, PHB or TP ameliorated the negative effects of O3. Among them, extract of PHT showed the greatest potential to alleviate the O3-caused injury, followed by PHB and TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - M X Wen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - J X Sui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Y Q Yan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - W Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - L Hong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - L Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Zhang L, Hoshika Y, Carrari E, Burkey KO, Paoletti E. Protecting the photosynthetic performance of snap bean under free air ozone exposure. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 66:31-40. [PMID: 29628099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant and causes serious injury to vegetation. To protect sensitive plants from O3 damage, several agrochemicals have been assessed, including cytokinin (e.g., kinetin, KIN) and ethylenediurea (EDU) with cytokinin-like activity. In higher plant, leaves are primarily injured by O3 and protective agrochemicals are often applied by leaf spraying. To our knowledge, the mitigating abilities of EDU and KIN have not been compared directly in a realistic setup. In the present research, impacts of elevated O3 (2× ambient O3, 24hr per day, for 8days) on an O3 sensitive line (S156) of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), which is often used for biomonitoring O3 pollution, were studied in a free air controlled exposure system. The day before starting the O3 exposure, plants were sprayed with a solution of EDU (300ppm), KIN (1mmol/L) or distilled water, to compare their protective abilities. The results demonstrated that 2× ambient O3 inhibited net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance, increased the minimal fluorescence yield of the dark-adapted state, decreased the maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, and led to visible injury. KIN and EDU alleviated the reduction of the photosynthetic performance, and visible injury under O3 fumigation. The plants sprayed with EDU showed greater ability to mitigate the O3 damage than those sprayed with KIN. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging may have detected more precisely the differences in O3 response across the leaf than the conventional fluorometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Florence, Italy.
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Carrari
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | - Kent O Burkey
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
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7
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Zhang L, Xu B, Wu T, Wen MX, Fan LX, Feng ZZ, Paoletti E. Transcriptomic analysis of Pak Choi under acute ozone exposure revealed regulatory mechanism against ozone stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:236. [PMID: 29216819 PMCID: PMC5721698 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ground-level ozone (O3) is one of the major air pollutants, which cause oxidative injury to plants. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying the responses of plants to O3 stress have been well investigated. However, there are limited reports about the molecular basis of plant responses to O3. In this study, a comparative transcriptomic analysis of Pak Choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) exposed to different O3 concentrations was conducted for the first time. RESULTS Seedlings of Pak Choi with five leaves were exposed to non-filtered air (NF, 31 ppb) or elevated O3 (E-O3, 252 ppb) for 2 days (8 h per day, from 9:00-17:00). Compared with plants in the NF, a total of 675 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in plants under E-O3, including 219 DEGs with decreased expressions and 456 DEGs with increased expressions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses revealed that O3 stress invoked multiple cellular defense pathways to mitigate the impaired cellular integrity and metabolism, including 'glutathione metabolism', 'phenylpropanoid biosynthesis', 'sulfur metabolism', 'glucosinolate biosynthesis', 'cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis' and others. Transcription factors potentially involved in this cellular regulation were also found, such as AP2-ERF, WRKY, JAZ, MYB etc. Based on the RNA-Seq data and previous studies, a working model was proposed integrating O3 caused reactive oxygen burst, oxidation-reduction regulation, jasmonic acid and downstream functional genes for the regulation of cellular homeostasis after acute O3 stress. CONCLUSION The present results provide a valuable insight into the molecular responses of Pak Choi to acute O3 stress and the specific DEGs revealed in this study could be used for further functional identification of key allelic genes determining the O3 sensitivity of Pak Choi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mu-xuan Wen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-xue Fan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhao-zhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
Ozone, a powerful oxidative stressor, has been recently used in wine industry as sanitizing agent to reduce spoilage microflora on grapes. In this study, we evaluated ozone-induced metabolic and molecular responses during postharvest grape dehydration. Ozone increased the contents of total volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have a great impact on the organoleptic properties of grapes and wines. Among terpenes, responsible for floral and fruity aroma, linalool, geraniol and nerol were the major aromatic markers of Moscato bianco grapes. They were significantly affected by the long-term ozone treatment, increasing their concentration in the last phases of dehydration (>20% weight loss). At molecular level, our results demonstrated that both postharvest dehydration and ozone exposure induce the biosynthesis of monoterpenes via methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway and of aldehydes from lipoxygenase-hydroperoxide lyase (LOX-HPL) pathway. Therefore, transcriptional changes occurred and promoted the over-production of many important volatile compounds for the quality of white grapes.
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Ashrafuzzaman M, Lubna FA, Holtkamp F, Manning WJ, Kraska T, Frei M. Diagnosing ozone stress and differential tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) with ethylenediurea (EDU). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:339-350. [PMID: 28668595 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rising tropospheric ozone concentrations in Asia necessitate the breeding of adapted rice varieties to ensure food security. However, breeding requires field-based evaluation of ample plant material, which can be technically challenging or very costly when using ozone fumigation facilities. The chemical ethylenediurea (EDU) has been proposed for estimating the effects of ozone in large-scale field applications, but controlled experiments investigating constitutive effects on rice or its suitability to detect genotypic differences in ozone tolerance are missing. This study comprised a controlled open top chamber experiment with four treatments (i) control (average ozone concentration 16 ppb), (ii) control with EDU application, (iii) ozone stress (average 77 ppb for 7 h daily throughout the season), and (iv) ozone stress with EDU application. Three contrasting rice genotypes were tested, i.e. the tolerant line L81 and the sensitive Nipponbare and BR28. The ozone treatment had significant negative effects on plant growth (height and tillering), stomatal conductance, SPAD value, spectral reflectance indices such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), lipid peroxidation, as well as biomass and grain yields. These negative effects were more pronounced in the a priori sensitive varieties, especially the widely grown Bangladeshi variety BR28, which showed grain yield reductions by 37 percent. EDU application had almost no effects on plants in the absence of ozone, but partly mitigated ozone effects on foliar symptoms, lipid peroxidation, SPAD value, stomatal conductance, several spectral reflectance parameters, panicle number, grain yield, and spikelet sterility. EDU responses were more pronounced in sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant L81. In conclusion, EDU had no constitutive effects on rice and partly offset negative ozone effects, especially in sensitive varieties. It can thus be used to diagnose ozone damage in field grown rice and for distinguishing tolerant (less EDU-responsive) and sensitive (more EDU-responsive) genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashrafuzzaman
- Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES) Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Farzana Afrose Lubna
- Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES) Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Holtkamp
- Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES) Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Kraska
- Field Lab Campus Klein-Altendorf, University of Bonn, Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Sciences and Resource Conservation (INRES) Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Sui JX, Wen MX, Jia LL, Chen YJ, Li CH, Zhang L. Effects of Elevated Ozone on Polka Dot Plant (Hypoestes phyllostachya) with Variegated Leaves. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:445-451. [PMID: 28861593 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, impacts of O3 on four cultivars ('Rose', 'Pink', 'Blush' and 'White') of the polka dot plant with variegated leaves were investigated for the first time. Ozone fumigation [(120 ± 20 ppb) for 14 days (8 h day-1, from 8:30 to 16:30)] resulted in visible foliar injuries, decreased contents of pigments (chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoid), the inhibition of photosynthesis, the increase of quantum yield of non-regulated heat dissipation and fluorescence emission (Y(NO)), and the damage of cell membrane. Elevated O3 increased the content of anthocyanin (Ant). 'White' showed the highest, and 'Rose' the lowest amount of injured leaf area, indicating that the former was the most sensitive, and the latter the most tolerant to O3 stress. After O3 exposure, the highest Ant content was found in 'Rose', followed by 'Pink', 'Blush', and 'White'. Levels of Ant were likely responsible for the different sensitivities to O3 due to their roles in photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Sui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - M X Wen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - L L Jia
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Y J Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - C H Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - L Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Effects of the Antiozonant Ethylenediurea (EDU) on Fraxinus ornus L.: The Role of Drought. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8090320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a synthetic chemical known to protect plants from the phytotoxic effects of tropospheric ozone (O3). Although many studies have proposed the use of EDU for studying the O3 effects under field conditions, its mechanism of action is not fully understood, and it is unclear whether it exerts a specific antiozonant action, or if it may also interact with other oxidative stresses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of EDU on forest species in a Mediterranean environment where, during summer, vegetation is exposed to multiple oxidative stresses, such as O3 and drought. The experiment was conducted on Fraxinus ornus L. (Manna ash) plants growing in six mesocosms, three maintained under full irrigation, while the other three were subjected to drought for 84 days. In each mesocosm, three plants were sprayed every 15 days with 450 ppm EDU. Gas exchange and chlorophyll “a” fluorescence measurements carried out through the experimental period highlighted that EDU did not affect stomatal conductance and had an ameliorative effect on the functionality of drought-stressed plants, thus suggesting that it may act as a generic antioxidant. The implications of these findings for the applicability of EDU in field studies are discussed.
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12
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Agathokleous E. Perspectives for elucidating the ethylenediurea (EDU) mode of action for protection against O 3 phytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:530-537. [PMID: 28478379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenediurea (EDU) has been widely studied for its effectiveness to protect plants against injuries caused by surface ozone (O3), however its mode of action remains unclear. So far, there is not a unified methodological approach and thus the methodology is quite arbitrary, thereby making it more difficult to generalize findings and understand the EDU mode of action. This review examines the question of whether potential N addition to plants by EDU is a fundamental underlying mechanism in protecting against O3 phytotoxicity. Yet, this review proposes an evidence-based hypothesis that EDU may protect plants against O3 deleterious effects upon generation of EDU-induced hormesis, i.e. by activating plant defense at low doses. This hypothesis challenges the future research directions. Revealing a hormesis-based EDU mode of action in protecting plants against O3 toxicity would have further implications to ecotoxicology and environmental safety. Furthermore, this review discusses the need for further studies on plant metabolism under EDU treatment through relevant experimental approach, and attempts to set the bases for approaching a unified methodology that will contribute in revealing the EDU mode of action. In this framework, focus is given to the main EDU application methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), National Research and Development Agency, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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Tiwari S. Ethylenediurea as a potential tool in evaluating ozone phytotoxicity: a review study on physiological, biochemical and morphological responses of plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14019-14039. [PMID: 28409426 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Present-day climate change scenario has intensified the problem of continuously increasing ground-level ozone (O3), which is responsible for causing deleterious effects on growth and development of plants. Studies involving use of ethylenediurea (EDU), a chemical with antiozonant properties, have given some promising results in evaluating O3 injury in plants. The use of EDU is especially advantageous in developing countries which face a more severe problem of ground-level O3, and technical O3-induced yield loss assessment techniques like open-top chambers cannot be used. Recent studies have detected a hormetic response of EDU on plants; i.e. treatment with higher EDU concentrations may or may not show any adverse effect on plants depending upon the experimental conditions. Although the mode of action of EDU is still debated, it is confirmed that EDU remains confined in the apoplastic regions. Certain studies indicate that EDU significantly affects the electron transport chain and has positive impact on the antioxidant defence machinery of the plants. However, the mechanism of protecting the yield of plants without significantly affecting photosynthesis is still questionable. This review discusses in details the probable mode of action of EDU on the basis of available data along with the impact of EDU on physiological, biochemical, growth and yield response of plants under O3 stress. Data regarding the effect of EDU on plant 'omics' is highly insufficient and can form an important aspect of future EDU research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Tiwari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, 221005, India.
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Agathokleous E, Paoletti E, Saitanis CJ, Manning WJ, Shi C, Koike T. High doses of ethylene diurea (EDU) are not toxic to willow and act as nitrogen fertilizer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:841-850. [PMID: 27259037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ethylene diurea (EDU) is synthetic chemical which protects plants against damage caused by ground level O3 and is used experimentally as a biomonitoring tool at doses usually ranging from 200 to 400mgL(-1) a.i. Although several studies have investigated the protective action of EDU, this mechanism remains unclear. Important uncertainties in EDU action are whether EDU acts as a source of nitrogen (N) to plants and whether high doses are phytotoxic. In order to answer these questions, we conducted an open-field experiment where potted willow (Salix sachalinensis Fr. Schm) plants were exposed to ambient O3 conditions and treated with 0, 800 or 1600mgL(-1) EDU as a soil drench, every nine days, for about 2.5months. We examined approximately 50 response variables. Based on N content in different plant organs, we found that (a) all EDU was transferred to the leaves and (b) high doses of EDU increased the leaf N content. However, EDU did not affect the C content and distribution within the plant body. Still, even at the highest dose, EDU was not toxic to this fast-growing species (however such a high dose should not be applied in uncontrolled environments); and there was no EDU persistence in the soil, as indicated by soil N content. Notably, our soil was free from organic matter and N-poor. KEY MESSAGE EDU per se does not cause toxicity to willow plants when applied as drench to a soil with no organic matter, rather, high EDU doses may act as nitrogen fertilizer in a nitrogen-poor soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy.
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece.
| | - William J Manning
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Cong Shi
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture & Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
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15
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Agathokleous E, Mouzaki-Paxinou AC, Saitanis CJ, Paoletti E, Manning WJ. The first toxicological study of the antiozonant and research tool ethylene diurea (EDU) using a Lemna minor L. bioassay: Hints to its mode of action. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:996-1006. [PMID: 26809480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The antiozonant and research tool ethylene diurea (EDU) is widely studied as a phytoprotectant against the widespread pollutant ground-surface ozone. Although it has been extensively used, its potential toxicity in the absence of ozone is unknown and its mode of action is unclear. The purpose of this research was to toxicologically assess EDU and to further investigate its mode of action using Lemna minor L. as a model organism. Application of EDU concentrations greater than 593 mg L(-1) (practically 600 mg L(-1)) resulted in adverse inhibition of colony growth. As no-observed-toxic-effects concentration (NOEL) we recommend a concentration of 296 mg L(-1) (practically 300 mg L(-1)). A hormetic response was detected, i.e. stimulatory effects of low EDU concentrations, which may indicate overcompensation in response to disruption in homeostasis. Growth inhibition and suppressed biomass were associated with impacted chlorophyll a fluorescence (ΦPSII, qP and ETR). Furthermore, EDU increased mesophyll thickness, as indicated by frond succulence index. Applications of concentrations ≥593 mg L(-1) to uncontrolled environments should be avoided due to potential toxicity to sensitive organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenios Agathokleous
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece.
| | - Akrivi-Chara Mouzaki-Paxinou
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - William J Manning
- Department of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Pasqualini S, Paoletti E, Cruciani G, Pellegrino R, Ederli L. Effects of different routes of application on ethylenediurea persistence in tobacco leaves. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:559-564. [PMID: 26977961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a common research tool for investigating ozone impacts on vegetation, although the role of different application routes (foliar spray vs soil drench) on EDU persistence in the leaves is unknown. We quantified EDU concentrations in leaves of the O3-sensitive Bel-W3 cultivar of tobacco treated with EDU as either foliar spray or soil drench. Foliar EDU concentrations were measured by Q-TOF LC/MS. When EDU was applied as foliar spray, 1 h was enough for reaching a measurable concentration within the leaf. EDU concentration increased over the 21-day period when the leaf was not washed after the application (treatment #1), while it decreased when the leaf was washed after the application (treatment #2). These results suggest that: a) dry deposition of EDU onto the leaf surface was gradually absorbed into the unwashed leaf, although the mechanisms of such uptake were unclear; b) concentration of EDU was decreased quickly (-35%) during the first 24 h from application and more slowly during the following three days (-20%) in the washed leaves. Degradation did not involve enzymatic reactions and was not affected by the presence of ROS. When EDU was applied as soil drench, foliar concentrations increased over time, likely due to adsorption onto soil organic matter and gradual re-solubilization by irrigation water. An analysis of EDU concentration in protoplast and intercellular washing fluid showed that EDU did not enter the cells, but was retained in the apoplast only. Possible implications of EDU in the apoplast and recommendations for EDU application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pasqualini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - E Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - G Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - R Pellegrino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - L Ederli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, I-06121 Perugia, Italy
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Mishra AK, Agrawal SB. Biochemical and physiological characteristics of tropical mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars against chronic ozone stress: an insight to cultivar-specific response. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:797-811. [PMID: 25326391 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-level ozone (O3) has been regarded as one of the most significant phytotoxic pollutants worldwide. Investigations addressing adverse impacts of elevated O3 on mung bean (Vigna radiata L.), an important leguminous crop of the Indian subcontinent, are still limited. The present study analyzed the differences on the foliar injury, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, antioxidative defense system, physiology, and foliar protein profile of two tropical mung bean cultivars (HUM-2 and HUM-6) exposed to elevated O3 under near-natural conditions. Both cultivars were negatively affected by the pollutant, but the response was cultivar-specific. Results revealed that elevated O3 induced higher levels of ROS (O2 (·-) and H2O2) and lipid peroxidation leading to greater foliar injury in HUM-2 compared to HUM-6. Photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and photochemical efficiency reduced under elevated O3 exposure and the extent of reduction was higher in HUM-2. Principal component analysis revealed that photosynthetic performance and quantum yield were drastically affected in HUM-2 as compared to HUM-6. Activities of antioxidative enzymes were also stimulated, suggesting generation of oxidative stress under elevated O3. HUM-6 showed higher induction of antioxidative enzymes than HUM-2. One-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis showed drastic reductions in the abundantly present ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) large and small subunits and the decrease was higher in HUM-2. Altogether, results suggested that higher accumulation of ROS and limited induction of antioxidant defense system led to more leaf injury and impairment of photosynthesis in HUM-2 than HUM-6 depicting its higher sensitivity towards elevated O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Mishra
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India,
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