1
|
Zhou Q, Chen H, Li L, Wu Y, Yang X, Jiang A, Wu W. The Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Pentachlorophenol in Five Animal-Derived Foods Measured by Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Foods 2024; 13:1254. [PMID: 38672926 PMCID: PMC11049475 DOI: 10.3390/foods13081254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a ubiquitous emerging persistent organic pollutant detected in the environment and foodstuffs. Despite the dietary intake of PCP being performed using surveillance data, the assessment does not consider the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of PCP. Pork, beef, pork liver, chicken and freshwater fish Ctenopharyngodon Idella-fortified by three levels of PCP were processed by RIVM and the Caco-2 cell model after steaming, boiling and pan-frying, and PCP in foods and digestive juices were detected using isotope dilution-UPLC-MS/MS. The culinary treatment and food matrix were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) in terms of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of PCP. Pan-frying was a significant factor (p < 0.05) influencing the digestion and absorption of PCP in foods, with the following bioaccessibility: pork (81.37-90.36%), beef (72.09-83.63%), pork liver (69.11-78.07%), chicken (63.43-75.52%) and freshwater fish (60.27-72.14%). The bioavailability was as follows: pork (49.39-63.41%), beef (40.32-53.43%), pork liver (33.63-47.11%), chicken (30.63-40.83%) and freshwater fish (17.14-27.09%). Pork and beef with higher fat content were a key factor in facilitating the notable PCP bioaccessibility and bioavailability (p < 0.05). Further, the exposure of PCP to the population was significantly reduced by 42.70-98.46% after the consideration of bioaccessibility and bioavailability, with no potential health risk. It can improve the accuracy of risk assessment for PCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- The National Center for Precision Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products Joint Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Huiming Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Liangliang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China;
| | - Xingfen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Aimin Jiang
- The National Center for Precision Machining and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products Joint Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Weiliang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; (H.C.); (L.L.); (X.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu Q, Ai S, Ge G, Wang X, Li J, Gao X, Zhao S, Liu Z. Human health ambient water quality criteria and risk assessment of pentachlorophenol in Poyang Lake Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3669-3682. [PMID: 36474059 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been widely used as an insecticide for killing oncomelania (the intermediate host of schistosome) in China and leads to severe environmental contamination. Poyang Lake, as the largest freshwater lake and bird habitat in China, was once a schistosomiasis epidemic area. In this study, the concentrations of PCP in water and aquatic products from Poyang Lake were determined and analyzed, and then the human health ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) was derived based on native parameters of Poyang Lake basin. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the health risks of drinking water and different types of aquatic products consumption was carried out. The results showed that PCP concentrations were ranged from 0.01 to 0.43 μg/L in surface water and 3.90 to 85.95 μg/kg in aquatic products. Due to the carcinogenicity of PCP, the human health AWQC for PCP are 0.02 μg/L for consumption of water and organisms and 0.03 μg/L for consumption of organisms only. Deterministic and probabilistic risk analysis indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk of PCP were acceptable in Poyang Lake, while the carcinogenic risk cannot be ignored. The health risks of PCP caused by aquatic products consumption were higher than that by drinking water. The percentages of acceptable risk for the population in Poyang Lake Basin were 99.95% at acceptable level of 10-4. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the impact of PCP concentrations on health risk values ranged from 53 to 82%. The study provided valuable information for regional water quality criteria development and water quality assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shunhao Ai
- The College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Gang Ge
- The College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xiangyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shiqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mikołajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Pajurek M. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in bivalve molluscs. Risk to Polish consumers? J Vet Res 2023; 67:267-273. [PMID: 38143832 PMCID: PMC10740329 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were investigated in six species of bivalve mollusc purchased on the Polish retail market. The risk to consumers was calculated as a percentage of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) (2 pg World Health Organization toxic equivalent (WHO-TEQ) kg-1 body weight (b.w.)). Material and Methods Altogether 32 samples were analysed using an isotope dilution technique with high resolution gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Results Low levels of all analysed compounds were found. The range of PCDD/Fs was 0.08-0.37 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 of wet weight (w.w.) and 0.04-0.41 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 w.w. for DL-PCBs. The highest concentrations of all analysed compounds were found in Pacific oysters, at 0.30 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 w.w. for the sum of PCDD/Fs and 0.19 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 for the sum of DL-PCBs. These concentrations were 2-4 times higher than those detected in the other analysed mollusc species. Different species-dependent congener profiles were observed for PCDD/F concentrations, while PCB congener concentration profiles were species independent. The risk to consumers was assessed relating theoretical intakes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs per 25, 50 and 100 g of consumption of molluscs per week to the TWI. Conclusion Taking into account the low consumption of molluscs in Poland and low concentrations of analysed compounds, neither adults nor children are likely to exceed the TWI by ingestion of food in this category.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Mikołajczyk
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Marek Pajurek
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pajurek M, Mikolajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M. Engine oil from agricultural machinery as a source of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in free-range hens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29834-29843. [PMID: 36417073 PMCID: PMC9995527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Free-range hens spend most of their lives outdoors, resulting in their heavy exposure to environmental pollutants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs). We present a case of contamination of free-range eggs that is previously unreported in the literature. The aim of our study was a source investigation after finding a high level of PCDD/Fs in samples of eggs from one of the inspected farms. Samples of hens' eggs, muscles, and livers and the feeds and soils were analyzed. The results showed that the soil samples taken from the paddock contained high concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs expressed as toxic equivalents (TEQ) (72.9 ± 18.2 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 dry mas (d.m.)) and a high concentration of NDL-PCBs (207 ± 46.9 ng g-1 d.m.). The investigation found that the cause of the soil contamination was oil leaking from the farm's tractor engine. The oil contained very high concentrations of PCDD/F and DL-PCBs (1013 ± 253 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 oil) and 5644 ng g-1 of NDL-PCBs. The source of the contamination was confirmed by the similarity of the PCDD/F and PCB profiles in the hen eggs and the soil contaminated by engine oil. The dietary intake of toxins resulting from consumption of the eggs is provided. For children, the consumption of contaminated eggs would result in an intake of double the tolerable weekly intake (TWI), while for adults, it would be approx. 60-70% of TWI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pajurek
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, NRL for Halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in Food and Feed, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Szczepan Mikolajczyk
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, NRL for Halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in Food and Feed, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Warenik-Bany
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, NRL for Halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in Food and Feed, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Mhungu F, Zhang W, Wang Y, Li H, Liu Y, Li Y, Gan P, Pan X, Huang J, Zhong X, Song S, Liu Y, Chen K. Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary exposure to pentachlorophenol in Guangzhou, China. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:262-270. [PMID: 36634160 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2163301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant commonly existing as its sodium salt (NaPCP), which enters the human body primarily through long term but low-level dietary exposure. PCP contributes to chemical carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. In this study, the probabilistic risk of dietary exposure to PCP in Guangzhou citizens was investigated. In total, 923 food samples in the categories of pork, livestock (beef and lamb), poultry, offal, eggs, and freshwater fish (considered to be relatively susceptible to PCP contamination) were collected from various markets in Guangzhou and tested for PCP. Probabilistic risk assessment model calculations for PCP dietary exposure and margin of exposure (MOE) values were performed using @RISK software, based on a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. The overall detection rate of PCP (above 1 μg kg-1, the detection limit) was 19.9% (184/923), with an average of 7.9 μg kg-1. The highest rate of PCP detection, 28.2%, was in livestock (beef and lamb). The MOE value for dietary PCP exposure in general Guangzhou residents averaged 400, which was far below 5,000 (the borderline for judging a health risk). The lowest MOE value, 190, was observed in the 3- to-6-year old population and indicates a significant risk. In conclusion, this study suggests that PCP exposure in Guangzhou residents is of considerable health risk, especially for the pre-school young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Florence Mhungu
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingsheng Gan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Zhong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofang Song
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuncai Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pajurek M, Warenik-Bany M, Mikolajczyk S. Feed as a source of dioxins and PCBs. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136243. [PMID: 36055594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins (PCDD/PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of undesirable chemicals classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The main route of human exposure to these compounds is through the diet (about 80%), with food of animal origin being the predominant source. For this reason, animal feed can contribute significantly to the presence of these compounds in food. The aim of this study was to present the concentrations of dioxins and PCBs as well as congener profiles in feed exceeding the acceptable limits (277/2012/EU). In addition, an attempt was made to identify the source of contamination for the different types of contaminated feedstuffs. Among a total of 743 samples of feed materials from the Polish market tested between 2013 and 2021, exceedances of the maximum levels of dioxins and PCBs were found in 21 samples (2.8%). The largest group among the non-compliant feed samples were feed materials of plant origin (43%) followed in decreasing order by vegetable oils and fats of animal origin (24%), materials of mineral origin (9%), and fish oils and meals (5%). The exceedances of the dioxin limits in the category feed materials of plant origin were only caused by dried materials (pulp, dried alfalfa, dried apple). Furthermore, for 8 (1%) samples, the concentrations of test substances exceeding the Action Levels (AL) were recorded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Pajurek
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - M Warenik-Bany
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - S Mikolajczyk
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bai FY, Yang YZ, Liu XH, Ni S, Pan XM, Zhao Z, Li GD. Theoretical insights into the gaseous and heterogeneous reactions of halogenated phenols with ˙OH radicals: mechanism, kinetics and role of (TiO 2) n clusters in degradation processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:26668-26683. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02837a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
New insights into the mechanism of ˙OH-initiated degradation and the kinetics of halogenated phenols onto (TiO2)n clusters with controllable dimensions have been provided for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yang Bai
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Zhuo Yang
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Huan Liu
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Ni
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Pan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, P. R. China
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, P. R. China
| | - Guo-De Li
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, P. R. China
- Office of Academic Research, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ghidini S, Varrà MO, Bertocchi L, Fusi F, Angelone B, Ferretti E, Foschini S, Giacometti B, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Zanardi E, Lorenzi V. The influence of different production systems on dioxin and PCB levels in chicken eggs from Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy regions (Italy) over 2017-2019 and consequent dietary exposure assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:130-148. [PMID: 34732106 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1991003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hen eggs from farms with different production systems (organic, free range, barn, and in cage) sited in two regions of Italy (Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy) were collected from 2017 to 2019 to monitor the levels of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and the 6 non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl indicators (ndl-PCBs). Average concentrations of PCDD/Fs (0.21 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/g fat), PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs (0.43 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/g fat) and ndl-PCBs (6.41 ng/g fat) were below the maximum limits established at European level in eggs, but significantly higher amounts of PCDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs were found in eggs from free-range housing system compared to barn, cage, and organic ones. The potential dietary intake of the monitored contaminants by Italian population age groups through the consumption of locally produced eggs was also evaluated. Exposure levels to PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were below the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/kg bw/week recently set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). However, the younger population was found to be more vulnerable than other age groups to exposure to these contaminants. Specifically, the preferential consumption of free-range eggs by infants, toddlers, and children contributed more than 30% to the TWI. The results confirm the need to continuously monitor the levels of chemical contaminants in the environment and provide a reminder of the importance of targeted intervention measures aimed to reduce their occurrence in food and feed, firstly by improving the management practices on egg-producing farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Bertocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Angelone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrica Ferretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Foschini
- Unità Organizzativa Veterinaria, Direzione Generale Welfare Regione Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - Bruno Giacometti
- Servizio Veterinario e Igiene degli Alimenti, Assessorato Politiche per la Salute, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Reparto Chimico degli Alimenti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Reparto Chimico degli Alimenti, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Y, Zhang W, Mhungu F, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li Y, Luo X, Pan X, Huang J, Zhong X, Song S, Li H, Liu Y, Chen K. Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Chloramphenicol in Guangzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168805. [PMID: 34444558 PMCID: PMC8391991 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol has been used in veterinary medicine, where its residues can remain in food of animal origin, thus potentially causing adverse health effects. This facilitated the ban for its use in food-producing animals globally, but its residues have remained ubiquitous. In this study, food commodities possibly contaminated with chloramphenicol, including livestock meat, poultry, edible viscera, fish, shrimp and crab, molluscs, milk, and eggs, were collected from domestic retail shops in all the 11 districts of Guangzhou and tested for its residue. Probabilistic risk assessment model calculations for its dietary exposure, and the margin of exposure (displayed as mean values and 5th percentile to 95th percentile ranges) were performed by using @RISK software based on a Monte Carlo simulation with 10,000 iterations. The results indicated the detection of chloramphenicol in 248 out of 1454 samples (17.1%), which averaged to a level of 29.1 μg/kg. The highest average value was observed in molluscs (148.2 μg/kg, with the top value as 8196 μg/kg); meanwhile, based on the dietary structure of a typical Cantonese, pond fish, pork, and poultry meat contributed most (about 80%) to the residents’ dietary exposure to chloramphenicol. The margin of exposure for dietary chloramphenicol exposure in Guangzhou residents was 2489, which was apparently below 5000 (the borderline for judging a health risk), particularly low in preschool children (2094, suggesting an increased risk). In conclusion, the study suggests that chloramphenicol exposure in Guangzhou residents is considerable, and its relevant health hazard, especially for preschool children, is worthy of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Florence Mhungu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Yan Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xinhong Pan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Xianwu Zhong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Shaofang Song
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Hailin Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Yungang Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (K.C.); Tel.: +86-20-6164-8554 (Y.L.); +86-20-3605-5895 (K.C.)
| | - Kuncai Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China; (Y.W.); (W.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.); (X.L.); (X.P.); (J.H.); (X.Z.); (S.S.); (H.L.)
- Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University & Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (K.C.); Tel.: +86-20-6164-8554 (Y.L.); +86-20-3605-5895 (K.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Introduction The transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from a contaminated environment into the food chain is a serious consumer safety problem. As part of the Polish National Surveillance Program of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in food of animal origin, a concentration of PCDD/Fs of 4.61 ± 0.75 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat was determined in a sample of free-range eggs, which exceeded the permitted limit of 2.5 pg WHO-TEQ/g. The aim of the study was to investigate the source of the egg contamination and the risk for the eggs’ consumers. Materials and methods Eggs, muscles, feed and soil from the place where backyard waste burning had been carried out in the past and ash from a household stove tipped onto the paddock were analysed using the isotope dilution technique with high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results The concentration in ash was low at 0.20 pg WHO-TEQ/g and the congener profile did not indicate the source of contamination. The dioxin content in soil from the backyard waste-burning site was 2.53 pg WHO-TEQ/g dry matter (d.m.) and the soil’s profile of PCDD/F congeners matched the profile of the contaminated eggs. Conclusion By reason of the congener profile similarity, the investigation concluded, that the cause of the contamination was the backyard waste-burning site soil which the animals had access to. Frequent consumption of contaminated eggs from the analysed farm could pose a health risk due to chronic exposure, especially for vulnerable consumers.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou Q, Wu WL, Lin CQ, Liang H, Long CY, Lv F, Pan JL, Liu ZT, Wang BY, Yang XF, Deng XL, Jiang AM. Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of pentachlorophenol in livestock, poultry, and aquatic foods marketed in Guangdong Province, China: Based on food monitoring data from 2015 to 2018. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1132-1143. [PMID: 33598948 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a persistent organic pollutant, pentachlorophenol (PCP) has serious impacts on human health. However, its presence in animal source food products sold in the Guangdong Province (GD) of China, and the resultant dietary exposure have not been elucidated. To address this gap, 3,100 samples from seven food categories, including beef, pork, mutton, offals, broilers, hen eggs, and farmed freshwater fish, marketed throughout four geographical regions of GD, were collected from 2015 to 2018. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was employed to detect PCP levels in these food matrices. PCP was found in all food categories, but the average contamination levels were low, ranging from 0.40 µg/kg wet weight (ww) (hen eggs) to 5.85 µg/kg ww (offals). However, higher concentrations of PCP were detected (P < 0.05) in animal source food from the North region. Additionally, a temporal declining trend was observed in this four-year consecutive survey. The estimated human dietary exposure of PCP to population groups, including the general population and subgroups (male and female, children, and adults), was found to be far below the permissible daily intake (3 µg/kg body weight). Therefore, the health impacts of PCP should be correspondingly low for local residents, based on current toxicological knowledge. Regional exposure patterns varied due to different extents of contamination in the four areas, and pork, broilers, and freshwater fish were the major sources of dietary PCP exposure. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: As a persistent organic pollutant, pentachlorophenol (PCP) has serious impacts on human health. However, its presence in animal source food products sold in Guangdong Province of China, and the resultant dietary exposure have not been elucidated. In this study, we conducted an in-depth investigation on the occurrence of PCP in major foodstuff categories, including beef, pork, mutton, broilers, offals, hen eggs, and farmed freshwater fish, marketed in all 21 prefecture-level divisions of Guangdong Province, in order to provide integral insights for regulatory authorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Liang Wu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.,Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, P. R. China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Qin Lin
- Testing Department of Chemistry and Light Industry, Zhongshan Supervision Testing Institute of Quality & Metrology, Zhongshan, 528405, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liang
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, P. R. China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Yang Long
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, P. R. China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Fen Lv
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, P. R. China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Liang Pan
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.,Department of Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ting Liu
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, P. R. China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Bo-Yuan Wang
- Department of Public Health and Food Hygiene, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, 528403, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Fen Yang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ling Deng
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, P. R. China.,Academy of Preventive Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Min Jiang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gerber PF, Gould N, McGahan E. Potential contaminants and hazards in alternative chicken bedding materials and proposed guidance levels: a review. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6664-6684. [PMID: 33248583 PMCID: PMC7705057 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedding material or litter is an important requirement of meat chicken production which can influence bird welfare, health, and food safety. A substantial increase in demand and cost of chicken bedding has stimulated interest in alternative bedding sources worldwide. However, risks arising from the use of alternative bedding materials for raising meat chickens are currently unknown. Organic chemicals, elemental, and biological contaminants, as well as physical and management hazards need to be managed in litter to protect the health of chickens and consequently that of human consumers. This requires access to information on the transfer of contaminants from litter to food to inform risk profiles and assessments to guide litter risk management. In this review, contaminants and hazards of known and potential concern in alternative bedding are described and compared with existing standards for feed. The contaminants considered in this review include organic chemical contaminants (e.g., pesticides), elemental contaminants (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, and lead), biological contaminants (phytotoxins, mycotoxins, and microorganisms), physical hazards, and management hazards. Reference is made to scientific literature for acceptable levels of the above contaminants in chicken feed that can be used for guidance by those involved in selecting and using bedding materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Nic Gould
- Integrity Ag and Environment, New England Highway, Highfields, QLD 4352, Australia
| | - Eugene McGahan
- Integrity Ag and Environment, New England Highway, Highfields, QLD 4352, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhu M, Feng X, Qiu G, Feng J, Zhang L, Brookes PC, Xu J, He Y. Synchronous response in methanogenesis and anaerobic degradation of pentachlorophenol in flooded soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 374:258-266. [PMID: 31005708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Methanogenesis is commonly mass-produced under anaerobic conditions and serves as a major terminal electron accepting process driving the degradation of organic biomass. In this study, a cofactor of methanogenesis (coenzyme M, CoM) and a classic methanogensis inhibitor (2-bromoethanesulfonate, BES) were added at different concentrations to investigate how methanogenesis would affect PCP degradation in flooded soil. Strikingly, the processes of methanogenesis and PCP degradation were simultaneously promoted with CoM, or inhibited with BES, significantly (p < 0.05). High-throughput sequencing for soil bacterial and archaeal community structures revealed that members of Desulfitobacterium, Dethiobacter, Sedimentibacter, Bacillus and Methanosarcina might act as the core functional groups jointly perform PCP degradation in flooded soil, possibly through assisting microbial mediated dechlorination in direct organohalide-respiration, and/or indirect co-metabolization in complex anaerobic soil conditions. This study implied an underlying synergistic coupling between methanogenesis and dechlorination, and provided insights into a novel consideration with respect to coordinating methanogenesis while promoting anaerobic degradation of PCP for complex polluted soil environment, which is necessary for the improved all-win remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Feng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaoyang Qiu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiayin Feng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Phillip C Brookes
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma HY, Zhao L, Guo LH, Zhang H, Chen FJ, Yu WC. Roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol and its main toxic intermediates by TiO 2/UV. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:719-726. [PMID: 30831524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) caused water quality problems owe to its past widespread application and stability, harmful to human health. Photocatalysis, which was mainly involved in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) reaction, has large potential as water treatment process. However, the roles of ROS on the degradation process of PCP are not yet clearly defined. The main objectives of this work were to investigate the roles of ROS involved in the whole degradation of PCP and main toxic intermediates and elucidate the degradation mechanisms. Tetrachloro-1,4-benzo/hydroquinone (TCBQ/TCHQ), trichlorohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (OH-TrCBQ) and 2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (OH-DCBQ) were identified as main intermediates. The roles of generated ROS including OH, O2- and H2O2 were systematically explored for the degradation of PCP and its main intermediates using radical quenchers. The results showed that, OH played the dominant role for the degradation of PCP, O2- played more contributing roles for the degradation of TCBQ, H2O2 exhibited major contribution for the degradation of OH-TrCBQ and OH-DCBQ. These results offered us an insight into the degradation mechanism of PCP involved with ROS. It can also serve as the basis for controlling and blocking the generation of highly toxic substances through regulating the ROS generation during the PCP degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Feng-Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wan-Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pajurek M, Pietron W, Maszewski S, Mikolajczyk S, Piskorska-Pliszczynska J. Poultry eggs as a source of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs and PBDD/Fs. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:651-658. [PMID: 30798060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Regardless of the country or region of the world, poultry eggs are one of the most important components of the human diet. Nutritional value is derived from them, but chicken eggs can be contaminated with POPs. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of different types of chicken husbandry system on bioaccumulation of selected POPs. The HRGC/HRMS method was used for determination of 58 congeners of chlorinated and brominated halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons. The influence of the farm rearing system on concentration and congener profile was seen for most groups of tested contaminants, of which the eggs were a source. Human exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like compounds as a result of consumption of contaminated eggs should be a subject of concern. The occurrence of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs, and PBDD/Fs in commonly consumed foodstuffs such as eggs supports the need for further research on environmental pollutants and for determination of exposure as the result of their occurrence in different food categories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Pajurek
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Pietron
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Maszewski
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Szczepan Mikolajczyk
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Piskorska-Pliszczynska J, Malagocki P, Pajurek M. Levels and trends of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in Polish animal feeds, 2004-2017. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:447-463. [PMID: 30806167 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1576926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Feed control is essential for the safety of animal-origin food. It is estimated that more than 80% of human exposure to dioxins and related compounds comes from the consumption of animal-origin food, and farm animals are exposed to dioxins mainly through the feed. A monitoring programme for dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs)) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) was conducted in the Polish feed market between 2004 and 2017. Using two complementary ISO 17025-accredited analytical methods (bioassay and high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS)), 2919 samples of plant, animal and minerals origin were analysed. The total number of samples exceeding the maximum limit (ML) was 52, which is 1.8% of all tested samples. They all contained PCDD/Fs in concentrations over the ML, and in 16 samples the limit for the sum of PCDD/F/DL-PCBs was also exceeded. The highest dioxins level was found in feedstuffs derived from Baltic fish; the fish oil was followed by fish meal. Low-chlorinated furans (2.3,7,8 TCDF, 2,3,4,7,8-PCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF) were dominant and these congeners accounted for the toxicity expressed in WHO toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQ). In this category, 155 out of the 498 samples (32%) exceeded the action threshold (AT) for PCDD/Fs and in 10 samples (2.0%) for DL-PCBs. Non-compliant fish meals were found in 34 (5.6%) of the tested samples, in 0.7% of compound feeds, and in 1.5% of plant-origin materials. Seven dried plant-derived materials contained PCDD/F level above ML, including alfalfa, maize, apple, basil and beet pulp pellets containing molasses. The dry vegetable materials were mostly contaminated by the 2,3,7,8-furans, the congeners arising from a faulty drying process. No significant time trend can be seen. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in Polish feed materials were sufficiently low to ensure low concentrations in animal-derived products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Malagocki
- a Radiobiology Department , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| | - Marek Pajurek
- a Radiobiology Department , National Veterinary Research Institute , Pulawy , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Koyano S, Ueno D, Yamamoto T, Kajiwara N. Concentrations of POPs based wood preservatives in waste timber from demolished buildings and its recycled products in Japan. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 85:445-451. [PMID: 30803600 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the major proportions of recycled persistent organic pollutants (POPs)-containing waste is timber originating from old buildings, utility poles, and cross-arms because POPs-based treatments were once a common means of preserving wood. In 2016 and 2017, we conducted the first survey in Japan on the residue concentrations of chlordanes (CHLs), pentachlorophenol (PCP), pentachloroanisole (PCA), and polychloronaphthalenes (PCNs) in waste timber (n = 55) and its recycled products (woodchip, n = 42; particle board, n = 3). In the recycled products, the highest concentrations detected were 0.86 mg kg-1 CHLs, 3.0 mg kg-1 PCP, 1.1 mg kg-1 PCA, and 2.6 mg kg-1 PCNs, which were one to two orders lower than the low POP content (LPC) limits for the environmentally sound management of wastes defined under the Basel Convention (50, 100, and 10 mg kg-1, respectively). In the waste timber, which included bearers and columns from demolished buildings, the highest concentrations were 15 mg kg-1 CHLs, 0.20 mg kg-1 PCP, and 0.036 mg kg-1 PCNs, no higher than about 30% of the LPC limit. The concentration of CHLs in timber bearer was significantly higher than those in timber column (p < 0.05). Although none of the waste timber or recycled products had concentrations exceeding the LPC limits, one means of ensuring low POP concentrations in recycled products is separating timber bearer from timber column when demolishing wooden buildings, according to the results in Japan. The timber column can be used to produce recycled products and the remaining timber can be used for heat utilization and power generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Natsuko Kajiwara
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Flood JJ, Copley SD. Genome-Wide Analysis of Transcriptional Changes and Genes That Contribute to Fitness during Degradation of the Anthropogenic Pollutant Pentachlorophenol by Sphingobium chlorophenolicum. mSystems 2018; 3:e00275-18. [PMID: 30505947 PMCID: PMC6247019 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00275-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a highly toxic pesticide that was first introduced in the 1930s. The alphaproteobacterium Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, which was isolated from PCP-contaminated sediment, has assembled a metabolic pathway capable of completely degrading PCP. This pathway produces four toxic intermediates, including a chlorinated benzoquinone that is a potent alkylating agent and three chlorinated hydroquinones that react with O2 to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). RNA-seq analysis revealed that PCP causes a global stress response that resembles responses to proton motive force uncoupling and membrane disruption, while surprisingly, little of the response resembles the responses expected to be produced by the PCP degradation intermediates. Tn-seq was used to identify genes important for fitness in the presence of PCP. By comparing the genes that are important for fitness in wild-type S. chlorophenolicum and a non-PCP-degrading mutant, we identified genes that are important only when the PCP degradation intermediates are produced. These include genes encoding two enzymes that are likely to be involved in protection against ROS. In addition to these enzymes, the endogenous levels of other enzymes that protect cells from oxidative stress appear to mitigate the toxic effects of the chlorinated benzoquinone and hydroquinone metabolites of PCP. The combination of RNA-seq and Tn-seq results identify important mechanisms for defense against the toxicity of PCP. IMPORTANCE Phenolic compounds such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), triclosan, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) represent a common class of anthropogenic biocides. Despite the novelty of these compounds, many can be degraded by microbes isolated from contaminated sites. However, degradation of this class of chemicals often generates toxic intermediates, which may contribute to their recalcitrance to biodegradation. We have addressed the stresses associated with degradation of PCP by Sphingobium chlorophenolicum by examining the transcriptional response after PCP exposure and identifying genes necessary for growth during both exposure to and degradation of PCP. This work identifies some of the mechanisms that protect cells from this toxic compound and facilitate its degradation. This information could be used to engineer strains capable of improved biodegradation of PCP or similar phenolic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake J. Flood
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Shelley D. Copley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang K, Fu ZW, Cao YF, Li SN, Du Z, Sun XY, Liu YZ, Yang K, Fang ZZ. New insights for risks of chlorophenols (CPs) exposure: Inhibition of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:9-16. [PMID: 29723751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols (CPs) are important pollutants extensively utilized in industry, agriculture and forestry. The present study aims to determine the inhibition of CPs on the activity of the important phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). 100 μM of fourteen CPs were used for preliminary screening using in vitro incubation. Furthermore, half inhibition concentration (IC50) and inhibition kinetics were determined for CPs with significant inhibition towards UGT isoforms. In silico docking was used to explain the inhibition difference among CPs. Multiple UGT isoforms were inhibited by CPs. In silico docking showed that higher free binding energy due to hydrophobic interactions of 2.4-Dichlorophenol (2.4-DCP) or 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol (4C3MP) with UGT1A9 contributed to stronger inhibition potential of 2.4-Dichlorophenol (2.4-DCP) or 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol (4C3MP) towards UGT1A9 than 4-CP. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was chosen as the representative CPs to determine the IC50 value towards UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. IC50 was calculated to be 0.33 μM, 0.24 μM and 31.35 μM for the inhibition of PCP towards UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. PCP was demonstrated to show competitive inhibition towards UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) was calculated to be 0.18 μM, 0.01 μM and 5.37 μM for the inhibition of PCP towards UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. All these information will be beneficial for elucidating the risk of CPs exposure from a new perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Fu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun-Feng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Liaoning Tumor Clinical Metabolomics (KLLTCM), Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Sai-Nan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuo Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yong-Zhe Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhong-Ze Fang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Piskorska-Pliszczyńska J, Małagocki P, Furga B, Gembal M, Cebulska J. Application of the AhR Reporter Gene Assay for the Determination of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in Feed Samples. J Vet Res 2018; 61:473-481. [PMID: 29978112 PMCID: PMC5937347 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) belong to a well-known group of pollutants. Present in feedstuffs, they bioaccumulate in tissues of food-producing animals. Food is the source of over 90% of human PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs intake. Thus, feed control is one of the pillars of the EU strategy and a mean of reducing human exposure. The article presents AhR based reporter gene bioassay method for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs analysis in feed and its validation results. Material and Methods Analytes were extracted from samples with fat. Subsequently, fat and other interferences were removed from extract using sulphuric acid modified silica. Extract was further cleaned and PCDD/Fs separated from DL-PCBs using carbon column. Contaminants detection was performed using H1L6.1c3 cell line, which produces luciferase in response to AhR ligands present in extract. Results Performance characteristics (repeatability, reproducibility, and apparent recovery) fulfil the requirements of Regulation 2017/771/EU. The positive correlation between bioassay and reference HRGC-HRMS method was confirmed. Moreover, the role of screening method used in connection with the confirmatory HRGC-HRMS method in providing feed and food safety has been discussed. Conclusion Bioassay is a useful method for dioxin and DL-PCBs analysis, allowing cost reduction of monitoring programmes with minimal risk of false negative results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Małagocki
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Beata Furga
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gembal
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Cebulska
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhu M, Zhang L, Zheng L, Zhuo Y, Xu J, He Y. Typical Soil Redox Processes in Pentachlorophenol Polluted Soil Following Biochar Addition. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:579. [PMID: 29636746 PMCID: PMC5880936 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductive dechlorination is the primary pathway for environmental removal of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in soil under anaerobic condition. This process has been verified to be coupled with other soil redox processes of typical biogenic elements such as carbon, iron and sulfur. Meanwhile, biochar has received increasing interest in its potential for remediation of contaminated soil, with the effect seldom investigated under anaerobic environment. In this study, a 120-day anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar on soil redox processes and thereby the reductive dechlorination of PCP under anaerobic condition. Biochar addition (1%, w/w) enhanced the dissimilatory iron reduction and sulfate reduction while simultaneously decreased the PCP reduction significantly. Instead, the production of methane was not affected by biochar. Interestingly, however, PCP reduction was promoted by biochar when microbial sulfate reduction was suppressed by addition of typical inhibitor molybdate. Together with Illumina sequencing data regarding analysis of soil bacteria and archaea responses, our results suggest that under anaerobic condition, the main competition mechanisms of these typical soil redox processes on the reductive dechlorination of PCP may be different in the presence of biochar. In particularly, the effect of biochar on sulfate reduction process is mainly through promoting the growth of sulfate reducer (Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfobacteraceae) but not as an electron shuttle. With the supplementary addition of molybdate, biochar application is suggested as an improved strategy for a better remediation results by coordinating the interaction between dechlorination and its coupled soil redox processes, with minimum production of toxic sulfur reducing substances and relatively small emission of greenhouse gas (CH4) while maximum removal of PCP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Zheng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ma HY, Zhao L, Wang DB, Zhang H, Guo LH. Dynamic Tracking of Highly Toxic Intermediates in Photocatalytic Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Continuous Flow Chemiluminescence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2870-2877. [PMID: 29394042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation is a powerful technique for the decomposition of pollutants. However, toxic intermediates might be generated which have become a great concern recently. In the present work, a continuous flow chemiluminescence (CFCL) method was developed for dynamic monitoring of toxic intermediates generated in the photocatalytic degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP). Among the main intermediates, tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (TCBQ) and trichlorohydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (OH-TrCBQ) showed higher or similar toxicity to PCP. As both TCBQ and OH-TrCBQ can produce chemiluminescence (CL) in the presence of H2O2, a CFCL system was established for the dynamic tracking of the two toxic intermediates. A PCP/TiO2 suspension was irradiated in a photoreactor, pumped continuously into a detection cell, and mixed with H2O2 to produce CL. The time-dependent CL response displayed two distinctive peaks at pH 7, which were attributed to the generation of OH-TrCBQ and TCBQ, respectively, by comparing with their changes measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, the CL response curve of PCP/TiO2 suspension showed a pattern very similar to their bacteria inhibition. Therefore, the CFCL could be used as a simple and low-cost method for online monitoring of TCBQ and OH-TrCBQ to ensure complete removal of not only PCP but also highly toxic degradation intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Lixia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
| | - Da-Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Tobacco Products , 11 Keyuan Four Road , Qingdao , Shandong 266101 , China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Liang-Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 18 Shuangqing Road , P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100039 , China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Weber R, Herold C, Hollert H, Kamphues J, Blepp M, Ballschmiter K. Reviewing the relevance of dioxin and PCB sources for food from animal origin and the need for their inventory, control and management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:42. [PMID: 30464877 PMCID: PMC6224007 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past, cases of PCDD/F and PCB contamination exceeding limits in food from animal origin (eggs, meat or milk) were mainly caused by industrially produced feed. But in the last decade, exceedances of EU limit values were discovered more frequently for PCDD/Fs or dioxin-like(dl)-PCBs from free range chicken, sheep, and beef, often in the absence of any known contamination source. RESULTS The German Environment Agency initiated a project to elucidate the entry of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in food related to environmental contamination. This paper summarizes the most important findings. Food products from farm animals sensitive to dioxin/PCB exposure-suckling calves and laying hens housed outdoor-can exceed EU maximum levels at soil concentrations that have previously been considered as safe. Maximum permitted levels can already be exceeded in beef/veal when soil is contaminated around 5 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dry matter (dm). For eggs/broiler, this can occur at a concentration of PCDD/Fs in soil below 5 ng PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ/kg dm. Egg consumers-especially young children-can easily exceed health-based guidance values (TDI). The soil-chicken egg exposure pathway is probably the most sensitive route for human exposure to both dl-PCBs and PCDD/Fs from soil and needs to be considered for soil guidelines. The study also found that calves from suckler cow herds are most prone to the impacts of dl-PCB contamination due to the excretion/accumulation via milk. PCB (and PCDD/F) intake for free-range cattle stems from feed and soil. Daily dl-PCB intake for suckler cow herds must in average be less than 2 ng PCB-TEQ/day. This translates to a maximum concentration in grass of 0.2 ng PCB-TEQ/kg dm which is less than 1/6 of the current EU maximum permitted level. This review compiles sources for PCDD/Fs and PCBs relevant to environmental contamination in respect to food safety. It also includes considerations on assessment of emerging POPs. CONCLUSIONS The major sources of PCDD/F and dl-PCB contamination of food of animal origin in Germany are (1) soils contaminated from past PCB and PCDD/F releases; (2) PCBs emitted from buildings and constructions; (3) PCBs present at farms. Impacted areas need to be assessed with respect to potential contamination of food-producing animals. Livestock management techniques can reduce exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs. Further research and regulatory action are needed to overcome gaps. Control and reduction measures are recommended for emission sources and new listed and emerging POPs to ensure food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststraße 23, 73527 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Christine Herold
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststraße 23, 73527 Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Kamphues
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang JX, Bao LJ, Luo P, Shi L, Wong CS, Zeng EY. Intake, distribution, and metabolism of decabromodiphenyl ether and its main metabolites in chickens and implications for human dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:795-801. [PMID: 28865385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet is considered as the most important human exposure pathway for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Metabolism and accumulation patterns of PBDEs in different growth periods of chickens are helpful for evaluating human dietary exposure, but such information is scarce. In this study, female chickens were fed with food spiked with BDE-209 at 85 mg kg-1, and the intake, accumulation, and excretion of BDE-209 and its main metabolites in various tissues were examined. Concentrations of BDE-209 in chicken tissues increased over time in a tissue-specific manner; they were the greatest in liver and generally the lowest in breast meat during the entire exposure period. The kinetic patterns were dependent on both growth-dilution effects and accumulated concentrations of BDE-209. Tissue concentrations of ∑8PBDE (sum of BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209) followed the sequence of liver > blood > skin > intestine > stomach > leg meat > breast meat. Different tissue partition coefficients and perfusion rates for blood may have resulted in different PBDE concentrations in tissues. The absorption efficiency of BDE-209 in chicken tissues followed the sequence of liver (0.15 ± 0.032%) > skin (0.14 ± 0.038%) > intestine (0.071 ± 0.021%) > breast meat (0.062 ± 0.020%) > leg meat (0.059 ± 0.016%) > stomach (0.021 ± 0.0095%), likely due in part to facilitated absorption of BDE-209 by transport proteins (P-glycoproteins). On average, 9.3 ± 1.7% of BDE-209 was excreted in feces. Estimated human average dietary intake via the consumption of chicken tissues of ∑8PBDE for adults and children was 319 and 1380 ng day-1 for liver, 211 and 632 ng day-1 for leg meat, and 104 and 311 ng day-1 for breast meat from the contaminated group. Liver clearly poses the highest exposure risk for human consumption, particularly if chickens are fed with contaminated feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9 Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Piskorska-Pliszczynska J, Strucinski P, Mikolajczyk S, Pajurek M, Maszewski S, Pietron W. Dioxins and PCBs in ostrich meat and eggs: levels and implications. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:2190-2200. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1364871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Strucinski
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Mikolajczyk
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marek Pajurek
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sebastian Maszewski
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pietron
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Varela A, Martins C, Silva Pereira C. A three-act play: pentachlorophenol threats to the cork oak forest soils mycobiome. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 37:142-149. [PMID: 28704686 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric release of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitutes a silent threat through chronic contamination of soils at global scale; yet fundamental understanding of their occurrence, sources and fate is still largely lacking. Similar to a three act play, this review comprises Setup, Confrontation and Resolution. The first emphasises the eighty years of the history of pentachlorophenol (PCP) usage, only recently classified as POP. The second focus on active sources of PCP pollution, including inside cork oak forests in N.W. Tunisia; a threat partially neutralised by the soil microbial diversity, especially fungi. As Resolution, the need for improved knowledge on the global distribution and impacts of PCP in soil microbial diversity as means to preserve the multi-functionality of terrestrial ecosystem is emphasised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adélia Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; INIAV, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celso Martins
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|