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Wani KI, Naeem M, Aftab T. Chromium in plant-soil nexus: Speciation, uptake, transport and sustainable remediation techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120350. [PMID: 36209933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) pollution has become a serious global problem due to the non-biodegradable nature of the HMs and their persistence in the environment. Agricultural soil is a non-renewable resource that requires careful management so that it can fulfill the increasing demand for agricultural food production. However, different anthropogenic activities have resulted in a large-scale accumulation of HMs in soil which is detrimental to soil and plant health. Due to their ubiquity, increased bioavailability, toxicity, and non-biodegradable nature, HM contamination has formed a roadblock in the way of achieving food security, safety, and sustainability in the future. Chromium (Cr), specifically Cr(VI) is a highly bioavailable HM with no proven role in the physiology of plants. Chromium has been found to be highly toxic to plants, with its toxicity also influenced by chemical speciation, which is in turn controlled by different factors, such as soil pH, redox potential, organic matter, and microbial population. In this review, the different factors that influence Cr speciation were analyzed and the relationship between biogeochemical transformations of Cr and its bioavailability which may be beneficial for devising different Cr remediation strategies has been discussed. Also, the uptake and transport mechanism of Cr in plants, with particular reference to sulfate and phosphate transporters has been presented. The biological solutions for the remediation of Cr contaminated sites which offer safe and viable alternatives to old-style physical and chemical remediation strategies have been discussed in detail. This review provides theoretical guidance in developing suitable approaches for the better management of these remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiser Iqbal Wani
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - M Naeem
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
| | - Tariq Aftab
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India.
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Shan B, Hao R, Xu H, Zhang J, Li J, Li Y, Ye Y. Hexavalent chromium reduction and bioremediation potential of Fusarium proliferatum S4 isolated from chromium-contaminated soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78292-78302. [PMID: 35690705 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial remediation, utilizing reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), is considered a promising method for lowering toxic environmental chromium levels. In this study, a Cr(VI)-resistant fungal strain, Fusarium proliferatum S4 (F. proliferatum), was isolated from seriously chromium-polluted soil at Haibei Chemical Plant, China. This strain for treatment chromium-containing solution resulted in 100.00%, 93%, and 74% removal at initial concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 mg L-1 Cr(VI), respectively, after 12 days of treatment in a batch mode. Contributions of different cell fractions to Cr(VI) removal were explored. The Cr(VI) removal capacity of various cell components from strong to weak was as follows: cytoplasm, cell secretions, and cell debris. Observations obtained by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that not only the cell surfaces but also the intracellular contents were involved Cr through adsorption, reduction, or accumulation. Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that a large number of functional groups (amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, and phosphate groups) participated in chromium binding on the cell surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Cr on the cell surface only as Cr(III). The results have important implications for an in-depth understanding of microbial chromate reduction by F. proliferatum. This study provides an insight into the microbial Cr(VI) bioreduction efficiency, and mechanisms in the chromium-contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Shan
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruixia Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Junman Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiani Li
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yinhuang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yubo Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Spinelli V, Ceci A, Dal Bosco C, Gentili A, Persiani AM. Glyphosate-Eating Fungi: Study on Fungal Saprotrophic Strains' Ability to Tolerate and Utilise Glyphosate as a Nutritional Source and on the Ability of Purpureocillium lilacinum to Degrade It. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2179. [PMID: 34835305 PMCID: PMC8623091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide worldwide. Its improper use during recent decades has resulted in glyphosate contamination of soils and waters. Fungal bioremediation is an environmentally friendly, cost effective, and feasible solution to glyphosate contamination in soils. In this study, several saprotrophic fungi isolated from agricultural environments were screened for their ability to tolerate and utilise Roundup in different cultural conditions as a nutritional source. Purpureocillium lilacinum was further screened to evaluate the ability to break down and utilise glyphosate as a P source in a liquid medium. The dose-response effect for Roundup, and the difference in toxicity between pure glyphosate and Roundup were also studied. This study reports the ability of several strains to tolerate 1 mM and 10 mM Roundup and to utilise it as nutritional source. P. lilacinum was reported for the first time for its ability to degrade glyphosate to a considerable extent (80%) and to utilise it as a P source, without showing dose-dependent negative effects on growth. Pure glyphosate was found to be more toxic than Roundup for P. lilacinum. Our results showed that pure glyphosate toxicity can be only partially addressed by the pH decrease determined in the culture medium. In conclusion, our study emphasises the noteworthy potential of P. lilacinum in glyphosate degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Spinelli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Ceci
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Chiara Dal Bosco
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.D.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Persiani
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Entomogenous fungi isolated from Cryptotympana atrata with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2020; 113:1507-1521. [PMID: 32852662 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-020-01459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although many entomogenous fungi have been discovered over the years, few studies on the crude extracts of fungi isolated from Cryptotympana atrata with antibacterial and antifungal activity were reported. In this study, total twenty entomogenous fungi were isolated for the first time. And among of them, two pure cultures were identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum and Aspergillus fumigatus with apparent morphology, microscopic identification and 18S rRNA gene sequence. The active strains were fermented to optimize in six different culture media at three different pH values. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the metabolites were more potent and efficient in Fungal medium 3# at a pH of 6.2 than in the other tested media or at the other tested pH values. Total seven human pathogens and one insect pathogen were used to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity of crude extracts, among which 25% of the extracts exhibited antifungal activity against Verticillium lecanii, while 33.3% and 47.2% of the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against the important human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, respectively. The range of the MICs was from 15.6 to 250 μg mL-1, and 35% of the fungal metabolites exhibited antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus thuringiensis and Enterobacter aerogenes at 1000 μg mL-1 except the previously described antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationships of the two identified fungi were also constructed. In brief, it is the first reporting about enthompathogenic fungi from Cryptotympana atrata and provides candidate strains with potential use as biological agents and against multidrug-resistant organisms.
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Modkovski TA, Scapini T, Dalastra C, Kubeneck S, Frumi Camargo A, Bordin ER, Venturin B, Jacques RJS, de Andrade N, Bellé C, Haminiuk CWI, Fongaro G, Treichel H. Hexavalent Chromium Removal Using Filamentous Fungi: Sustainable Biotechnology. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2019.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiani Andressa Modkovski
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Thamarys Scapini
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Dalastra
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Kubeneck
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Frumi Camargo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Roberta Bordin
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Venturin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Nariane de Andrade
- Departamento de Solos/CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Bellé
- Departamento de Solos/CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Florianópolis, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Helen Treichel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Erechim, RS, Brazil
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Kumar V, Dwivedi SK. Hexavalent chromium stress response, reduction capability and bioremediation potential of Trichoderma sp. isolated from electroplating wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 185:109734. [PMID: 31574371 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we are investigating the Cr(VI) reduction potential of a multi-metal tolerant fungus (isolate CR700); isolated from electroplating wastewater. Based on the ITS region sequencing, the isolate was identified as Trichoderma lixii isolate CR700 and able to tolerate As(2000 mg/L), Ni(1500 mg/L), Zn(1200 mg/L), Cu(1200 mg/L), Cr(1000 mg/L), and 100 mg/L of Pb and Cd evident from tolerance assay. Cr(VI) reduction experiment was conducted in Erlenmeyer flasks containing different concentration of Cr(VI) (0-200 mg/L) amended potato dextrose broth medium followed by inoculating with a disk (0.5 cm diameter) of 7 days grown isolate CR700, and achieved a maximum of 99.4% within 120 h at 50 mg/L of Cr(VI). However, the accumulation of total Cr by isolate CR700 was 2.12 ± 0.15 mg/g of dried biomass at the same concentration after 144 h of exposure. Isolate CR700 showed the capability to reduce Cr(VI) at different physicochemical stress conditions such as pH, temperature, heavy metals, metabolic inhibitor and also in tannery wastewater. Fungus exhibited multifarious morphological and biochemical response under the exposure of Cr(VI); the scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that Cr(VI) treated mycelia of isolate CR700 comparatively irregular, aggregated and swelled than without treated mycelia which might be due to the tolerance mechanism and vacuolar compartmentation of chromium. Moreover, energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis exposed the Cr(III) precipitation on the mycelia surface of isolate CR700 and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis suggested the contribution of the protein associated functional group in the complexation of Cr(VI). The phytotoxicity test of fungal treated 100 mg/L of Cr(VI) supernatant on Vigna radiata and Cicer arietinum revealed the successful detoxification/remediation of Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India.
| | - S K Dwivedi
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India
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Ahmad M, Pataczek L, Hilger TH, Zahir ZA, Hussain A, Rasche F, Schafleitner R, Solberg SØ. Perspectives of Microbial Inoculation for Sustainable Development and Environmental Management. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2992. [PMID: 30568644 PMCID: PMC6289982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How to sustainably feed a growing global population is a question still without an answer. Particularly farmers, to increase production, tend to apply more fertilizers and pesticides, a trend especially predominant in developing countries. Another challenge is that industrialization and other human activities produce pollutants, which accumulate in soils or aquatic environments, contaminating them. Not only is human well-being at risk, but also environmental health. Currently, recycling, land-filling, incineration and pyrolysis are being used to reduce the concentration of toxic pollutants from contaminated sites, but too have adverse effects on the environment, producing even more resistant and highly toxic intermediate compounds. Moreover, these methods are expensive, and are difficult to execute for soil, water, and air decontamination. Alternatively, green technologies are currently being developed to degrade toxic pollutants. This review provides an overview of current research on microbial inoculation as a way to either replace or reduce the use of agrochemicals and clean environments heavily affected by pollution. Microorganism-based inoculants that enhance nutrient uptake, promote crop growth, or protect plants from pests and diseases can replace agrochemicals in food production. Several examples of how biofertilizers and biopesticides enhance crop production are discussed. Plant roots can be colonized by a variety of favorable species and genera that promote plant growth. Microbial interventions can also be used to clean contaminated sites from accumulated pesticides, heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and other industrial effluents. The potential of and key processes used by microorganisms for sustainable development and environmental management are discussed in this review, followed by their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maqshoof Ahmad
- Department of Soil Science, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Lisa Pataczek
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Hilger
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zahir Ahmad Zahir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Hussain
- Department of Soil Science, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Frank Rasche
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Svein Ø. Solberg
- World Vegetable Center, Tainan, China
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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Li F, Li X, Cui P. Detoxification of U(VI) by Paecilomyces catenlannulatus investigated by batch, XANES and EXAFS techniques. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 189:24-30. [PMID: 29558673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paecilomyces catenlannulatus (P. catenlannulatus) as a genus of entomogenous fungus presented a variety of surface reactive groups by batch characterizations. The detoxification of U(VI) by P. catenlannulatus was investigated under different water chemistry (pH, incubation time, foreign anions and U(VI) concentration) by batch techniques. Approximately 75% of U(VI) was reduced to U(IV) (i.e., U(IV)O2(s)) by P. catenlannulatus at pH 5.5 and 7 days under glovebox conditions, therefore the formation of precipitates decreased the toxicity of U(VI) for P. catenlannulatus. In addition, phosphate facilitate the U(VI) reduction, whereas carbonate and sulfate inhibited the U(VI) reduction. The activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) level were stimulated exposure to 1-30 mg/L U(VI), indicating that CAT, SOD and GSH were antagonized for the oxidant stress derived from U(VI) at low concentrations. According to XPS and XANES analysis, the occurrence of U(IV) revealed the reduction of adsorbed U(VI) to U(IV) by P. catenlannulatus. The results of EXAFS analysis indicated that the fitting of U-O and U-U shell for U-loaded P. catenlannulatus was similar to that of U(IV)O2(s)). The formation of U-bearing precipitates decreased the toxicity of U(VI) for P. catenlannulatus. These findings indicated that P. catenlannulatus is capable to detoxify U(VI) by extracellar/intracellar defense systems. Therefore, P. catenlannulatus can be utilized as a promising bioadsorbents for remediation of uranium-contaminated wastewater in environmental cleanup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Li
- The School of Life Science and Environmental Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- The School of Life Science and Environmental Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, PR China; The College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
| | - Pu Cui
- The School of Life Science and Environmental Science, Huangshan University, Huangshan, 245041, PR China; The College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China
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Song W, Wang X, Chen Z, Sheng G, Hayat T, Wang X, Sun Y. Enhanced immobilization of U(VI) on Mucor circinelloides in presence of As(V): Batch and XAFS investigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:228-236. [PMID: 29486456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The combined pollution of radionuclides and heavy metals has been given rise to widespread concern during uranium mining. The influence of As(V) on U(VI) immobilization by Mucor circinelloides (M. circinelloides) was investigated using batch experiments. The activity of antioxidative enzymes and concentrations of thiol compounds and organic acid in M. circinelloides increased to respond to different U(VI) and As(V) stress. The morphological structure of M. circinelloides changed obviously under U(VI) and As(V) stress by SEM and TEM analysis. The results of XANES and EXAFS analysis showed that U(VI) was mainly reduced to nano-uraninite (nano-UO2, 30.1%) in U400, while only 9.7% of nano-UO2 was observed in the presence of As(V) in U400-As400 due to the formation of uranyl arsenate precipitate (Trögerite, 48.6%). These observations will provide the fundamental data for fungal remediation of uranium and heavy metals in uranium-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics Technology and Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences and Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xiangxue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Zhongshan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Guodong Sheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang 312000, PR China
| | - Tasawar Hayat
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Xiangke Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, PR China; NAAM Research Group, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yubing Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, PR China.
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