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Paudel Adhikari N, Adhikari S, Aryal D. Hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics on the southern and northern slopes of the Himalayas: spatio-temporal controls and source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175147. [PMID: 39084375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble ions, inorganic nitrogen, and stable isotopes in precipitation were assessed from the southern (Koshi Tappu and Khandbari) and northern slopes (Lhasa and SET) of the Himalayas to understand the sources, chemistry of regional precipitation, and climatic processes. Water soluble ions showed distinct seasonal variation, with higher concentrations in the non-monsoon. The concentration of ionic species was highest in Koshi Tappu, followed by Lhasa, SET, and Khandbari. The sources were from the terrigenous (Ca2+, HCO3-), marine (Na+ and Cl-), anthropogenic (SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+), terrigenous and marine (Mg2+), and biomass-burning (K+). The southern slope, relative to the northern, was more prone to anthropogenic emissions with higher deposition. Among all sites, inorganic nitrogen deposition at Koshi Tappu was higher than the threshold value (10 kg ha-1 y-1). The isotopic composition during the study period was higher in non-monsoon, started declining from June, and depleted in July and August compared to other months, i.e., the monsoon mature phase, along the south-to-north transect. The diminished value of stable isotopes in precipitation with increasing altitude underlines the evidence of the orographic effect in isotopic composition. Our study delineated that the higher/lower d-excess value increased with altitude on the southern/northern slope of the Himalayas. The backward trajectory analysis and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's Final (NCEP FNL) datasets identified that most of the trajectories arrived from warm and humid low-latitude regions during monsoon and westerlies in non-monsoon. Thus, the chemical characteristics and stable isotopic composition of precipitation differed on the southern and northern slopes of the Himalayas by orographic effect and various sources. This study provides new insights into the atmospheric environment and climatic control of stable isotopes in the Himalayan Tibetan Plateau and facilitates monitoring of transboundary air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Paudel Adhikari
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for the Pan-third Pole Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Subash Adhikari
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Policy and Planning Commission, Gandaki Province, Pokhara 33700, Nepal.
| | - Deepak Aryal
- Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
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2
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Wang H, Zhang L. Trends of inorganic sulfur and nitrogen species at an urban site in western Canada (2004-2018). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122079. [PMID: 37343916 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
A 15-year (2004-2018) record of measurement data of gaseous and particulate sulfur and nitrogen pollutants in air collected at an urban site in Burnaby in western Canada was analyzed for generating their decadal trends using three different methods, including linear regression, Mann-Kendall test and Theil-Sen trend estimator (MK-TS), and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Annual mean concentration of SO2 and SO42- decreased by about 59% and 42%, respectively, during the 15-year period. The slower decreases of SO42- than SO2 were mainly caused by the increased O3 concentration and temperature in spring and summer, which promoted conversion of SO2 to SO42- through gas-phase reaction, and by the increased aerosol pH value and availability of H2O2 in winter, which enhanced aqueous-phase SO42- formation. Accordingly, the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) increased by 23% or more in spring, summer, and winter during the 15-year period. Annual mean concentrations of NO2 and NO3- declined by 36% and 38%, respectively, during this period. On seasonal basis, NO3- decreased faster than NO2 in autumn and slower in winter. The non-linear responses of NO3- to NO2 concentration decreases were more evident in winter than the other seasons, partly due to the increased particulate NO3- fraction caused by decreased temperature, increased aerosol pH value, and enhanced NO3- formation caused by increased O3 concentrations. Annual mean concentration of NH3 showed small increases due to stable NH3 emission and reduced conversion of NH3 to NH4+. NH4+ concentration decreased by 51% during the 15-year period. These results suggest that reduced oxidants levels are likely responsible for weakened formation of secondary inorganic aerosols, besides emission reductions for SO2 and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada.
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Pereira JN, Mantovani VA, de Mello CR, Fornaro A, Vieira-Filho M. Nitrogen atmospheric deposition driven by seasonal processes in a Brazilian region with agricultural background. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37174-37184. [PMID: 36571691 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the seasonal patterns and influencing factors of nitrogen atmospheric deposition is essential to evaluate human impacts on the air quality and nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. However, evaluation of the nitrogen deposition flux, especially in South America agricultural regions, has not been fully investigated. In this paper, we quantified the atmospheric wet deposition fluxes of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), in a region with agricultural and livestock predominance in the Southern Minas Gerais region, Brazil, from May 2018 to April 2019. Deposition fluxes of nitrogen species in the wet season (October-March) were on average 4.8-fold higher than those in the dry season, which revealed significant seasonal variations driven largely by the seasonality of rainfall and agricultural operations. We also found high NO3-/NH4+ ratios (average = 8.25), with higher values in dry season (NO3-/NH4+ = 12.8) in comparison with wet season (NO3-/NH4+ = 4.48), which revealed a higher relative contribution of NOx emissions from traffic sources in dry season. We also estimated the influence of atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen (N-DIN) on environmental ecosystems, being 2.01 kgNha-1 year-1 with potential risk of acidification and eutrophication of 30%. Therefore, attention should be paid to the role of wet atmospheric deposition of nitrogen as a source of nitrogen environmental pollution in agricultural regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Natiele Pereira
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental (DAM), Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Campus da UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Alves Mantovani
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos (DRH), Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Campus da UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 372000-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Rogério de Mello
- Departamento de Recursos Hídricos (DRH), Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Campus da UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 372000-000, Brazil
| | - Adalgiza Fornaro
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas (DCA), Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica E Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG) da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Rua Do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 1226, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vieira-Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Ambiental (DAM), Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Campus da UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil.
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Cong L, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang M. Rainfall characteristics significantly affect the scavenging of water-soluble ions attached to leaves. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 247:114238. [PMID: 36323152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation is considered the most effective way to remove particulate matter from the leaves of plants. Changes in rainfall characteristics can affect the scavenging processes of particulate matter from leaves. In order to better understand the dynamics of PM scavenging during rainfall, especially the water-soluble ions components, leaves from the 11 plant species (trees, shrubs, terrestrial herbs, wetland plants) from the Olympic park were sampled and used in indoor experiments. During the experiments, the rainfall intensity was set at 30 mm/h, 45 mm/h, and 60 mm/h, and the duration was divided into 0-20 min, 20-40 min, and 40-60 min. The sampled plant leaves were set in the experiments at 1 m and 3 m height from the ground. Concentrations and compositions of nine water-soluble ions of rainfall samples were analyzed in this experiment. The results revealed that SO42-, Ca2+, and Na+ were the most abundant ionic species removed from the leaves, and NO3- ranked fourth, followed by Cl-, Mg2+ K+, NH4+, and F-. The ions concentration of rainfall samples decreased when the rain intensity increased from 30 to 45 mm/h and when the rain intensity increased to 60 mm/h. The efficiency of scavenging during different rainfall durations depends on the ionic species. Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and SO42- concentrations increased with the increase in rainfall duration, whereas those of NH4+, K+, and Cl- decreased. The effect of leaf height on ions concentration of rainfall samples was also different among the ionic species: Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO3-, and F- concentrations were significantly higher at 1 m compared with 3 m. The principal component analysis of ions in rainfall samples revealed two main sources of particulate matter in our study. One is from vehicle exhaust and industrial and agricultural pollution. The other is agricultural combustion and ground dust sources. The results of the above study can provide a basis and theoretical support for the establishment of urban cleaning systems and the prevention of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cong
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Institute of Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shijun Zhou
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; The Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection in the Yellow River Basin of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Guo X, Zhang Q, Zhao T, Jin C. Fluxes, characteristics and influence on the aquatic environment of inorganic nitrogen deposition in the Danjiangkou reservoir. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113814. [PMID: 36068743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition has caused serious damage to the terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and also affected human health. Measuring temporal and spatial characteristics of Nr deposition is critical for proposing control strategy to decrease negative effects. We investigated the fluxes of ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in both dry and wet deposition from October 2017 to September 2020 at six sites around the Danjiangkou reservoir. The results showed that the fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) decreased from 24.39 kg ha-1 yr-1 (2017-2018) to 16.11 kg ha-1 yr-1 (2019-2020) for dry deposition, and from 19.71 kg ha-1 yr-1 (2017-2018) to 12.29 kg ha-1 yr-1 (2019-2020) for wet deposition. Both NH4-N and NO3-N in wet deposition exhibited significant (P < 0.01) differences among four seasons, and were markedly influenced by the precipitation. The fluxes of NO3-N deposition showed significant (P < 0.05) difference among six samples. Dry component contributed more to total DIN deposition, and NH4-N was the dominant species in DIN deposition. The ratios of NH4-N to NO3-N in four seasons were higher than 2. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model estimated that the factors of agriculture and fossil fuel combustion accounted for 77.1 % and 17.0 %, respectively, to the dry NH4-N deposition; and that the factors of agricultural source and biomass burning accounted for 56.2 % and 21.1 %, respectively, to the wet NH4-N deposition. The DIN deposition contributed to 7.7 % of the total Nr input into the reservoir, and the contribution of DIN deposition to the increase in the nitrogen concentration (ΔN) of the Danjiangkou reservoir was 0.13 mg L-1 yr-1. The dry DIN deposition was significantly correlated with the concentration of nitrogen in Danjiangkou reservoir (P < 0.01). This study suggested that the control measures of agricultural activity were essential to reduce Nr deposition, and to decrease the potential risks of water pollution in the reservoir. Furthermore, more long-term study is necessary to understand the relation between control measures, Nr deposition and water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Guo
- Institute of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Qingmiao Zhang
- Institute of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Tongqian Zhao
- Institute of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China.
| | - Chao Jin
- Institute of Resources & Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
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Yang Y, Zhao T, Jiao H, Wu L, Xiao C, Guo X, Jin C. Atmospheric Organic Nitrogen Deposition in Strategic Water Sources of China after COVID-19 Lockdown. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052734. [PMID: 35270428 PMCID: PMC8910537 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition (AND) may lead to water acidification and eutrophication. In the five months after December 2019, China took strict isolation and COVID-19 prevention measures, thereby causing lockdowns for approximately 1.4 billion people. The Danjiangkou Reservoir refers to the water source in the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China, where the AND has increased significantly; thus, the human activities during the COVID-19 period is a unique case to study the influence of AND to water quality. This work monitored the AND distribution around the Danjiangkou Reservoir, including agricultural, urban, traffic, yard, and forest areas. After lockdown, the DTN, DON, and Urea-N were 1.99 kg · hm−2 · month−1, 0.80 kg · hm−2 · month−1, and 0.15 kg · hm−2 · month−1, respectively. The detected values for DTN, DON, and Urea-N in the lockdown period decreased by 9.6%, 30.4%, and 28.97%, respectively, compared to 2019. The reduction in human activities is the reason for the decrease. The urban travel intensity in Nanyang city reduced from 6 to 1 during the lockdown period; the 3 million population which should normally travel out from city were in isolation at home before May. The fertilization action to wheat and orange were also delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Yang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (C.X.); (X.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Tongqian Zhao
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (C.X.); (X.G.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Huazhe Jiao
- School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China;
| | - Li Wu
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (C.X.); (X.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Chunyan Xiao
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (C.X.); (X.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Xiaoming Guo
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (C.X.); (X.G.); (C.J.)
| | - Chao Jin
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; (Y.Y.); (L.W.); (C.X.); (X.G.); (C.J.)
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Nie B, Zeng Y, Niu L, Zhang X. Long-term impacts of reservoir operation on the spatiotemporal variation in nitrogen forms in the post-Three Gorges Dam period (2004-2016). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65633-65643. [PMID: 34322818 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient limiting life, and its biochemical cycling and distribution in rivers have been markedly affected by river engineering construction and operation. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the spatiotemporal variations and driving environmental factors of N distributions based on the long-term observations (from 2004 to 2016) of seven stations in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). In the study period, several water quality indexes of the river reach improved, whereas N pollution was severe and tended to be aggravated after the TGR impoundment. The anti-seasonal reservoir operation strongly affected the variations in N forms. The total nitrogen (TN) concentration in the mainstream of the Yangtze River continuously increased, although it was still lower than that in the incoming tributaries (Wu and Jialing rivers). Further analysis showed that this increase occurred probably because of external inputs, including the upstream (76%), non-point (22%), and point source pollution inputs (2%). Additionally, different N forms showed significant seasonal variations; among them, the TN and nitrate nitrogen concentrations were the lowest in the impoundment season (October-February), and the ammonia nitrogen concentrations were the highest in the sluicing season (March-May). Redundancy analysis revealed that the water level and distance to the Three Gorges Dam were significant contributors to N forms distribution. Our findings could provide a basis for managing and predicting the water quality in the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lanhua Niu
- Three Gorges Bureau of Hydrological and Water Resources Survey, Changjiang Water Resources Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
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Guo Z, Boeing WJ, Xu Y, Yan C, Faghihinia M, Liu D. Revisiting seasonal dynamics of total nitrogen in reservoirs with a systematic framework for mining data from existing publications. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117380. [PMID: 34198201 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of seasonal variations of water quality parameters is essential for understanding the mechanisms of structural changes in aquatic ecosystems and their pollution control. Despite the ongoing rise in scientific production on spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of water quality parameters, such as total nitrogen (TN) in reservoirs, attempts to use published data and incorporate them into a large-scale comparison and trends analyses are lacking. Here, we propose a framework of Data extraction, Data grouping and Statistical analysis (DDS) and illustrate application of this DDS framework with the example of TN in reservoirs. Among 1722 publications related to TN in reservoirs, 58 TN time-series data from 19 reservoirs met the analysis requirements and were extracted using the DDS framework. We performed statistical analysis on these time-series data using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) combined with agglomerative hierarchical clustering as well as Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS). Three patterns of seasonal TN dynamics were identified. In Pattern V-Sum, TN concentrations change in a "V" shape, dropping to its lowest value in summer; in Pattern P-Sum, TN increases in late summer/early fall before decreasing again; and in Pattern P-Spr, TN peaks in spring. Identified patterns were driven by phytoplankton growth and precipitation (Pattern V-Sum), nitrate wet deposition and agricultural runoff (Pattern P-Sum), and anthropogenic discharges (Pattern P-Spr). Application of the DDS framework has identified a key bottleneck in assessing the dynamics of TN - low data accessibility and availability. Providing an easily accessible data sharing platform and increasing the accessibility and availability of raw data for research will facilitate improvements and expand the applicability of the DDS framework. Identification of additional spatiotemporal patterns of water quality parameters can provide new insights for more comprehensive pollution control and management of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wiebke J Boeing
- Department of Fish, Wildlife & Conservation Ecology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Yaoyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China.
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Maede Faghihinia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang M, Wang K, Meng F, Liu L, Zhao Y, Ma L, Zhu Q, Xu W, Zhang F. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition: A review of quantification methods and its spatial pattern derived from the global monitoring networks. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112180. [PMID: 33865187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is a vital component of the global N cycle. Excessive N deposition on the Earth's surface has adverse impacts on ecosystems and humans. Quantification of atmospheric N deposition is indispensable for assessing and addressing N deposition-induced environmental issues. In the present review, we firstly summarized the current methods applied to quantify N deposition (wet, dry, and total N deposition), their advantages and major limitations. Secondly, we illustrated the long-term N deposition monitoring networks worldwide and the results attained via such long-term monitoring. Results show that China faces heavier N deposition than the United States, European countries, and other countries in East Asia. Next, we proposed a framework for estimating the atmospheric wet and dry N deposition using a combined method of surface monitoring, modeling, and satellite remote sensing. Finally, we put forth the critical research challenges and future directions of the atmospheric N deposition. CAPSULE: A review of quantification methods and the global data on nitrogen deposition and a systematic framework was proposed for quantifying nitrogen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yanan Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mengru Wang
- Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fanlei Meng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuanhong Zhao
- College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 286 Huaizhong Road, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, China
| | - Qichao Zhu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fusuo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Fang GC, Ni SC, Kao CL, Zhuang YJ, Li KX, Liang GR. Mercury wet depositions study at suburban, agriculture and traffic sampling sites. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:235-245. [PMID: 32852689 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to measure and discuss the relationship of ambient air precipitations with respect to mercury wet depositions at suburban, agriculture and traffic three characteristic sampling sites during the year of 2019. In addition, the mercury volume weighted mean concentrations (VWM) at three characteristic sampling sites were also calculated. Finally, the ambient mercury wet depositions data obtained in this study to various world sampling sites were also compared and discussed in this study. The results indicated that the average mercury wet depositions for suburban, agriculture and traffic areas were 0.62, 0.55 and 2.32 ng/m2 min, respectively. And the average mercury VWM values were 0.9, 0.72 and 1.85 ng/m2 min for suburban, agriculture and traffic sites, respectively. In addition, the highest VWM and wet depositions for mercury both occurred in March at traffic and suburban areas. And the mercury wet depositions displayed a declined trend when the month was moved from March to July at both traffic and suburban sampling sites. In addition, the relationship between wet depositions and precipitations was low to moderate correlated in traffic area, while the relationship between wet depositions and precipitations was insignificant at both suburban and agriculture areas. Moreover, the average highest mercury wet deposition occurred in Nepal when compared to the other world sites. In addition, the average value of mercury wet depositions in Nepal was about 17.23 times to that of data obtained in this study during the period of 2007-2019. Finally, the average highest VWM (ng/L) occurred in the China. In addition, the average value mercury VWM in China was about 14.82 times to that of data obtained in this study during the period of 2007-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guor-Cheng Fang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Sheng-Chung Ni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, No.57, Sec. 2, Zhongshan Rd., Taiping Dist., Taichung, 41170, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Lang Kao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, No.57, Sec. 2, Zhongshan Rd., Taiping Dist., Taichung, 41170, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Jie Zhuang
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, Hungkuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kun-Xing Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, No.57, Sec. 2, Zhongshan Rd., Taiping Dist., Taichung, 41170, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Gui-Ren Liang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, No.57, Sec. 2, Zhongshan Rd., Taiping Dist., Taichung, 41170, Taiwan, ROC
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11
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Wet Inorganic Nitrogen Deposition at the Daheitin Reservoir in North China: Temporal Variation, Sources, and Biomass Burning Influences. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition is of great concern to both air quality and the ecosystem, particularly in northern China, which covers one-quarter of China’s cultivated land and has many heavily air polluted cities. To understand the characteristics of wet N deposition at rural sites in northern China, one-year wet deposition samples were collected in the Daheitin reservoir region. Due to the intense emissions of gaseous nitrogen compounds from heating activities during cold seasons and distinct dilution effects under different rainfall intensities and frequencies, the volume weighted mean concentrations of wet N deposition showed higher levels in dry seasons but lower levels in wet seasons. In contrast, the wet N deposition rates varied consistently with precipitation, i.e., high during the wet season and lower during the dry season. The annual wet deposition rate of total inorganic ions (the sum of NO3−–N and NH4+–N) at the rural site in North China from July 2019 to June 2020 was observed at 18.9 kg N ha−1 yr−1, still remained at a relatively high level. In addition, biomass burning activities are ubiquitous in China, especially in northern China; however, studies on its impact on wet N deposition are limited. Non-sea salt potassium ion (nss-K+) was employed as a molecular tracer to investigate the characteristics of biomass burning activities as well as their impact on the chemical properties of wet N deposition. Three precipitation events with high nss-K+ levels were captured during the harvest season (June to July). The variations in the patterns of nss-K+, deposited N species, and ratios of nss-K+ to nitrogen species as well as their relationships all indicated that biomass burning emissions contributed remarkably to NO3−–N but had a minor influence on NH4+–N.
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12
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Zhang L, Tian M, Peng C, Fu C, Li T, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Huang Y, Wang H, Li Z, Yang F. Nitrogen wet deposition in the Three Gorges Reservoir area: Characteristics, fluxes, and contributions to the aquatic environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:140309. [PMID: 32806348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in precipitation were conducted at six different sites in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) area from January 2016 to December 2017. The characteristics and the sources of nitrogen (N) species were identified. N flux of wet deposition in the hinterland of the TGR area were 13.56 ± 2.95 kg N ha-1 yr-1, of which the proportions of NO3--N, NH4+-N and DON were 60.9%, 25.1% and 14.0%, respectively. N flux in urban area was significantly higher than those in suburban, agricultural, and wetland areas. Industrial activities, biomass burning, and secondary transformation were the main contributors of N in urban area. In agricultural area, biomass burning, crustal, and manure were main sources of N. In suburban area, mixed emissions from industry, agriculture, and crustal sources were primary contributors of N. For wetlands, the major contributions were from industrial sector and biomass burning. Additional, analysis of regional distribution of dissolved N deposition in the TGR area was conducted by combining current study data and previously published data between 2000 and 2017. N flux of wet deposition in the entire TGR area ranged from 12.17 to 51.93 kg N ha-1 yr-1, with an average of 26.81 kg N ha-1 yr-1. Regional N distribution was greatest in the tail region, followed by the head region, and then the hinterland in the TGR area. The amount of N entering the TGR directly through atmospheric wet deposition was 2906 t yr-1, accounting for 2.1% of the total N inputs. N load from wet deposition had exceeded the critical loads from that of the water, forest, and even some farmland ecosystems in the TGR area. Decreasing NH3 emissions from agricultural activities is the key to alleviate the regional N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Mi Tian
- College of Environmental and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chao Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Chuan Fu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China
| | - Tingzhen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China.
| | - Yang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Yang Qiu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yimin Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China
| | - Huanbo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; College of Environmental and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zhe Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; College of Environmental and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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13
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Qian R, Zhang S, Peng C, Zhang L, Yang F, Tian M, Huang R, Wang Q, Chen Q, Yao X, Chen Y. Characteristics and potential exposure risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 in the three gorges reservoir area, Southwestern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126425. [PMID: 32197172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a novel class of hazardous substances that can exist stably in airborne particles for a period ranging from days to weeks and are potentially toxic to human health. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) was used to characterize particulate EPFRs in Wanzhou in the Three Gorges Reservoir area in 2017. During the whole of 2017, the average concentration of particulate EPFRs was 7.0 × 1013 ± 1.7 × 1013 spins/m3. The seasonal concentration of EPFRs in PM2.5 showed a trend of autumn > winter > spring > summer. The maxima and minima of EPFRs occurred in spring with concentrations of 2.1 × 1014 spins/m3 and 9.4 × 1012 spins/m3 respectively. The EPFRs in PM2.5 were mainly carbon-centered radicals with adjacent oxygen atoms. Significant positive correlations were found between EPFRs and SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ (r > 0.55, n = 111), indicating that EPFRs are associated with secondary sources. The atmospheric processing of particles from coal combustion, traffic, and agriculture were important sources of EPFRs. They were also particularly well correlated with K+ and Cl- in winter, suggesting that EPFRs may also be derived from wintertime biomass burning emissions. The amount of inhalable EPFRs in Wanzhou was equivalent to the range of 2.3-6.8 cigarettes per capita per day. This study provides evidence of the potential health risks of EPFRs in PM2.5, and references for air pollution control in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhi Qian
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Peng
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; National Engineering Research Center for Flue Gas Desulfurization, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mi Tian
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Rujin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), And Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), And Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiaojiang Yao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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14
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Effects of 14-year continuous nitrogen addition on soil arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase activities in a mature tropical forest. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Zhao Y, Zheng B, Jia H, Chen Z. Determination sources of nitrates into the Three Gorges Reservoir using nitrogen and oxygen isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:128-136. [PMID: 31207503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Identification of nitrate sources and its transformations are important for the management of large lakes and reservoirs. The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China is one of the largest reservoirs around the world. In this study, stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N-NO3-) and oxygen (δ18O-NO3-) of nitrate in water were used to gain insights into nitrate sources and transformations in the tail area of the TGR. Bayesian mixing model has been conducted to estimate the proportional contribute of nitrate sources. The mixing modelling results indicated that NH4+ fertilizer (range 7-54%) and soil organic nitrogen (range 2-45%) were the dominant NO3--N sources in the tail area of the TGR during the three season study period. Nitrification contributed a part of NO3--N in the river water during the dry season. The nitrate from soil solution in the riparian zone with denitrified NO3- might be another major reason for the enrichment of δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- during the normal season. Reducing the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers, especially NH4+ fertilizers, and protecting soil from erosion may be effective measures to improve water quality in the TGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Binghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Haifeng Jia
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhengxia Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Wang H, Qiao B, Zhang L, Yang F, Jiang X. Characteristics and sources of trace elements in PM 2.5 in two megacities in Sichuan Basin of southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1577-1586. [PMID: 30077406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To characterize major trace elements in PM2.5 and associated sources in two megacities, Chengdu (CD) and Chongqing (CQ), in Sichuan Basin of southwest China, daily PM2.5 samples were collected at one urban site in each city from October 2014 to July 2015 and were analyzed for their contents of thirteen trace elements including four crustal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, and Ti), eight trace metals (K, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Pb, Ni, and V), and As. Multiple approaches including correlation analysis, enrichment factor, principal component analysis, and conditional probability function (CPF) were applied to identify potential sources of these elements. Most of the measured trace elements in Sichuan Basin were found to have lower concentrations than in the other regions of China. K and Fe were the most abundant elements at CD with an annual mean concentrations of 720 ± 357 and 456 ± 248 ng m-3, accounting for 34.6% and 21.9% of the total analyzed trace elements, respectively. Ca presented the highest concentration among all of the elements at CQ with annual mean of 824 ± 633 ng m-3 (29.1% of the total). Crustal elements had the highest concentrations in spring while heavy metals had distinct seasonal variations typically with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Ti and Al were identified to be primarily from soil while most of the analyzed heavy metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) and As were from anthropogenic sources associated with coal combustion, industrial emission from glassmaking production and iron/steel manufacturing, and non-exhaust vehicle emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Wang
- School of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Baoqing Qiao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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17
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Gao M, Cui J, Zhang L, He D, Yang J, Zhou F, Leng Q, Yang F. Metal wet deposition in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region of Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32053-32065. [PMID: 30218331 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal wet deposition has become an environmental concern because of its threats to soil or water quality and human health. This study was to collect rainfall waters in 2016 from seven sites, representing urban, town, rural, and wetland, within the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region of Southwest China, determine the metal concentration and flux (Zn, Mn, Cu, As, Cd, Pb), and identify their possible sources. Results indicated that Zn was the most abundant metal with a concentration of 16.92 μg L-1 in fall and 19.91 μg L-1 in winter and flux of 4.71 mg m-2 in fall, while Cd was the least with a monthly mean concentration of 0.02-0.37 μg L-1. Among the seven sites, urban (FL) had the highest values of both concentrations of metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) and fluxes of metals (Mn, As), which significantly differed from the other sites. Component and redundancy analysis suggested that fossil fuel and biomass combustion be a potential metal source. Enrichment factors, box model, and potential ecological risk index showed that the TGR water quality could face a high risk due to wet metal deposition, especially Cd. Data could provide a valuable aid in mitigating metal pollution, developing the best watershed management practices, as well as safeguarding water quality and human health in the TGR region or other reservoir regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Chongqing Institue of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Chongqing Institue of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Institue of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Dongyi He
- Chongqing Institue of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - John Yang
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Lincoln University of Missouri, Jefferson City, MO, 65101, USA
| | - Fengwu Zhou
- Chongqing Institue of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Qiangmei Leng
- Chongqing Institue of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Institue of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Cui J, Zhou F, Gao M, Zhang L, Zhang L, Du K, Leng Q, Zhang Y, He D, Yang F, Chan A. A comparison of various approaches used in source apportionments for precipitation nitrogen in a mountain region of southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:810-820. [PMID: 29909307 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Six different approaches are applied in the present study to apportion the sources of precipitation nitrogen making use of precipitation data of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN, including NO3- and NH4+), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and δ15N signatures of DIN collected at six sampling sites in the mountain region of Southwest China. These approaches include one quantitative approach running a Bayesian isotope mixing model (SIAR model) and five qualitative approaches based on in-situ survey (ISS), ratio of NH4+/NO3- (RN), principal component analysis (PCA), canonical-correlation analysis (CCA) and stable isotope approach (SIA). Biomass burning, coal combustion and mobile exhausts in the mountain region are identified as major sources for precipitation DIN while biomass burning and volatilization sources such as animal husbandries are major ones for DON. SIAR model results suggest that mobile exhausts, biomass burning and coal combustion contributed 25.1 ± 14.0%, 26.0 ± 14.1% and 27.0 ± 12.6%, respectively, to NO3- on the regional scale. Higher contributions of both biomass burning and coal combustion appeared at rural and urban sites with a significant difference between Houba (rural) and the wetland site (p < 0.05). The RN method fails to properly identify sources of DIN, the ISS and SIA approach only respectively identifies DON and DIN sources, the PCA only tracks source types for precipitation N, while the CCA identify sources of both DIN and DON in precipitation. SIAR quantified the contributions of major sources to precipitation NO3- but failed for precipitation NH4+ and DON. It is recommended to use ISS and SIAR in combination with one or more approaches from PCA, CCA and SIA to apportion precipitation NO3- sources. As for apportioning precipitation NH4+ sources, more knowledge is needed for local 15N databases of NH3 and DON and 15N fractional mechanisms among gaseous, liquid and particulate surfaces in this mountain region and similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cui
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Fengwu Zhou
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Min Gao
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Qiangmei Leng
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yuanzhu Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geography Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Dongyi He
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Centre of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Andy Chan
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Chemical Characteristics of Precipitation in a Typical Urban Site of the Hinterland in Three Gorges Reservoir, China. J CHEM-NY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/2914313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Major water-soluble ions were analyzed for two-year precipitation samples in Wanzhou, a typical urban site of the hinterland of Chinese Three Gorges Reservoir. The pH values of the precipitation were in the range of 4.0 to 8.3, and the volume-weighted mean (VWM) value was 5.0. The concentration order of anions and cations was as follows: SO42->NO3->Cl->F- and NH4+>Ca2+>Na+>K+>Mg2+, respectively. Good correlations were found between SO42- and NH4+, SO42- and Ca2+, NO3- and NH4+, and NO3- and Ca2+, implying their co-occurrence in the precipitation, most likely as (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)HSO4, NH4NO3, CaSO4, and Ca(NO3)2. The sum of all measured ions was 416.4 μeq L−1, indicating serious air pollution in Wanzhou. NH4+ and Ca2+ were the most important ions neutralizing the acidic compounds in the precipitation; their major sources included agricultural activity and crustal dust. Local anthropogenic activities, for example, coal burning and traffic related sources, contributed most of SO42- and NO3-. The equivalent concentration ratio of SO42-/NO3- was 4.5, indicating that excessive emission of sulfur was the main reason leading to the precipitation acidity in Wanzhou. However, this ratio was lower than the ratio (5.9) in 2000s in Wanzhou, indicating that the contribution of nitric acid to the acidity of precipitation was strengthening.
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