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Alaoui A, Christ F, Silva V, Vested A, Schlünssen V, González N, Gai L, Abrantes N, Baldi I, Bureau M, Harkes P, Norgaard T, Navarro I, de la Torre A, Sanz P, Martínez MÁ, Hofman J, Pasković I, Pasković MP, Glavan M, Lwanga EH, Aparicio VC, Campos I, Alcon F, Contreras J, Mandrioli D, Sgargi D, Scheepers PTJ, Ritsema C, Geissen V. Identifying pesticides of high concern for ecosystem, plant, animal, and human health: A comprehensive field study across Europe and Argentina. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174671. [PMID: 39004368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The widespread and excessive use of pesticides in modern agricultural practices has caused pesticide contamination of the environment, animals, and humans, with confirmed serious health consequences. This study aimed to identify the 20 most critical substances based on an analysis of detection frequency (DF) and median concentrations (MC) across environmental and biological matrices. A sampling campaign was conducted across 10 case study sites in Europe and 1 in Argentina, each encompassing conventional and organic farming systems. We analysed 209 active substances in a total of 4609 samples. All substances ranked among the 20 most critical were detected in silicon wristbands worn by humans and animals and indoor dust from both farming systems. Five of them were detected in all environmental matrices. Overall, higher values of DF and MC, including in the blood plasma of animals and humans, were recorded in samples of conventional compared to organic farms. The differences between farming systems were greater in the environmental samples and less in animal and human samples. Ten substances were detected in animal blood plasma from conventional farms and eight in animal blood plasma from organic farms. Two of those, detected in both farming systems, are classified as hazardous for mammals (acute). Five substances detected in animal blood plasma from organic farms and seven detected in animal blood plasma from conventional farms are classified as hazardous for mammals (dietary). Three substances detected in human blood plasma are classified as carcinogens. Seven of the substances detected in human blood plasma are classified as endocrine disruptors. Six substances, of which five were detected in human blood plasma, are hazardous for reproduction/development. Efforts are needed to elucidate the unknown effects of mixtures, and it is crucial that such research also considers biocides and banned substances, which constitute a baseline of contamination that adds to the effect of substances used in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Alaoui
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Christ
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vera Silva
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Anne Vested
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Neus González
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lingtong Gai
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Nelson Abrantes
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabelle Baldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathilde Bureau
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Paula Harkes
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Trine Norgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Irene Navarro
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of POPs and Emerging Pollutants in Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jakub Hofman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Marija Polić Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Matjaž Glavan
- Agronomy Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Isabel Campos
- CESAM and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Alcon
- Agricultural Engineering School, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | - Josefa Contreras
- Agricultural Engineering School, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
| | | | - Daria Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Italy
| | - Paul T J Scheepers
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Hattab S, Cappello T, Boughattas I, Sassi K, Mkhinini M, Zitouni N, Missawi O, Eliso MC, Znaidi A, Banni M. Toxicity assessment of animal manure composts containing environmental microplastics by using earthworms Eisenia andrei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172975. [PMID: 38705298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, animal manure composting constitutes a sustainable alternative for farmers to enhance the level of nutrients within soils and achieve a good productivity. However, pollutants may be present in manures. This study focuses on the detection of environmental microplastics (EMPs) into composts, as well as on the assessment of their potential toxicity on the earthworm Eisenia andrei. To these aims, animals were exposed to two types of compost, namely bovine (cow) and ovine (sheep) manure, besides to their mixture, for 7 and 14 days. The presence and characterization of EMPs was evaluated in all the tested composts, as well as in tissues of the exposed earthworms. The impact of the tested composts was assessed by a multi-biomarker approach including cytotoxic (lysosomal membrane stability, LMS), genotoxic (micronuclei frequency, MNi), biochemical (activity of catalase, CAT, and glutathione-S-transferase, GST; content of malondialdehyde, MDA), and neurotoxic (activity of acetylcholinesterase, AChE) responses in earthworms. Results indicated the presence of high levels of EMPs in all the tested composts, especially in the sheep manure (2273.14 ± 200.89 items/kg) in comparison to the cow manure (1628.82 ± 175.23 items/kg), with the size <1.22 μm as the most abundant EMPs. A time-dependent decrease in LMS and AChE was noted in exposed earthworms, as well as a concomitant increase in DNA damages (MNi) after 7 and 14 days of exposure. Also, a severe oxidative stress was recorded in animals treated with the different types of compost through an increase in CAT and GST activities, and LPO levels, especially after 14 days of exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully consider these findings for agricultural good practices in terms of plastic mitigation in compost usage, in order to prevent any risk for environment health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Hattab
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Regional Research Centre in Horticulture and Organic Agriculture of Chott-Meriem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Iteb Boughattas
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Regional Field Crops Research Center of Beja, IRESA, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Sassi
- Laboratory of Agronomy, National Agronomy Institute of Tunisia (INAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Marouane Mkhinini
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; LEESU, Université Paris Est Créteil, Ecole des ponts, Créteil, France
| | - Nesrine Zitouni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Omayma Missawi
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Maria Concetta Eliso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Akram Znaidi
- Department of Animal Production, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Agrobiodiversity and Ecotoxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology, ISBM, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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3
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Li J, Hodson ME, Brown CD, Bottoms MJ, Ashauer R, Alvarez T. Earthworm lipid content and size help account for differences in pesticide bioconcentration between species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133744. [PMID: 38367437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The uptake and elimination kinetics of pesticides from soil to earthworms are important in characterising the risk of pesticides to soil organisms and the risk from secondary poisoning. However, the understanding of the relative importance of chemical, soil, and species differences in determining pesticide bioconcentration into earthworms is limited. Furthermore, there is insufficient independent data in the literature to fully evaluate existing predictive bioconcentration models. We conducted kinetic uptake and elimination experiments for three contrasting earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris, Aporrectodea caliginosa, Eisenia fetida) in five soils using a mixture of five pesticides (log Kow 1.69 - 6.63). Bioconcentration increased with pesticide hydrophobicity and decreased with soil organic matter. Bioconcentration factors were comparable between earthworm species for hydrophilic pesticides due to the similar water content of earthworm species. Inter-species variations in bioconcentration of hydrophobic pesticides were primarily accounted for by earthworm lipid content and specific surface area (SSA). Existing bioconcentration models either failed to perform well across earthworm species and for more hydrophilic compounds (log Kow < 2) or were not parameterised for a wide range of compounds and earthworm species. Refined models should incorporate earthworm properties (lipid content and SSA) to account for inter-species differences in pesticide uptake from soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK.
| | - Mark E Hodson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Colin D Brown
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Melanie J Bottoms
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Roman Ashauer
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK; Syngenta Crop Protection AG Rosentalstr. 67 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Tania Alvarez
- Syngenta Ltd, Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
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Dong B. A comprehensive review on toxicological mechanisms and transformation products of tebuconazole: Insights on pesticide management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168264. [PMID: 37918741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole has been widely applied over three decades because of its high efficiency, low toxicity, and broad spectrum, and it is still one of the most popular fungicides worldwide. Tebuconazole residues have been frequently detected in environmental samples and food, posing potential hazards for humans. Understanding the toxicity of pesticides is crucial to ensuring human and ecosystem health, but the toxic mechanisms and toxicity of tebuconazole are still unclear. Moreover, pesticides could transform into transformation products (TPs) that may be more persistent and toxic than their parents. Herein, the toxicities of tebuconazole to humans, mammals, aquatic organisms, soil animals, amphibians, soil microorganisms, birds, honeybees, and plants were summarized, and its TPs were reviewed. In addition, the toxicity of tebuconazole TPs to aquatic organisms and mammals was predicted. Tebuconazole posed potential developmental toxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, mutagenicity, hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity, which were induced via reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis, metabolism and hormone perturbation, DNA damage, and transcriptional abnormalities. In addition, tebuconazole exhibited apparent endocrine-disrupting effects by modulating hormone levels and gene transcription. The toxicity of some TPs was equivalent to and higher than tebuconazole. Therefore, further investigation is necessary into the toxicological mechanisms of tebuconazole and the combined toxicity of a mixture of tebuconazole and its TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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5
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Dong Z, Cui K, Liang J, Guan S, Fang L, Ding R, Wang J, Li T, Zhao S, Wang Z. The widespread presence of triazole fungicides in greenhouse soils in Shandong Province, China: A systematic study on human health and ecological risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 328:121637. [PMID: 37059173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Triazole fungicides (TFs) are extensively used on greenhouse vegetables and are ubiquitously detected in the environment. However, the human health and ecological risks associated with the presence of TFs in the soil are unclear. In this study, ten widely used TFs were measured in 283 soil samples from vegetable greenhouses across Shandong Province, China, and their potential human health and ecological risks were assessed. Among all soil samples, difenoconazole, myclobutanil, triadimenol, and tebuconazole were the top detected TFs, with detection rates of 85.2-100%; these TFs had higher residues, with average concentrations of 5.47-23.8 μg/kg. Although most of the detectable TFs were present in low amounts, 99.3% of the samples were contaminated with 2-10 TFs. Human health risk assessment based on hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values indicated that TFs posed negligible non-cancer risks for both adults and children (HQ range, 5.33 × 10-10 to 2.38 × 10-5; HI range, 1.95 × 10-9 to 3.05 × 10-5, <1). Ecological risk assessment based on the toxicity exposure ratio (TER) and risk quotient (RQ) values indicated that difenoconazole was a potential risk factor for soil organisms (TERmax = 1 for Eisenia foetida, <5; RQmean = 1.19 and RQmax = 9.04, >1). Moreover, 84 of the 283 sites showed a high risk (RQsite range, 1.09-9.08, >1), and difenoconazole was the primary contributor to the overall risk. Considering their ubiquity and potential hazards, TFs should be continuously assessed and prioritized for pesticide risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China; Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jingyun Liang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Shuai Guan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Liping Fang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Ruiyan Ding
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Teng Li
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Shengying Zhao
- Shandong Shibang Agrochemical Co., Ltd., Heze, Shandong, 274300, China
| | - Zhongni Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Barbi A, Goessens T, Strubbe D, Deknock A, Van Leeuwenberg R, De Troyer N, Verbrugghe E, Greener M, De Baere S, Lens L, Goethals P, Martel A, Croubels S, Pasmans F. Widespread triazole pesticide use affects infection dynamics of a global amphibian pathogen. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:313-322. [PMID: 36592335 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sixth mass extinction is a consequence of complex interplay between multiple stressors with negative impact on biodiversity. We here examine the interaction between two globally widespread anthropogenic drivers of amphibian declines: the fungal disease chytridiomycosis and antifungal use in agriculture. Field monitoring of 26 amphibian ponds in an agricultural landscape shows widespread occurrence of triazole fungicides in the water column throughout the amphibian breeding season, together with a negative correlation between early season application of epoxiconazole and the prevalence of chytrid infections in aquatic newts. While triazole concentrations in the ponds remained below those that inhibit growth of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, they bioaccumulated in the newts' skin up to tenfold, resulting in cutaneous growth-suppressing concentrations. As such, a concentration of epoxiconazole, 10 times below that needed to inhibit fungal growth, prevented chytrid infection in anuran tadpoles. The widespread presence of triazoles may thus alter chytrid dynamics in agricultural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Wildlife Health Ghent, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tess Goessens
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Diederik Strubbe
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arne Deknock
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robby Van Leeuwenberg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Wildlife Health Ghent, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Niels De Troyer
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elin Verbrugghe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Wildlife Health Ghent, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mark Greener
- School of Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Goethals
- Aquatic Ecology Unit, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Wildlife Health Ghent, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Wildlife Health Ghent, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ratier A, Baudrot V, Kaag M, Siberchicot A, Lopes C, Charles S. rbioacc: An R-package to analyze toxicokinetic data. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113875. [PMID: 35843108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The R-package rbioacc allows to analyse experimental data from bioaccumulation tests where organisms are exposed to a chemical (exposure) then put into clean media (depuration). Internal concentrations are measured over time during the experiment. rbioacc provides turnkey functions to visualise and analyse such data. Under a Bayesian framework, rbioacc fits a generic one-compartment toxicokinetic model built from the data. It provides TK parameter estimates (uptake and elimination rates) and standard bioaccumulation metrics. All parameter estimates, bioaccumulation metrics and predictions of internal concentrations are delivered with their uncertainty. Bioaccumulation metrics are provided in support of environmental risk assessment, in full compliance with regulatory requirements required to approve market release of chemical substances. This paper provides worked examples of the use of rbioacc from data collected through standard bioaccumulation tests, publicly available within the scientific literature. These examples constitute step-by-step user-guides to analyse any new data set, uploaded in the right format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Ratier
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France; INERIS, Experimental Toxicology and Modelling Unit, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, parc Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte 65550, France.
| | - Virgile Baudrot
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France; Qonfluens, Montpellier 34000, France.
| | - Miléna Kaag
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France; INSA Lyon, Biosciences Department, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Aurélie Siberchicot
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Christelle Lopes
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
| | - Sandrine Charles
- University of Lyon, University Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5558, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69100, France.
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8
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Bošković N, Bílková Z, Šudoma M, Bielská L, Škulcová L, Ribitsch D, Soja G, Vrana B, Hofman J. Effects of biochar on the fate of conazole fungicides in soils and their bioavailability to earthworms and plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:23323-23337. [PMID: 34807391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study showed novel findings about changes in the fate and bioavailability of conazole fungicides (CFs) after biochar (BC) addition to soil. Two contrasting soils (low- and high-sorbing of CF; L soils, H soils) were amended by three BCs (low-, moderate-, and high-sorbing of CF; L-BC, M-BC, H-BC) at 0.2% and 2% doses. Epoxiconazole (EPC) and tebuconazole (TBC) were then added to the soil-BC mixtures, and their degradation, bioaccumulation in earthworms (Eisenia andrei), and bioconcentration in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were studied for three months. Also, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was performed to determine CF (bio)accessibility. The EPC and TBC degradation in the soil-BC mixtures followed usually the first-order decay kinetics. The BC addition prevalently decreased the pesticides degradation in the L soil mixtures but often increased it in the H soil mixtures. In general, EPC degraded less than TBC. BC type and dose roles in the pesticides degradation were unclear. The BC addition significantly reduced pesticide uptake to the earthworms in the L soil mixtures (by 37-96%) and in the H soil mixtures (by 6-89%) with 2% BC. The BC addition reduced pesticide uptake to the lettuce roots and leaves significantly-up to two orders of magnitude, and this reduction was strong in H soil mixtures at 2% of BC. The BC addition reduced the CF (bio)accessibility measured by SBSE in all L soil mixtures and some H soil mixtures with 2% BC. Although not significant, it also seems that the pesticide bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, and (bio)accessibility were decreasing according to the BC type (L-BC > M-BC > H-BC). The pesticide concentrations in the earthworms and lettuce correlated significantly to the SBSE results, which indicates this technique as a possible predictor of biotic uptake. Our results showed that the interactions were hard to predict in the complex soil-BC-pesticide system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Bošković
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šudoma
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- Environmental Resources & Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
- Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
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Wang R, Li X, Xu J, Hu C, Wang Z, Chen J, Cai X. Bioavailability for organic chemical bioaccumulation follows the power law. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117716. [PMID: 34247003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of bioavailability for organic chemical bioaccumulation by terrestrial and benthic invertebrates, the principles of bioavailability for organic chemical bioaccumulation remain poorly understood. Here we use large-scale databases with contrasting geographic, compound and organism coverage (from 925 sites, 446 compounds and 184 invertebrate species), and report that bioavailability for organic chemical bioaccumulation follows the power law. It represents that the internal concentration of organic chemicals is the composite power function of the lipid fraction of invertebrates, bulk site concentration of compounds, and organic carbon content of soils/sediments. This law directly links environmental exposures and body burdens of organic chemicals in contaminated sites, and provides a method for enabling case-specific risk assessments of a vast number of organic chemicals and contaminated sites. Our findings may pave the way for translating bioavailability knowledge into risk-oriented regulation of organic chemicals and contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xinmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Canyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhuhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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10
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Bošković N, Bílková Z, Šudoma M, Bielská L, Škulcová L, Ribitsch D, Soja G, Hofman J. Conazole fungicides epoxiconazole and tebuconazole in biochar amended soils: Degradation and bioaccumulation in earthworms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129700. [PMID: 33545596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochar usage in agriculture becomes increasingly important for the improvement of soil properties. However, from the perspective of pesticides, biochar can influence exposure to pesticides of both target and non-target organisms and also pesticides' fate in soil. Our study investigated degradation and bioaccumulation (in the Eisenia andrei earthworm) of two conazole fungicides, epoxiconazole and tebuconazole, added to high- and low-sorbing soils (by means of fungicides' sorption measured beforehand) amended with low-, moderate- and high-sorbing biochars at 0.2% and 2% doses. We aimed to investigate the effects of contrasting soil and biochar properties, different doses of biochar in soil-biochar mixtures, and different compounds on the degradation and bioaccumulation. We also wanted to explore if the beforehand determined sorption of fungicides on individual soils and biochars is manifested somehow in their degradation and/or bioaccumulation in soil-biochar mixtures. The biochars' presence in the soils promoted the degradation of fungicides with a clear effect of dose and soil, but less clear effect of biochar or compound. The bioaccumulation factors were higher in low-sorbing soil variants and also decreased with increasing biochar dose. For low-sorbing soil variants, the bioaccumulation was also influenced by the type of biochar corresponding to its sorbing potential and the possible effect on the bioavailability of the fungicides. Our results show that mixing of biochars with soils changes the fate and bioaccumulation of the conazole fungicides. However, the sorption results from original materials are not straightforwardly manifested in the more complex soil-biota system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Bošković
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šudoma
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1/1665, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Doris Ribitsch
- Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute of Chemical and Energy Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 107, 1190, Wien, Austria
| | - Jakub Hofman
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
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11
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Šudoma M, Peštálová N, Bílková Z, Sedláček P, Hofman J. Ageing effect on conazole fungicide bioaccumulation in arable soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127612. [PMID: 32750590 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Widely used conazole fungicides (CFs) belong to the most frequently detected pesticides in Central European arable soils. However, data on their environmental behaviour and bioavailability to soil organisms are surprisingly scarce. In the present laboratory microcosm study prochloraz, tebuconazole, epoxiconazole and flusilazole were applied to 12 different agricultural soils at background levels. Bioaccumulation to earthworm E. andrei and lettuce L. sativa roots and leaves was evaluated in non-aged (biota exposure after addition of pesticides) and aged (exposure started three months later) systems. In contrast with expectations from ageing effect (decrease of bioavailability), bioaccumulation in E. andrei was both reduced and enhanced after ageing depending on soil properties. The reduction of bioaccumulation correlated positively to the percentage of clay but negatively to soil organic matter. The affinity of compost worm E. andrei towards organic matter where hydrophobic pesticide molecules are sorbed is discussed as a possible explanation. An apparent effect of ageing (reduction of bioavailability) was particularly observed in lettuce roots, where bioaccumulation was significantly reduced in time. However, bioaccumulation in leaves changed ambiguously in aged variants among CFs, possibly as a combined result of bioconcentration, dilution by plant growth and metabolism. This study brings first insights into how the bioaccumulation of conazole fungicides is affected by sequestration in agricultural soils. The results indicate that in complex systems, the ageing is not necessarily connected with decrease of bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Šudoma
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Natália Peštálová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sedláček
- Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
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12
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Nélieu S, Delarue G, Amossé J, Bart S, Péry ARR, Pelosi C. Soil dissipation and bioavailability to earthworms of two fungicides under laboratory and field conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:43044-43055. [PMID: 32725553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The representativeness of laboratory studies of the fate of pesticides in soil in field conditions is questionable. This study aimed at comparing the dissipation and bioavailability to earthworms of two fungicides, dimoxystrobin (DMX) and epoxiconazole (EPX), over 12 months under laboratory and field conditions. In both approaches, the fungicides were applied to the same loamy soil as a formulated mixture at several concentrations. We determined total DMX and EPX concentrations in the soil using exhaustive extraction, their environmental availability using mild extraction and their bioavailability through internal concentrations in exposed earthworms. The initial fungicide application appeared as much better controlled in terms of dose and homogeneity in the laboratory than in the field. One year after application, a similar dissipation rate was observed between the laboratory and field experiments (ca 80% and 60% for DMX and EPX, respectively). Similarly, the ratio of available/total concentrations in soil displayed the same trend whatever the duration and the conditions (field or lab), EPX being more available than DMX. Finally, the environmental bioavailability of the two fungicides to earthworms was heterogeneous in the field, but, in the laboratory, the bioaccumulation was evidenced to be dose-dependent only for DMX. Our findings suggest that the actual fate of the two considered fungicides in the environment is consistent with the one determined in the laboratory, although the conditions differed (e.g., presence of vegetation, endogeic earthworm species). This study allowed better understanding of the fate of the two considered active substances in the soil and underlined the need for more research dedicated to the link between environmental and toxicological bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Nélieu
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment EGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850, Thiverval Grignon, France.
| | - Ghislaine Delarue
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment EGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850, Thiverval Grignon, France
| | - Joël Amossé
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Sylvain Bart
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Alexandre R R Péry
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
| | - Céline Pelosi
- UMR ECOSYS, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78026, Versailles, France
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13
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Lončarić Ž, Hackenberger DK, Jug I, Hackenberger BK. Is nano ZnO/chlorpyrifos mixture more harmful to earthworms than bulk ZnO? A multigeneration approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125885. [PMID: 31951956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used organophosphorus insecticides and ZnO-NPs are identified as NPs of the highest concern due to their negative effects on aquatic and soil organisms the objective of this study was to evaluate mixture toxicity of CHP and ZnO (bulk and nanoparticles (20 nm)) on two types of soil, artificial (AS) and natural (NS), and over two generations of earthworms. Primary endpoint measured was reproduction inhibition and biochemical biomarkers (acetylcholinesterase, catalase, glutathione-S transferase and malondialdehyde content). Results showed that mixture toxicity differs in respects to all tested factors: soil type, ZnO particle size and earthworm generation. CHP/ZnO mixtures had synergistic effects and significantly reduced a number of juveniles in both generations in AS, while the effects were additive or even antagonistic in NS. There was no difference in reproduction inhibition in respect to particle size of ZnO used in the mixtures. Negative effects could also be detected on growth dynamics of juvenile earthworms (2nd generation) as they had lower initial body mas, reduced growth rate and lower body mass as adults. Measured enzymes responded differently in respect to ZnO particle size used in the mixtures, with CHP/bZnO producing stronger effects. Measured concentrations of the bioavailable Zn in the soils showed no difference in the concentration of bioavailable Zn2+ between mixtures, but significantly more Zn2+ was retrieved from AS. General biomarker response indicated that 2nd generation of earthworms had lower capability to cope with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ž Lončarić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - D K Hackenberger
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia.
| | - I Jug
- Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Vladimira Preloga 1, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - B K Hackenberger
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
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14
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Zhang R, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Evaluating the effects of the tebuconazole on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida by H-1 NMR-Based untargeted metabolomics and mRNA assay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 194:110370. [PMID: 32151865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole, a widely used fungicide, can severely disrupt the reproductive process of various organisms. In this study, we investigated the subacute effects of tebuconazole on the earthworm to fully understand its toxic implications. Herein, untargeted metabolomics, mRNA assay and biochemical approaches were adopted to evaluate the subacute effects of Eisenia fetida earthworms, when exposed to tebuconazole at three different concentrations (0.5, 5 and 50 mg/kg) for seven days. SOD enzyme activity test displayed that tebuconazole exposure interfered with the earthworms' ROS. ANN mRNA expression was down-regulated after tebuconazole exposure. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based untargeted metabolomics study showed that 5 mg/kg tebuconazole exposure interfered with earthworms' metabolism. Twelve significantly changed metabolites were identified. The pathway analyses indicate that tebuconazole can disrupt the earthworm's metabolism, particularly in the AMP pathway, which impact the reproduction. This may explain the tebuconazole's mechanism of action behind the down-regulation of the expression of ANN mRNA, which is related to the earthworm's reproductive process. We comprehensively evaluated the mRNA expression, enzyme activity, and metabolomics, and acquired sufficient information for evaluating the toxicity of tebuconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renke Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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15
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Asadi M, Sereshti H. Magnetic amino-functionalized hollow silica-titania microsphere as an efficient sorbent for extraction of pesticides in green and roasted coffee beans. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2115-2124. [PMID: 32115813 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis and application of a magnetic amino-functionalized hollow silica-titania microsphere as a new sorbent for magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of selected pesticides in coffee bean samples. The sorbent was fully characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transition electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry techniques. Significant extraction parameters affecting the proposed method, such as extraction time, sorbent amount, sample solution pH, salt amount, and desorption conditions (desorption solvent and time) were investigated and optimized. All the figures of merits were validated in coffee bean samples under the matrix-matched calibration method. Linear dynamic ranges were 5-250 µg/kg with the determination coefficients (R2 ) > 0.9980. The limits of detection for the pesticides of chlorpyrifos, malathion, hexaconazole, and atrazine were 1.42, 1.43, 1.35, and 1.33 µg/kg, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied for the determination of the pesticides in green and roasted coffee bean samples, and the obtained recoveries were in the range of 74-113% for spiked samples. The prepared sorbent could be used for the magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction of pesticides in the plant-derived food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Asadi
- School Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Sereshti
- School Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Development of magnetic dispersive microsolid-phase extraction using lanthanum phosphate nanoparticles doped on magnetic graphene oxide as a highly selective adsorbent for pesticide residues analysis in water and fruit samples. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Wang X, Liu Y, Xue M, Wang Z, Yu J, Guo X. Enantioselective degradation of chiral fungicides triticonazole and prothioconazole in soils and their enantioselective accumulation in earthworms Eisenia fetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109491. [PMID: 31377517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triticonazole and prothioconazole are widely used systemic agricultural triazole fungicides both with a chiral center. In this work, the enantioselective degradation of triticonazole and prothioconazole in three types of soils were investigated under native conditions using reversed phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with a Chiralcel OD-RH column. The results indicated that the enantioselective degradation was observed with S-triticonazole and R-prothioconazole preferentially degraded and the degradation rate was fast with a half-life within 6 days. It was also found that the presence of earthworms can accelerate the degradation and further enhance degradation enantioselectivity of triticonazole and prothioconazole in soils. Moreover, the enantioselective of triticonazole and prothioconazole in earthworms were studied. The results showed that the bioaccumulation was enantioselective with R-triticonazole and S-prothioconazole preferentially accumulated, which was similar to the soil. Our findings suggest that the enantioselective toxicity and potential effects of the metabolites should be considered for more accurate assessment of ecological risks of triticonazole and prothioconazole to target and non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Yanru Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Mengyao Xue
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
| | - Xingjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, PR China.
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18
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García-Gómez C, Babín M, García S, Almendros P, Pérez RA, Fernández MD. Joint effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chlorpyrifos on the reproduction and cellular stress responses of the earthworm Eisenia andrei. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:199-207. [PMID: 31229817 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The co-exposure of soil organisms to ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and pesticides is likely to take place in agricultural soils. However, the impacts of co-exposure on terrestrial ecosystems are virtually unknown. In this paper, Eisenia andrei was exposed for a 28-day period to serial concentrations of ZnO NPs and/or the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) in natural soil, and was evaluated for single and joint effects. Zn and CPF accumulation in earthworm tissue was also determined. In the single assay, ZnO NPs and CPF caused statistical significant effects on survival and growth, but mainly on reproduction. Significant reductions in fecundity and fertility were detected with EC50 values of 278 and 179 mg Zn/kg for ZnO NPs, and of 50.75 and 38.24 mg/kg for CPF, respectively. The most notable effect on biomarkers was the reduction in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity caused by CPF, which reflected the neurotoxicity of this compound. The results of the combined assay indicated that co-exposure to ZnO NPs and CPF increased adverse effects in E. andrei. According to the independent action model, the binary mixtures showed a synergism (a stronger effect than expected from single exposures) on earthworm reproduction, which became up to 84% higher than the theoretically predicted values. Zn, and especially CPF accumulation, were influenced by the co-exposure. These results underpin the need to consider the effects of mixtures of NPs and organic chemicals on soil to adequately make ecological risk assessments of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepción García-Gómez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Environment Department, Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, (Spain).
| | - Mar Babín
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Environment Department, Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, (Spain).
| | - Sandra García
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Environment Department, Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, (Spain).
| | - Patricia Almendros
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Chemical and Food Technology Department, CEIGRAM, Research Centre for the Management of Agricultural and Environmental Risks, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Rosa Ana Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Environment Department, Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, (Spain).
| | - María Dolores Fernández
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Environment Department, Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, (Spain).
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19
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Šudoma M, Neuwirthová N, Hvězdová M, Svobodová M, Bílková Z, Scherr KE, Hofman J. Fate and bioavailability of four conazole fungicides in twelve different arable soils - Effects of soil and pesticide properties. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:347-359. [PMID: 31108446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to characterize changes in the fate, behaviour and bioavailability of four conazole fungicides - CFs (prochloraz - PRO, tebuconazole - TEB, epoxiconazole - EPO, flusilazole - FLU) in 12 diverse agricultural soils in complex microcosm systems consisting of agriculturally-used fluvisols, plants (Lactuca sativa), earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and passive samplers (SPME, Empore™ discs, silicone rubber). Due to great variability of the data and other methodological problems, the in-matrix passive samplers failed to be indicators of pore-water concentration and (bio)availability/(bio)accessibility of CFs. A dissipation of all CFs followed the first order kinetics (usually after initial lag phase) with large span of resulting half-lives (7-670 d) depending on soils and compounds. In many soils, the model revealed the ending plateau, which indicates the non-degradable or slowly-degradable residues. The half-lives and the residues were generally higher for EPO and FLU, than for PRO and TEB. Greater but slower total dissipation of CFs was observed in soils with higher percentage of organic matter. Earthworm concentrations were highest at first sampling time (14 days) and considerably decreased afterwards often resulting in PRO concentration below LOQ. Earthworm uptake was influenced by amount of organic matter and soil texture. Accumulation to lettuce roots was generally higher than to leaves and differed greatly among CFs. Concentration shoot to root ratios were generally the lowest for FLU (0.04) and highest for TEB (0.37). PRO was not detected in lettuce leaves during experiment. The study brings new results on fate and bioavailability of CFs in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Šudoma
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Natália Neuwirthová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hvězdová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Svobodová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bílková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kerstin E Scherr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
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Pino-Otín MR, Val J, Ballestero D, Navarro E, Sánchez E, González-Coloma A, Mainar AM. Ecotoxicity of a new biopesticide produced by Lavandula luisieri on non-target soil organisms from different trophic levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:83-93. [PMID: 30927731 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based biopesticides have become an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides by reducing the undesired environmental impacts and side-effects on human health. However, their effects on the environment and especially on non-target organisms have been little studied. This study analyses the ecotoxicological effects of the extract of Lavandula luisieri on soil non-target organisms from different trophic levels: the earthworm Eisenia fetida, the plant Allium cepa and a natural-soil microbial community whose taxonomy was analysed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The extract tested is the hydrolate -product from a semi industrial steam distillation process- of a Spanish pre-domesticated variety of L. luisieri. This hydrolate has been recently shown to have bionematicide activity against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. A previous study showed that the main components of the hydrolate are camphor and 2,3,4,4-Tetramethyl-5-methylidenecyclopent-2-en-1-one. Hydrolate caused acute toxicity (LC50 2.2% v/v) on A. cepa, while only a slight toxicity on E. fetida (LC50 > 0.4 mL/g). All the concentrations tested (from 1 to 100% v/v) caused a significant decrease in bacterial growth (LC50 9.8% v/v after 120 h of exposure). The physiological diversity of the community was also significantly altered, except in the case of the lowest concentration of hydrolate (1% v/v). The ability of soil microbial communities to use a variety of carbon sources increased for all substrates at the highest concentrations. These results show that both the plants and bacterial communities of the soil can be affected by the application of biopesticides based on these hydrolates, which highlights the need for a more detailed risk assessment during the development of plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mª Rosa Pino-Otín
- Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jonatan Val
- Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain; Colegio Internacional Ánfora, c/ Pirineos, 8, Cuarte de Huerva, 50410, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Ballestero
- Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Navarro
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciónes Científicas, Av. Montañana 1005, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther Sánchez
- Colegio Internacional Ánfora, c/ Pirineos, 8, Cuarte de Huerva, 50410, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Mainar
- I3A, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/ Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Pitombeira de Figueirêdo L, Daam MA, Mainardi G, Mariën J, Espíndola ELG, van Gestel CAM, Roelofs D. The use of gene expression to unravel the single and mixture toxicity of abamectin and difenoconazole on survival and reproduction of the springtail Folsomia candida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:342-350. [PMID: 30352348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides risk assessments have traditionally focused on the effects on standard parameters, such as mortality, reproduction and development. However, one of the first signs of adverse effects that occur in organisms exposed to stress conditions is an alteration in their genomic expression, which is specific to the type of stress, sensitive to very low contaminant concentrations and responsive in a few hours. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the single and binary mixture toxicity of commercial products of abamectin (Kraft® 36 EC) and difenoconazole (Score® 250 EC) to Folsomia candida. Laboratory toxicity tests were conducted to access the effects of these pesticides on springtail survival, reproduction and gene expression. The reproduction assays gave EC50 and EC10 values, respectively, of 6.3 and 1.4 mg a.s./kg dry soil for abamectin; 1.0 and 0.12 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Kraft® 36 EC; and 54 and 23 mg a.s./kg dry soil for Score® 250 EC. Technical difenoconazole did not have any effect at the concentrations tested. No significant differences in gene expression were found between the abamectin concentrations tested (EC10 and EC50) and the solvent control. Exposure to Kraft® 36 EC, however, significantly induced Cyp6 expression at the EC50 level, while VgR was significantly downregulated at both the EC10 and EC50. Exposure to the simple pesticide mixture of Kraft® 36 EC + Score® 250 EC caused significant up regulation of ABC transporter, and significant down regulation of VgR relative to the controls. GABA receptor also showed significant down-regulation between the EC10 and EC50 mixture treatments. Results of the present study demonstrate that pesticide-induced gene expression effects precede and occur at lower concentrations than organism-level responses. Integrating "omic" endpoints in traditional bioassays may thus be a promising way forward in pesticide toxicity evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pitombeira de Figueirêdo
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil; Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Giulia Mainardi
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janine Mariën
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evaldo L G Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, 13.560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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22
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Neuwirthová N, Trojan M, Svobodová M, Vašíčková J, Šimek Z, Hofman J, Bielská L. Pesticide residues remaining in soils from previous growing season(s) - Can they accumulate in non-target organisms and contaminate the food web? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1056-1062. [PMID: 30235591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natália Neuwirthová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Trojan
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Svobodová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vašíčková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Šimek
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno CZ-62500, Czech Republic.
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23
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Škulcová L, Scherr KE, Hofman J, Bielská L. What are the effects of soil treatment procedures (sterilization by γ-irradiation and solvent-assisted spiking) on DDE bioaccumulation by earthworms? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1479-1486. [PMID: 30292157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing γ-irradiation and solvent-assisted spiking are frequently applied to eliminate microbial activity and to induce hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) into soil, respectively, when studying the accumulation of chemicals in terrestrial organisms. However, the side-effects that may arise from these treatments on soil-HOC interaction and, subsequently, the kinetics and extents of bioaccumulation are not thoroughly understood. To this end, the accumulation of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)etylene (p,p'-DDE) by Eisenia andrei was studied in sterilized or unsterilized and freshly spiked (FS) or historically contaminated (HC) soils in parallel with an analysis of aliphatic and hydrophilic soil organic matter (SOM) moieties using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRIFT-S). Irradiation did not impart significant changes on spectral SOM descriptors. In contrast, earthworm inhabitation increased the relative presence of aliphatic moieties to a greater extent than hydrophilic ones, reaching or exceeding pre-treatment levels. Overall, effects on SOM chemistry can be ranked as earthworms > spiking > irradiation. Corresponding changes at the bioaccumulation level were observed for the FS soil (i.e., a 27% reduction in bioaccumulation upon sterilization) but not for the HC soil. This implies that in contrast to the interactions between aged p,p'-DDE and sterilized HC soil, the interactions established between freshly added p,p'-DDE and sterilized FS soil were altered by γ-irradiation-induced secondary effects alone or in combination with earthworm inhabitation. Thus, although the soil treatment processes studied here should not drastically impact compound bioaccumulation, they should be considered in mechanistic studies where the qualitative and quantitative aspects of compound-soil (organic matter)-earthworm interactions are at the centre of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Škulcová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Kerstin E Scherr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ, 62500, Czech Republic; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute for Environmental Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jakub Hofman
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ, 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bielská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno, CZ, 62500, Czech Republic.
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