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Ma X, Zou B, Deng J, Gao J, Longley I, Xiao S, Guo B, Wu Y, Xu T, Xu X, Yang X, Wang X, Tan Z, Wang Y, Morawska L, Salmond J. A comprehensive review of the development of land use regression approaches for modeling spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollution: A perspective from 2011 to 2023. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 183:108430. [PMID: 38219544 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Land use regression (LUR) models are widely used in epidemiological and environmental studies to estimate humans' exposure to air pollution within urban areas. However, the early models, developed using linear regressions and data from fixed monitoring stations and passive sampling, were primarily designed to model traditional and criteria air pollutants and had limitations in capturing high-resolution spatiotemporal variations of air pollution. Over the past decade, there has been a notable development of multi-source observations from low-cost monitors, mobile monitoring, and satellites, in conjunction with the integration of advanced statistical methods and spatially and temporally dynamic predictors, which have facilitated significant expansion and advancement of LUR approaches. This paper reviews and synthesizes the recent advances in LUR approaches from the perspectives of the changes in air quality data acquisition, novel predictor variables, advances in model-developing approaches, improvements in validation methods, model transferability, and modeling software as reported in 155 LUR studies published between 2011 and 2023. We demonstrate that these developments have enabled LUR models to be developed for larger study areas and encompass a wider range of criteria and unregulated air pollutants. LUR models in the conventional spatial structure have been complemented by more complex spatiotemporal structures. Compared with linear models, advanced statistical methods yield better predictions when handling data with complex relationships and interactions. Finally, this study explores new developments, identifies potential pathways for further breakthroughs in LUR methodologies, and proposes future research directions. In this context, LUR approaches have the potential to make a significant contribution to future efforts to model the patterns of long- and short-term exposure of urban populations to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Ma
- College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Bin Zou
- School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China.
| | - Jun Deng
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Coal Fire, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Jay Gao
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ian Longley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Shun Xiao
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bin Guo
- College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yarui Wu
- College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- School of Software Engineering, Chongqing University of Post and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaosha Yang
- Shandong Nova Fitness Co., Ltd., Baoji, Shaanxi 722404, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Zelei Tan
- College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Geomatics, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Salmond
- School of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Lim EH, Franklin P, Trevenen ML, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Yeap BB, Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Golledge J, Etherton-Beer C, Flicker L, Robinson S, Heyworth J. Exposure to low-level ambient air pollution and the relationship with lung and bladder cancer in older men, in Perth, Western Australia. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1500-1509. [PMID: 37684355 PMCID: PMC10628106 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is a cause of lung cancer and is associated with bladder cancer. However, the relationship between air pollution and these cancers in regions of low pollution is unclear. We investigated associations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, and black carbon (BC), and both these cancers in a low-pollution city. METHODS A cohort of 11,679 men ≥65 years old in Perth (Western Australia) were followed from 1996-1999 until 2018. Pollutant concentrations, as a time-varying variable, were estimated at participants' residential addresses using land use regression models. Incident lung and bladder cancer were identified through the Western Australian Cancer Registry. Risks were estimated using Cox proportional-hazard models (age as the timescale), adjusting for smoking, socioeconomic status, and co-pollutants. RESULTS Lung cancer was associated with PM2.5 and BC in the adjusted single-pollutant models. A weak positive association was observed between ambient air pollution and squamous cell lung carcinoma but not lung adenocarcinoma. Positive associations were observed with bladder cancer, although these were not statistically significant. Associations were attenuated in two-pollutant models. CONCLUSION Low-level ambient air pollution is associated with lung, and possibly bladder, cancer among older men, suggesting there is no known safe level for air pollution as a carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Lim
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Franklin
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
| | - Michelle L Trevenen
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health - Campus MAR, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Osvaldo P Almeida
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University and Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher Etherton-Beer
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Jones JS, Nedkoff L, Heyworth JS, Almeida OP, Flicker L, Golledge J, Hankey GJ, Lim EH, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Yeap BB, Trevenen ML. Long-term exposure to low-concentration PM 2.5 and heart disease in older men in Perth, Australia: The Health in Men Study. Environ Epidemiol 2023; 7:e255. [PMID: 37545811 PMCID: PMC10402964 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with increased risk of heart disease, but less is known about the relationship at low concentrations. This study aimed to determine the dose-response relationship between long-term PM2.5 exposure and risk of incident ischemic heart disease (IHD), incident heart failure (HF), and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in older men living in a region with relatively low ambient air pollution. Methods PM2.5 exposure was estimated for 11,249 older adult males who resided in Perth, Western Australia and were recruited from 1996 to 1999. Participants were followed until 2018 for the HF and AF outcomes, and until 2017 for IHD. Cox-proportional hazards models, using age as the analysis time, and adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors were used. PM2.5 was entered as a restricted cubic spline to model nonlinearity. Results We observed a mean PM2.5 concentration of 4.95 μg/m3 (SD 1.68 μg/m3) in the first year of recruitment. After excluding participants with preexisting disease and adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors, PM2.5 exposure was associated with a trend toward increased incidence of IHD, HF, and AF, but none were statistically significant. At a PM2.5 concentration of 7 μg/m3 the hazard ratio for incident IHD was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86, 1.25) compared with the reference category of 1 μg/m3. Conclusions We did not observe a significant association between long-term exposure to low-concentration PM2.5 air pollution and IHD, HF, or AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S. Jones
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lee Nedkoff
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane S. Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Air Pollution, Energy and Health, Glebe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Osvaldo P. Almeida
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- The Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- The Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Hankey
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H. Lim
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bu B. Yeap
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Robin Warren Drive, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Trevenen
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Trevenen ML, Heyworth J, Almeida OP, Yeap BB, Hankey GJ, Golledge J, Etherton-Beer C, Robinson S, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Flicker L. Ambient air pollution and risk of incident dementia in older men living in a region with relatively low concentrations of pollutants: The Health in Men Study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114349. [PMID: 36116491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In areas with moderate to severe air pollution, pollutant concentrations are associated with dementia risk. It is unclear whether the same relationship is present in regions with lower ambient air pollution. OBJECTIVE To determine whether exposure to air pollution is associated with risk of incident dementia in general, and Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia in particular, in older men living in a relatively low ambient air pollution region. METHODS The cohort comprised 11,243 men residing in Perth, Australia. Participants were aged ≥65 years and free of a dementia diagnosis at time of recruitment in 1996-1999. Incident dementia was identified from recruitment to 2018 via ICD diagnosis codes and subsequent study waves. Concentrations for three air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), and black carbon (BC) were estimated at participants' home addresses using land-use regression models. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusting for smoking status, physical activity, BMI, education, and socio-economic status. RESULTS Of 3053 (27.2%) incident cases of dementia, 1670 (54.7%) and 355 (11.6%) had documented Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. The average concentration of NO2 was 13.5 (SD 4.4) μg/m3, of PM2.5 was 4.54 (SD 1.6) μg/m3 and of BC was 0.97 (SD 0.29) ×10-5 m-1. None of the air pollutants were associated with incident dementia or Alzheimer's disease. In the unadjusted model, increased exposure to PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of vascular dementia (for a 5 μg/m3 increase: HR 1.62, 95% CI 1.13, 2.31). However, this association was attenuated following adjustment for confounders (HR 1.39, 95% CI 0.93, 2.08). NO2 and BC were not associated with vascular dementia incidence. DISCUSSION Exposure to air pollution is not associated with increased risk of incident dementia in older men living in a region with relatively low ambient air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Trevenen
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Jane Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Osvaldo P Almeida
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, James Cook University and Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Etherton-Beer
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Leon Flicker
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Mokhtari A, Tashayo B. Locally weighted total least-squares variance component estimation for modeling urban air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:840. [PMID: 36171300 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Land use regression (LUR) models are one of the standard methods for estimating air pollution concentration in urban areas. These models are usually low accurate due to inappropriate stochastic models (weight matrix). Furthermore, the measurement or modeling of dependent and independent variables used in LUR models is affected by various errors, which indicates the need to use an efficient stochastic and functional model to achieve the best estimation. This study proposes a locally weighted total least-squares variance component estimation (LW-TLS-VCE) for modeling urban air pollution. In the proposed method, in the first step, a locally weighted total least-squares (LW-TLS) regression is developed to simultaneously considers the non-stationary effects and errors of dependent and independent variables. In the second step, the variance components of the stochastic model are estimated to achieve the best linear unbiased estimation of unknowns. The efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated by modeling PM2.5 concentrations via meteorological, land use, and traffic variables in Isfahan, Iran. The benefits provided by the proposed method, including considering non-stationary effects and random errors of all variables, besides estimating the actual variance of observations, are evaluated by comparing four consecutive methods. The obtained results demonstrate that using a suitable stochastic and functional model will significantly increase the proposed method's efficiency in PM2.5 modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Mokhtari
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behnam Tashayo
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Transportation, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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Rovira J, Paredes-Ahumada JA, Barceló-Ordinas JM, García-Vidal J, Reche C, Sola Y, Fung PL, Petäjä T, Hussein T, Viana M. Non-linear models for black carbon exposure modelling using air pollution datasets. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113269. [PMID: 35427594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a product of incomplete combustion, present in urban aerosols and sourcing mainly from road traffic. Epidemiological evidence reports positive associations between BC and cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Despite this, BC is currently not regulated by the EU Air Quality Directive, and as a result BC data are not available in urban areas from reference air quality monitoring networks in many countries. To fill this gap, a machine learning approach is proposed to develop a BC proxy using air pollution datasets as an input. The proposed BC proxy is based on two machine learning models, support vector regression (SVR) and random forest (RF), using observations of particle mass and number concentrations (N), gaseous pollutants and meteorological variables as the input. Experimental data were collected from a reference station in Barcelona (Spain) over a 2-year period (2018-2019). Two months of additional data were available from a second urban site in Barcelona, for model validation. BC concentrations estimated by SVR showed a high degree of correlation with the measured BC concentrations (R2 = 0.828) with a relatively low error (RMSE = 0.48 μg/m3). Model performance was dependent on seasonality and time of the day, due to the influence of new particle formation events. When validated at the second station, performance indicators decreased (R2 = 0.633; RMSE = 1.19 μg/m3) due to the lack of N data and PM2.5 and the smaller size of the dataset (2 months). New particle formation events critically impacted model performance, suggesting that its application would be optimal in environments where traffic is the main source of ultrafine particles. Due to its flexibility, it is concluded that the model can act as a BC proxy, even based on EU-regulatory air quality parameters only, to complement experimental measurements for exposure assessment in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rovira
- Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J A Paredes-Ahumada
- Department of Computer Architecture, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Barceló-Ordinas
- Department of Computer Architecture, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J García-Vidal
- Department of Computer Architecture, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, UPC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Y Sola
- Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P L Fung
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), UHEL, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Petäjä
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), UHEL, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Hussein
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR/Physics), UHEL, Helsinki, Finland; The University of Jordan, School of Science, Department of Physics, Amman, Jordan
| | - M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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White KB, Sáňka O, Melymuk L, Přibylová P, Klánová J. Application of land use regression modelling to describe atmospheric levels of semivolatile organic compounds on a national scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148520. [PMID: 34328963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of passive sampler-based monitoring networks in capturing global atmospheric distributions of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), their limited spatial resolution remains a challenge. Adequate spatial coverage is necessary to better characterize concentration gradients, identify point sources, estimate human exposure, and evaluate the effectiveness of chemical regulations such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Land use regression (LUR) modelling can be used to integrate land use characteristics and other predictor variables (industrial emissions, traffic intensity, demographics, etc.) to describe or predict the distribution of air concentrations at unmeasured locations across a region or country. While LUR models are frequently applied to data-rich conventional air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen oxides, they are rarely applied to SVOCs. The MONET passive air sampling network (RECETOX, Masaryk University) continuously measures atmospheric SVOC levels across Czechia in monthly intervals. Using monitoring data from 29 MONET sites over a two-year period (2015-2017) and a variety of predictor variables, we developed LUR models to describe atmospheric levels and identify sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT across the country. Strong and statistically significant (R2 > 0.6; p < 0.05) models were derived for PAH and PCB levels on a national scale. The PAH model retained three predictor variables - heating emissions represented by domestic fuel consumption, industrial PAH point sources, and the hill:valley index, a measure of site topography. The PCB model retained two predictor variables - site elevation, and secondary sources of PCBs represented by soil concentrations. These models were then applied to Czechia as a whole, highlighting the spatial variability of atmospheric SVOC levels, and providing a tool that can be used for further optimization of sampling network design, as well as evaluating potential human and environmental chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B White
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia.
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
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Prieto ÁP, Pérez IA, García MÁ, Sánchez ML, Pardo N, Fernández-Duque B. Spatial analysis and evolution of four air pollutants in England and Wales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145665. [PMID: 33607428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pollution control is based on an exhaustive knowledge of concentration distributions. This study analyses a detailed database of NO2, O3, PM10 and PM2.5 in England and Wales over the period 2007-2011. Daily and annual means were considered in a 1-km spatial resolution. Histograms revealed a shape like a sawtooth. The interval was wide for NO2 and O3, although with a gap, whilst the particulate matter range was narrow. Spring provided the peak for the O3 annual cycle, whereas minima for the other pollutants were reached in summer. A trend for the annual medians of particulate matter was observed, with a minimum in the period analysed. However, the pattern was uniform for NO2 and O3. Cities appeared as NO2 hot spots and O3 cold spots. Wales stood out as an NO2 clean country, although with high O3 levels. Sources or sinks of particulate matter were not observed, suggesting that more detailed analysis is required. Two NO2 pollution axes were sometimes seen, one in the south from London to Bristol, and the second in the north, from Liverpool to Kingston Upon Hull. No annual spatial pattern was seen for the remaining pollutants beyond the contrast between cities and country sites for O3. Consequently, spatial analysis allows the real impact of pollutant sources be known, although it must be performed with a detailed temporal resolution in order to investigate the extension, quantity, and length of the concentrations calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro P Prieto
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Isidro A Pérez
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| | - M Ángeles García
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Luisa Sánchez
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Nuria Pardo
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Duque
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
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Wu S, Huang B, Wang J, He L, Wang Z, Yan Z, Lao X, Zhang F, Liu R, Du Z. Spatiotemporal mapping and assessment of daily ground NO 2 concentrations in China using high-resolution TROPOMI retrievals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116456. [PMID: 33477063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an important air pollutant that causes direct harms to the environment and human health. Ground NO2 mapping with high spatiotemporal resolution is critical for fine-scale air pollution and environmental health research. We thus developed a spatiotemporal regression kriging model to map daily high-resolution (3-km) ground NO2 concentrations in China using the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite retrievals and geographical covariates. This model combined geographically and temporally weighted regression with spatiotemporal kriging and achieved robust prediction performance with sample-based and site-based cross-validation R2 values of 0.84 and 0.79. The annual mean and standard deviation of ground NO2 concentrations from June 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019 were predicted to be 15.05 ± 7.82 μg/m3, with that in 0.6% of China's area (10% of the population) exceeding the annual air quality standard (40 μg/m3). The ground NO2 concentrations during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) period (January and February in 2020) was 14% lower than that during the same period in 2019 and the mean population exposure to ground NO2 was reduced by 25%. This study was the first to use TROPOMI retrievals to map fine-scale daily ground NO2 concentrations across all of China. This was also an early application to use the satellite-estimated ground NO2 data to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the air pollution and population exposures. These newly satellite-derived ground NO2 data with high spatiotemporal resolution have value in advancing environmental and health research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Wu
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong; Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
| | - Jionghua Wang
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Lijie He
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Center of Agricultural and Rural Development, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiangqian Lao
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Zhenhong Du
- School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Hangzhou, 310028, China
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Harbor and Intra-City Drivers of Air Pollution: Findings from a Land Use Regression Model, Durban, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155406. [PMID: 32727161 PMCID: PMC7432936 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple land use regression models (LUR) were developed for different air pollutants to characterize exposure, in the Durban metropolitan area, South Africa. Based on the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) methodology, concentrations of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured over a 1-year period, at 41 sites, with Ogawa Badges and 21 sites with PM Monitors. Sampling was undertaken in two regions of the city of Durban, South Africa, one with high levels of heavy industry as well as a harbor, and the other small-scale business activity. Air pollution concentrations showed a clear seasonal trend with higher concentrations being measured during winter (25.8, 4.2, 50.4, and 20.9 µg/m3 for NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively) as compared to summer (10.5, 2.8, 20.5, and 8.5 µg/m3 for NO2, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5, respectively). Furthermore, higher levels of NO2 and SO2 were measured in south Durban as compared to north Durban as these are industrial related pollutants, while higher levels of PM were measured in north Durban as compared to south Durban and can be attributed to either traffic or domestic fuel burning. The LUR NO2 models for annual, summer, and winter explained 56%, 41%, and 63% of the variance with elevation, traffic, population, and Harbor being identified as important predictors. The SO2 models were less robust with lower R2 annual (37%), summer (46%), and winter (46%) with industrial and traffic variables being important predictors. The R2 for PM10 models ranged from 52% to 80% while for PM2.5 models this range was 61–76% with traffic, elevation, population, and urban land use type emerging as predictor variables. While these results demonstrate the influence of industrial and traffic emissions on air pollution concentrations, our study highlighted the importance of a Harbor variable, which may serve as a proxy for NO2 concentrations suggesting the presence of not only ship emissions, but also other sources such as heavy duty motor vehicles associated with the port activities.
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