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Zhang X, Liu H, Li X, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Ren D, Zhang S. Ecological and health risk assessments of heavy metals and their accumulation in a peanut-soil system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118946. [PMID: 38631470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals pollution is a notable threat to environment and human health. This study evaluated the potential ecological and health risks of heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, and As) and their accumulation in a peanut-soil system based on 34 soil and peanut kernel paired samples across China. Soil As and Cd posed the greatest pollution risk with 47.1% and 17.6% of soil samples exceeding the risk screen levels, respectively, with 26.5% and 20.6% of the soil sites at relatively strong potential ecological risk level, respectively, and with the geo-accumulation levels at several soil sites in the uncontaminated to moderately contaminated categories. About 35.29% and 2.94% of soil sites were moderately and severely polluted based on Nemerow comprehensive pollution index, respectively, and a total of 32.4% of samples were at moderate ecological hazard level based on comprehensive potential ecological risk index values. The Cd, Cr, Ni, and Cu contents exceeded the standard in 11.76, 8.82, 11.76 and 5.88% of the peanut kernel samples, respectively. Soil metals posed more health risks to children than adults in the order As > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd for non-carcinogenic health risks and Ni > Cr ≫ Cd > As > Pb for carcinogenic health risks. The soil As non-cancer risk index for children was greater than the permitted limits at 14 sites, and soil Ni and Cr posed the greatest carcinogenic risk to adults and children at many soil sites. The metals in peanut did not pose a non-carcinogenic risk according to standard. Peanut kernels had strong enrichment ability for Cd with an average bio-concentration factor (BCF) of 1.62. Soil metals contents and significant soil properties accounted for 35-74% of the variation in the BCF values of metals based on empirical prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resource, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resource, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- Baowu Water Technology Co., Ltd. Wuhan Branch, 430081, PR China.
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- School of Bioengineering and Health, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, PR China.
| | - Zhihua Chen
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China.
| | - Dajun Ren
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resource, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
| | - Shuqin Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral Resource, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China.
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Ardestani MM, van Gestel CAM. Biotic Ligand Modeling for the Effect of Major Cations on the Uptake of Cadmium in Folsomia candida Exposed in a Sand-Solution Medium. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38421212 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Biotic ligand modeling (BLM) approaches are already applied to predict the bioavailability and possible risk of metals in surface water, but need further development for soils. The present study investigated the effect of major cations (Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Na+ , K+ , and H+ ) on cadmium bioaccumulation in the springtail Folsomia candida. To avoid the complexity of real soils and enable control of elemental speciation in the exposure medium, the animals were exposed to different cadmium concentrations in an inert quartz sand-solution medium. Accumulation of cadmium in the animals was measured after 7 days exposure at different cation concentrations. Among the cations, only Ca2+ significantly affected the uptake of cadmium in the springtails. Mg2+ also had higher effects compared with other selected cations. Using a BLM approach, the uptake of cadmium in the animals predicted by taking into account both Ca2+ and Mg2+ activities correlated well with the measured values (R2 = 0.68). The final estimated conditional binding constants for cadmium (log KCd-BL ), Ca (log KCa-BL ), and Mg (log KMg-BL ) of 1.06, 2.14, and 1.23 L/mol, respectively, were in agreement with previously reported values. The match between predicted and measured uptake data confirms the applicability and usefulness of the BLM for predicting the bioavailability of cadmium to springtails and opens the way for its application in soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-7. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud M Ardestani
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Li S, Wang XX, Li M, Wang C, Wang F, Zong H, Wang B, Lv Z, Song N, Liu J. Extension of a biotic ligand model for predicting the toxicity of neodymium to wheat: The effects of pH, Ca 2+ and Mg 2. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:116013. [PMID: 38281433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The damage excessive neodymium (Nd) causes to animals and plants should not be underestimated. However, there is little research on the impact of pH and associated ions on the toxicity of Nd. Here, a biotic ligand model (BLM) was expanded to predict the effects of pH and chief anions on the toxic impact of Nd on wheat root elongation in a simulated soil solution. The results suggested that Nd3+ and NdOH2+ were the major ions causing phytotoxicity to wheat roots at pH values of 4.5-7.0. The Nd toxicity decreased as the activities of H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ increased but not when the activities of K+ and Na+ increased. The results indicated that H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ competed with Nd for binding sites. An extended BLM was developed to consider the effects of pH, H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and the following stability constants were obtained: logKNdBL = 2.51, logKNdOHBL = 3.90, logKHBL = 4.01, logKCaBL = 2.43, and logKMgBL = 2.70. The results demonstrated that the BLM could predict the Nd toxicity well while considering the competition of H+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and the toxic species Nd3+ and NdOH2+ for binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Li
- College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Xue Xia Wang
- Institute of plant nutrition and resources, Beijing Agricultural Forestry Academy Sciences, Beijing 100097, PR China
| | - Mengjia Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Office of Laboratory Management, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Fangli Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Haiying Zong
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Saving, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, PR China
| | - Zefei Lv
- College of Landscape Architecture and forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China
| | - Ningning Song
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, PR China.
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Chen HY, Tian YX, Cai YX, Liu QY, Ma J, Wei Y, Yang AF. A 50-year systemic review of bioavailability application in Soil environmental criteria and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122272. [PMID: 37506806 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability has become a critical factor in improving ecological risk assessment and environmental remediation efficiency in contaminated soil research. However, the soil environmental quality standards and risk assessment procedures used in most countries are still based on the total amount of pollutants for lacking sufficient understanding of the exposure pathways and action mechanisms of pollutants. we collected relevant literature from the Web of Science database, spanning the period from 1950 to 2021 by using Citespace to analyze the scientific development of bioavailability. As of January 09, 2022, the database contained 118,813 publications on bioavailability. The review summarizes the progress in bioavailability research and emerging trends, including exploring advanced analytical techniques, advancing modeling approaches, and integrating interdisciplinary approaches to better understand the fate and behavior of pollutants in complex environmental matrices. In particular, the review emphasizes the need for better integration of bioavailability concepts into soil environmental reference, risk assessment procedures, and environmental remediation strategies. Overall, this review emphasized the necessity of incorporating the concept of bioavailability into soil environmental reference, risk assessment procedures, and environmental remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Y X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Y X Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Q Y Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Y Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - A F Yang
- Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Haikou, 570100, China.
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Wagh MS, Sivarajan S, Osborne WJ. A new paradigm in the bioremoval of lead, nickel, and cadmium using a cocktail of biosystems: a metagenomic approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58967-58985. [PMID: 37002522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) are known for its harmful effects on the environment. Microbial community related to soil plays a pivotal role in configuring several properties of the ecosystem. Thus, remediation of such heavy metals using multiple biosystems had shown excellent bioremoval potential. The current study demonstrates the integrated approach of Chrysopogon zizanioides in combination with earthworm Eisenia fetida augmented with VITMSJ3 potent strain for the uptake of metals like Pb, Ni, and Cd from the contaminated soil. For the uptake of heavy metals, Pb, Ni, and Cd with the concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg kg-1 were supplemented in pots with plants and earthworms. C. zizanioides was used for bioremoval due to their massive fibrous root system which can absorb heavy metals. A substantial increase of 70-80% Pb, Ni, and Cd was found for VITMSJ3 augmented setup. A total of 12 earthworms were introduced in each setup and were tested for the toxicity and damages in the various internal structures. Reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed in the earthworms with VITMSJ3 strain proving less toxicity and damages. Metagenomic analysis of the soil associated bacterial diversity was assessed by amplifying the V3V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and the annotations were studied. Firmicutes were found to be the predominant genus with 56.65% abundance in the bioaugmented soil R (60) proving the detoxification of metals in the bioaugmented soil. Our study proved that a synergistic effect of plant and earthworm in association with potent bacterial strain had higher uptake of Pb, Ni, and Cd. Metagenomic analysis revealed the changes in microbial abundance in the soil before and after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrunal Subhash Wagh
- Biomolecules Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology-Vellore, Tamil, Nadu-632014, India
| | - Saravanan Sivarajan
- GIS and Remote Sensing Laboratory, VIT- School of Agricultural Innovation and Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology-Vellore, Tamil, Nadu-632014, India
| | - William Jabez Osborne
- Biomolecules Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology-Vellore, Tamil, Nadu-632014, India.
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Xiao R, Ali A, Xu Y, Abdelrahman H, Li R, Lin Y, Bolan N, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, Zhang Z. Earthworms as candidates for remediation of potentially toxic elements contaminated soils and mitigating the environmental and human health risks: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106924. [PMID: 34634621 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global concerns towards potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are steadily increasing due to the significant threats that PTEs pose to human health and environmental quality. This calls for immediate, effective and efficient remediation solutions. Earthworms, the 'ecosystem engineers', can modify and improve soil health and enhance plant productivity. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the potential of earthworms, alone or combined with other soil organisms and/or soil amendments, to remediate PTEs contaminated soils. However, the use of earthworms in the remediation of PTEs contaminated soil (i.e., vermiremediation) has not been thoroughly reviewed to date. Therefore, this review discusses and provides comprehensive insights into the suitability of earthworms as potential candidates for bioremediation of PTEs contaminated soils and mitigating environmental and human health risks. Specifically, we reviewed and discussed: i) the occurrence and abundance of earthworms in PTEs contaminated soils; ii) the influence of PTEs on earthworm communities in contaminated soils; iii) factors affecting earthworm PTEs accumulation and elimination, and iv) the dynamics and fate of PTEs in earthworm amended soils. The technical feasibility, knowledge gaps, and practical challenges have been worked out and critically discussed. Therefore, this review could provide a reference and guidance for bio-restoration of PTEs contaminated soils and shall also help developing innovative and applicable solutions for controlling PTEs bioavailability for the remediation of contaminated soils and the mitigation of the environment and human risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hamada Abdelrahman
- Cairo University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Department, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanbing Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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Huang C, Ge Y, Shen Z, Wang K, Yue S, Qiao Y. Reveal the metal handling and resistance of earthworm Metaphire californica with different exposure history through toxicokinetic modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117954. [PMID: 34426187 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetic (TK) model provides a new approach to mechanistically elucidate the natural variation of metal handling strategy by adaptive and sensitive earthworm populations. Here, TK model was applied to explore the metal handling and resistance strategy of wild Metaphire californica with different historical exposure history through a 12-day re-exposure and another 12-day elimination incubation. M. californica populations showed different kinetic strategies for non-essential metals (Cd and Pb) and essential metals (Zn and Cu), which were closely related to their exposure history. M. californica from the most serious Cd-contaminated soil showed the fastest kinetic rates of both Cd uptake (K1 = 0.78 gsoil/gworm/day) and elimination (K2 = 0.23 day-1), and also had the lowest Cd half-life (t1/2 = 3.01 day), which demonstrated the potential Cd-resistance of wild M. californica from Cd-contaminated soils. Besides, the comparative experiment showed totally different metal kinetics of laboratory Eisenia fetida from field M. californica, suggesting the impacts of distinct exposure history and species-specifical sensitivities. These findings provide a novel approach to identify and quantify resistance using TK model and also imply the risk of overlooking existing exposure background and interspecies extrapolation in eco-toxicological studies and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caide Huang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Ge
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Shizhong Yue
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Yuhui Qiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Organic Farming, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Ardestani MM. Comparison Among Test Substrates in Metal Uptake and Toxicity to Folsomia candida and Hordeum vulgare. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:400-410. [PMID: 32077985 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of this short review was to assess the effect of test medium on the bioavailability of metals to the soil invertebrate Folsomia candida and the barley plant Hordeum vulgare. Solution-only exposures and sand-solution media were suitable media with control survival of > 80%. Comparing toxicity and accumulation data, LC50 and/or EC50 values as well as internal concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) were similar in the tests with different porewater composition for springtails and barley plants. Similar results for toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cd and Cu using different test substrates, suggest the importance of physiological handling of the effects by the organisms rather than the influence of test medium composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud M Ardestani
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Soil Biology and SoWa Research Infrastructure, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Wang X, Song N. An improved biotic ligand model (BLM) for predicting Co(II)-toxicity to wheat root elongation: The influences of toxic metal speciation and accompanying ions. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109433. [PMID: 31319244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the effects of pH and accompanying ions on divalent cobalt (Co(II)) toxicity to the wheat root elongation, an improved biotic ligand model (BLM) to predict Co(II) toxicity was developed in solution culture. The results showed that the Co(II)-toxicity decreased with the increases of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ activities, and the activity of Na+ had no impact on the Co(II)-toxicity. High H+ activity reduced the Co(II)-toxicity by the competitive effect of H+, while low H+ activity affected the toxicity by the change in the type of Co(II) in culture medium. Co2+ and CoOH+ were toxic to wheat root elongation, and Co(OH)2 was not. On the basis of BLM theory, the conditional equilibrium constants for Co2+, CoOH+, H+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+ were obtained: logKCoBL = 4.65, logKCoOHBL = 6.62, logKHBL = 4.53, logKMgBL = 3.65, logKCaBL = 2.36 and logKKBL = 2.17. Free Co2+ and CoOH+, and the competitions of K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were suggested to be considered when developing the Co(II)-BLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuru Wang
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, PR China; College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, PR China
| | - Ningning Song
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, PR China.
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