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Oliveira TMA, Mansano AS, Holanda CA, Pinto TS, Reis JB, Azevedo EB, Verbinnen RT, Viana JL, Franco TCRS, Vieira EM. Occurrence and Environmental Risk Assessment of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Brazilian Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39073366 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and the environmental risk of eight contaminants of emerging concern (CECs; acetaminophen, naproxen, diclofenac, methylparaben, 17β-estradiol, sulfathiazole, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfamethazine) in three Brazilian water bodies, namely, the Monjolinho River Basin (São Paulo State), the Mogi Guaçu River (São Paulo State), and the Itapecuru River (Maranhão State) in three sampling campaigns. The CECs were only quantified in surface water samples collected at the Monjolinho River Basin. Acetaminophen, naproxen, and methylparaben were detected in the range of <200 to 575.9 ng L-1, <200 to 224.7 ng L-1, and <200 to 303.6 ng L-1, respectively. The detection frequencies of the three measured compounds were between 33% and 67%. The highest concentrations of CECs were associated with intense urbanization and untreated sewage discharge. Furthermore, CEC concentrations were significantly correlated with total organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen levels, suggesting that domestic pollution from urban areas is an important source in the distribution of CECs in the Monjolinho River Basin. The environmental risk assessment indicated a high risk for acetaminophen (risk quotient [RQ] values between 2.1 and 5.8), a medium risk for naproxen (RQs between 0.6 and 0.7), and a low risk for methylparaben (RQs < 0.1) to the freshwater biota of the Monjolinho River Basin. Our findings show potential threats of CECs in Brazilian water bodies, especially in vulnerable areas, and reinforce the need for improvements in environmental regulations to include monitoring and control of these compounds in aquatic systems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-12. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiessa M A Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Santa Luzia Faculty, Santa Inês, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Adrislaine S Mansano
- Department of Hydrobiology, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Holanda
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Licentiate Coordination of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Tiago S Pinto
- Water Resources and Applied Ecology Center, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas B Reis
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Azevedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael T Verbinnen
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Analytical Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Viana
- Analytical Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- Environmental Studies Centre, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Teresa C R S Franco
- Analytical Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Eny M Vieira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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das Mercês Pereira Ferreira A, de Matos JM, Silva LK, Viana JLM, Dos Santos Diniz Freitas M, de Amarante Júnior OP, Franco TCRDS, Brito NM. Assessing the spatiotemporal occurrence and ecological risk of antifouling biocides in a Brazilian estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3572-3581. [PMID: 38085476 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Diuron and Irgarol are common antifouling biocides used in paints to prevent the attachment and growth of fouling organisms on ship hulls and other submerged structures. Concerns about their toxicity to non-target aquatic organisms have led to various restrictions on their use in antifouling paints worldwide. Previous studies have shown the widespread presence of these substances in port areas along the Brazilian coast, with a concentration primarily in the southern part of the country. In this study, we conducted six sampling campaigns over the course of 1 year to assess the presence and associated risks of Diuron and Irgarol in water collected from areas under the influence of the Maranhão Port Complex in the Brazilian Northeast. Our results revealed the absence of Irgarol in the study area, irrespective of the sampling season and site. In contrast, the mean concentrations of Diuron varied between 2.0 ng L-1 and 34.1 ng L-1 and were detected at least once at each sampling site. We conducted a risk assessment of Diuron levels in this area using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Our findings indicated that Diuron levels at all sampling sites during at least one campaign yielded an RQ greater than 1, with a maximum of 22.7, classifying the risk as "high" based on the proposed risk classification. This study underscores the continued concern regarding the presence of antifouling biocides in significant ports and marinas in Brazilian ports, despite international bans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana das Mercês Pereira Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
| | - Jhuliana Monteiro de Matos
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil.
| | - Lanna Karinny Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
| | - José Lucas Martins Viana
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marta Dos Santos Diniz Freitas
- Postgraduate Program in Technological and Environmental Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Ozelito Possidônio de Amarante Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
- Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | | | - Natilene Mesquita Brito
- Department of Chemistry, Campus São Luís - Monte Castelo, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Maranhão (IFMA), São Luís, MA, 65030-005, Brazil
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Vanavermaete D, Hostens K, Everaert G, Parmentier K, Janssen C, De Witte B. Assessing the risk of booster biocides for the marine environment: A case study at the Belgian part of the North Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 197:115774. [PMID: 37979528 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The biofouling of submerged surfaces such as ship hulls is often prevented by using anti-fouling components in combination with booster biocides. These booster biocides enter the water column and may affect non-target organisms. Although different negative effects have been associated with the use of booster biocides, their effects on non-target organisms are often unknown. So far, the environmental risks for booster biocides have barely been quantified in the North Sea. In this work, the concentration of five commonly used booster biocides as well as tributyltin has been monitored at five dredged spoil disposal sites in the Belgian part of the North Sea and the harbour and ports of Nieuwpoort, Oostende, and Zeebrugge. Hotspots were discovered where the concentration of one or more booster biocides exceeded the predicted no-effect concentration. Tributyltin has been banned since 2008, but concentrations of 237- to 546-fold of the predicted no-effect concentration were detected in the harbours and ports. Moreover, TBT has been detected in the same order of magnitude in other sea basins, emphasizing the need to monitor the trends and impact of booster biocides and TBT in environmental monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vanavermaete
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Animal Sciences Unit, Aquatic Environment, and Quality, Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Kris Hostens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Animal Sciences Unit, Aquatic Environment, and Quality, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Gert Everaert
- Flanders Marine Institute, The Ocean and Human Health, Ostend, Belgium
| | - Koen Parmentier
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Colin Janssen
- Ghent University, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bavo De Witte
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Animal Sciences Unit, Aquatic Environment, and Quality, Ostend, Belgium
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Islam MA, Lopes I, Domingues I, Silva DCVR, Blasco J, Pereira JL, Araújo CVM. Behavioural, developmental and biochemical effects in zebrafish caused by ibuprofen, irgarol and terbuthylazine. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140373. [PMID: 37806324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of chemicals and their release into aquatic ecosystems are harming aquatic biota. Despite extensive ecotoxicological research, many environmental pollutants' ecological effects are still unknown. This study examined the spatial avoidance, behavioural and biochemical impacts of ibuprofen, irgarol, and terbuthylazine on the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) under a range of ecologically relevant concentrations (0-500 μg/L). Embryos were exposed following the OECD guideline "fish embryo toxicity test" complemented with biochemical assessment of AChE activity and behavioural analyses (swimming activity) using the video tracking system Zebrabox. Moreover, spatial avoidance was assessed by exposing 120 hpf-old larvae of D. rerio to a gradient of each chemical, by using the heterogeneous multi-habitat assay system (HeMHAS). The results obtained revealed that the 3 compounds delayed hatching at concentrations of 50 and 500 μg/L for both ibuprofen and irgarol and 500 μg/L for terbuthylazine. Moreover, all chemicals elicited a dose-dependent depression of movement (swimming distance) with LOEC values of 5, 500 and 50 μg/L for ibuprofen, irgarol and terbuthylazine, respectively. Zebrafish larvae avoided the three chemicals studied, with 4 h-AC50 values for ibuprofen, irgarol, and terbuthylazine of 64.32, 79.86, and 131.04 μg/L, respectively. The results of the HeMHAS assay suggest that larvae may early on avoid (just after 4 h of exposure) concentrations of the three chemicals that may later induce, apical and biochemical effects. Findings from this study make clear some advantages of using HeMHAS in ecotoxicology as it is: ecologically relevant (by simulating a chemically heterogeneous environmental scenario), sensitive (the perception of chemicals and the avoidance can occur at concentrations lower than those producing lethal or sublethal effects) and more humane and refined approach (organisms are not mandatorily exposed to concentrations that can produce individual toxicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ariful Islam
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain; Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh; Management and Conservation of the Sea, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Isabel Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Inês Domingues
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Daniel C V R Silva
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, Marabá, 68507-590, Pará, Brazil; Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá (UNIFEI), Laboratory of Limnology and Ecotoxicolo Gy, Itajubá, 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Julián Blasco
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Joana Luísa Pereira
- CESAM & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
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Vilas-Boas C, Silva ER, Resende D, Pereira B, Sousa G, Pinto M, Almeida JR, Correia-da-Silva M, Sousa E. 3,4-Dioxygenated xanthones as antifouling additives for marine coatings: in silico studies, seawater solubility, degradability, leaching, and antifouling performance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:68987-68997. [PMID: 37131003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling pollution is a process that impacts ecosystems and the global economy. On the other hand, traditional antifouling (AF) marine coatings release persistent and toxic biocides that accumulate in sediments and aquatic organisms. To understand the putative impact on marine ecosystems of recently described and patented AF xanthones (xanthones 1 and 2), able to inhibit mussel settlement without acting as biocides, several in silico environmental fate predictions (bioaccumulation, biodegradation, and soil absorption) were calculated in this work. Subsequently, a degradation assay using treated seawater at different temperatures and light exposures was conducted for a period of 2 months to calculate their half-life (DT50). Xanthone 2 was found to be non-persistent (DT50 < 60 days) at 50 μM, contrary to xanthone 1 (DT50 > 60 days). To evaluate the efficacy of both xanthones as AF agents, they were blended into four polymeric-based coating systems: polyurethane- and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based marine paints, as well as room-temperature-vulcanizing PDMS- and acrylic-based coatings. Despite their low water solubility, xanthones 1 and 2 demonstrated suitable leaching behaviors after 45 days. Overall, the generated xanthone-based coatings were able to decrease the attachment of the Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae after 40 h. This proof-of-concept and environmental impact evaluation will contribute to the search for truly environmental-friendly AF alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elisabete R Silva
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
- CERENA - Center for Natural Resources and Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diana Resende
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Pereira
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana R Almeida
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Almeida JC, Castro ÍB, Nunes BZ, Zanardi-Lamardo E. Antifouling booster biocides in Latin America and the Caribbean: A 20-year review. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114718. [PMID: 36807046 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review summarized booster biocides studies from Latin America and the Caribbean during the last two decades. Studies were focused on six countries, with most of them in Brazil. In water and sediment, diuron and Irgarol were the most abundant and frequent biocides, probably due to their former intense use. Antifouling paint particles were also reported and had mainly DCOIT, which is currently the most used booster biocide. Toxicity of individual booster biocides was tested in laboratory, and most effects were related to chlorothalonil, DCOIT, dichlofluanid, and Irgarol, including, but not limited to DNA damage, fertility decrease, and mortality at different trophic levels. This review highlighted the need for further studies on environmental occurrence of booster biocides in Latin America and Caribbean associated to ecotoxicological studies. Such information is essential to determine the potential ecological risks and to create directives regarding safe limits of booster biocides in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Cintra Almeida
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Arquitetura s/n - Cid. Universitária, CEP: 50740-550 Recife, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Braga Castro
- Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (IMAR-UNIFESP), Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, CEP: 11030-400 Santos, SP, Brazil; PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, CEP: 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Zachello Nunes
- PPG em Oceanologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, CEP: 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliete Zanardi-Lamardo
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Arquitetura s/n - Cid. Universitária, CEP: 50740-550 Recife, Brazil.
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Çetintürk K, Ünlü S. The first observation of antifouling organotin compounds and booster biocides in sediments from Samsun Port area, Black Sea, Turkey. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113408. [PMID: 35152116 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of antifouling organotin compounds (OTCs) and booster biocides in surface sediments of Samsun Port (Black Sea, Turkey) in September 2014 was investigated by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method. The total organotin concentrations ranged from <1.0 to 669.6 ng/g, dw. Among the studied booster biocides, Diuron (<1.0-11.28 ng/g) was found in 70.58% of the investigated sediments, while Irgarol (<1.0-26.53 ng/g) was detected in two stations. Traces of fresh input organotin and high Irgarol were found at the park/repairment points of the port. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that sediment characteristic types and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) were the main relevant parameters in the accumulation of antifouling contamination in the Port area. In comparison with several types of environmental sediment quality criteria, Samsun Port is highly polluted area. The concentrations of OTCs and Diuron maybe used as a baseline reference level for future monitoring programs in Turkish Ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartal Çetintürk
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, 34470, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selma Ünlü
- Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Science and Management, 34470, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Vilas-Boas C, Neves AR, Carvalhal F, Pereira S, Calhorda MJ, Vasconcelos V, Pinto M, Sousa E, Almeida JR, Silva ER, Correia-da-Silva M. Multidimensional characterization of a new antifouling xanthone: Structure-activity relationship, environmental compatibility, and immobilization in marine coatings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 228:112970. [PMID: 34775347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of marine biofouling on ship hulls causes material damage, the spread of invasive species, and, indirectly, an increase in full consumption and subsequent pollutant gas emissions. Most efficient antifouling (AF) strategies rely on the conventional release of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic biocides incorporated in marine coatings. A simple oxygenated xanthone, 3,4-dihydroxyxanthone (1), was previously reported as a promising AF agent toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae, with a therapeutic ratio higher than the commercial biocide Econea®. In this work, a structure-AF activity relationship study, an evaluation of environmental fate, and an AF efficiency in marine coatings were performed with compound 1. Hydroxy or methoxy groups at 3 and 4 positions in compound 1 favored AF activity, and groups with higher steric hindrances were detrimental. Compound 1 demonstrated low water-solubility and a short half-life in natural seawater, contrary to Econea®. In silico environmental fate predictions showed that compound 1 does not bioaccumulate in organism tissues, in contrast to other current emerging biocides, has a moderate affinity for sediments and slow migrates to ground water. No toxicity was observed against Vibrio fischeri and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Polyurethane-based marine coatings containing compound 1 prepared through an innovative non-release-strategy were as efficient as those containing Econea® with low releases to water after 45 days. This proof-of-concept helped to establish compound 1 as a promising eco-friendly AF agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Neves
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Francisca Carvalhal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Sandra Pereira
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana R Almeida
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Elisabete R Silva
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Li J, Zhang W, Lin Z, Huang Y, Bhatt P, Chen S. Emerging Strategies for the Bioremediation of the Phenylurea Herbicide Diuron. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:686509. [PMID: 34475856 PMCID: PMC8406775 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diuron (DUR) is a phenylurea herbicide widely used for the effective control of most annual and perennial weeds in farming areas. The extensive use of DUR has led to its widespread presence in soil, sediment, and aquatic environments, which poses a threat to non-target crops, animals, humans, and ecosystems. Therefore, the removal of DUR from contaminated environments has been a hot topic for researchers in recent decades. Bioremediation seldom leaves harmful intermediate metabolites and is emerging as the most effective and eco-friendly strategy for removing DUR from the environment. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, can use DUR as their sole source of carbon. Some of them have been isolated, including organisms from the bacterial genera Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Vagococcus, Burkholderia, Micrococcus, Stenotrophomonas, and Pseudomonas and fungal genera Aspergillus, Pycnoporus, Pluteus, Trametes, Neurospora, Cunninghamella, and Mortierella. A number of studies have investigated the toxicity and fate of DUR, its degradation pathways and metabolites, and DUR-degrading hydrolases and related genes. However, few reviews have focused on the microbial degradation and biochemical mechanisms of DUR. The common microbial degradation pathway for DUR is via transformation to 3,4-dichloroaniline, which is then metabolized through two different metabolic pathways: dehalogenation and hydroxylation, the products of which are further degraded via cooperative metabolism. Microbial degradation hydrolases, including PuhA, PuhB, LibA, HylA, Phh, Mhh, and LahB, provide new knowledge about the underlying pathways governing DUR metabolism. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding (1) the environmental occurrence and toxicity of DUR, (2) newly isolated and identified DUR-degrading microbes and their enzymes/genes, and (3) the bioremediation of DUR in soil and water environments. This review further updates the recent knowledge on bioremediation strategies with a focus on the metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the bioremediation of DUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Subba Rao T, Murthy PS, Veeramani P, Narayanan DS, Ramesh R, Jyothi BN, Muthukumaran D, Murugesan M, Vadivelan A, Dharani G, Santhanakumar J, Ramadass GA. Assessment of biogrowth assemblages with depth in a seawater intake system of a coastal power station. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:506-520. [PMID: 34139900 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1933457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine biogrowth infestation of a seawater intake system was investigated. A digital camera fixed onto a skid was used to record the biogrowth at intervals of 5 m up to a depth of 55 m. Divers inspected the intake shaft and collected the biogrowth samples for biomass estimation. A biomass density of 7.5 kg m-2 and 28.2 kg m-2 was recorded at 5 and 30 m depths respectively. Inspection by the divers revealed that hard-shelled organisms such as oysters and brown and green mussels were observed in plenty up to a thickness of 15 cm and bryozoans grew as epibionts. At lower depths (<40 m), hydroids grew on the shells of green mussels along with silt accumulation. The biofouling community was composed of 46 organisms, exhibiting variation in distribution and abundance. The study explains the extent and type of marine biogrowth phenomena with depth and describes biofouling preventive methods.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2021.1933457 .
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Affiliation(s)
- T Subba Rao
- Biofouling & Thermal Ecology Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities, Kalpakkam, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - P S Murthy
- Biofouling & Thermal Ecology Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities, Kalpakkam, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - P Veeramani
- Biofouling & Thermal Ecology Section, Water & Steam Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Facilities, Kalpakkam, India
| | - D S Narayanan
- Deep Sea Technology Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - R Ramesh
- Deep Sea Technology Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - B N Jyothi
- Deep Sea Technology Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - D Muthukumaran
- Deep Sea Technology Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - M Murugesan
- Deep Sea Technology Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - A Vadivelan
- Deep Sea Technology Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - G Dharani
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - J Santhanakumar
- Marine Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
| | - G A Ramadass
- Deep Sea Technology Group, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai, India
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11
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Miglioranza KSB, Ondarza PM, Costa PG, de Azevedo A, Gonzalez M, Shimabukuro VM, Grondona SI, Mitton FM, Barra RO, Wania F, Fillmann G. Spatial and temporal distribution of Persistent Organic Pollutants and current use pesticides in the atmosphere of Argentinean Patagonia. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:129015. [PMID: 33261838 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
XAD-based passive air samplers (PAS) were used to evaluate organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and some current use pesticides (chlorotalonil, trifluralin and dichlofluanid) in the atmosphere of Argentinian Patagonia. The PAS were deployed for 12 months during three consecutive years along a longitudinal (Rio Negro watershed) and a latitudinal (Patagonian coast) transect. Endosulfan, trifluralin and DDT-related substances were the most prevalent pesticides in the Rio Negro watershed, an intensive agricultural basin, consistent with ongoing use of endosulfan at the time of sampling. Concentrations of industrial contaminants were low (mean 25 pg/m3 and 1.9 pg/m3 for Σ38 PCBs, and Σ5PBDEs, respectively) and similar among sites. However, along the Patagonian coast, air concentrations of total contaminants were highly variable (14-400 pg/m3) with highest values recorded at Bahia Blanca, an important industrial area that is also downwind of the most intensively agriculturally used area of Argentina. Contaminant levels decreased toward the south, with the exception of the southernmost sampling site (Rio Gallegos) where a slight increase of total pollutant levels was observed, mainly due to the lower chlorinated PCB congeners. Interannual variability was small, although the last year tended to have slightly higher levels for different contaminant groups at most sampling sites. This large-scale spatial atmospheric monitoring of POPs and some CUPs in the South of Argentina highlights the important and continuing role of rural and urban areas as emission sources of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina.
| | - Paola M Ondarza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Patricia G Costa
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal Do Río Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Amaro de Azevedo
- Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Caxias Do Sul, RS, Brazil.Programa de Pós-graduação Em Química Tecnológica e Ambiental, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Valeria M Shimabukuro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Sebastián I Grondona
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina; Instituto de Geología de Costas y Del Cuaternario, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Francesca M Mitton
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Universidad Nacional de Mar Del Plata-CONICET, Mar Del Plata, Argentina. Funes 3350, Mar Del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Departamento de Sistemas Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386, Chile
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Laboratório de Microcontaminantes Orgânicos e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Federal Do Río Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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12
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Expression Levels of the Immune-Related p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Transcript in Response to Environmental Pollutants on Macrophthalmus japonicus Crab. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11090958. [PMID: 32825142 PMCID: PMC7565651 DOI: 10.3390/genes11090958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution in the aquatic environment poses a threat to the immune system of benthic organisms. The Macrophthalmus japonicus crab, which inhabits tidal flat sediments, is a marine invertebrate that provides nutrient and organic matter cycling as a means of purification. Here, we characterized the M. japonicus p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene, which plays key roles in the regulation of cellular immune and apoptosis responses. M. japonicusp38 MAPK displayed the characteristics of the conserved MAPK family with Thr-Gly-Tyr (TGY) motif and substrate-binding site Ala-Thr-Arg-Trp (ATRW). The amino acid sequence of the M. japonicus p38 MAPK showed a close phylogenetic relationship to Eriocheir sinensis MAPK14 and Scylla paramamosainp38 MAPK. The phylogenetic tree displayed two origins of p38 MAPK: crustacean and insect. The tissue distribution patterns showed the highest expression in the gills and hepatopancreas of M. japonicus crab. In addition, p38 MAPK expression in M. japonicus gills and hepatopancreas was evaluated after exposure to environmental pollutants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), irgarol, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and bisphenol A (BPA). In the gills, p38 MAPK expression significantly increased after exposure to all concentrations of the chemicals on day 7. However, on day 1, there were increased p38 MAPK responses observed after PFOS and irgarol exposure, whereas decreased p38 MAPK responses were observed after DEHP and BPA exposure. The upregulation of p38 MAPK gene also significantly led to M. japonicus hepatopancreas being undertested in all environmental pollutants. The findings in this study supported that anti-stress responses against exposure to environmental pollutants were reflected in changes in expression levels in M. japonicusp38 MAPK signaling regulation as a cellular defense mechanism.
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13
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Viana JLM, Diniz MDS, Santos SRVD, Verbinnen RT, Almeida MAP, Franco TCRDS. Antifouling biocides as a continuous threat to the aquatic environment: Sources, temporal trends and ecological risk assessment in an impacted region of Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139026. [PMID: 32416504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling biocides, such as irgarol and diuron, are commonly used in antifouling paints. Recently, studies carried out in a Brazilian region of ecological concern have warned for extremely high levels of these biocides. So, this work focused on a 4-year (2015-2018) evaluation considering the occurrence, environmental fate, seasonal variations and ecological risk assessment of irgarol and diuron in water and sediment from São Marcos Bay, Brazil, which is an area of international relevance located in the Amazon region. The results showed the ubiquitous presence of antifouling biocides, as well as their wide distribution along the bay. The concentration range of irgarol was between <0.8 and 89.4 ng L-1 in water and between <0.5 and 9.2 ng g-1dw in sediments, whereas diuron showed a range between <1.4 and 22.0 ng L-1 in water and between <2.0 and 15.0 ng g-1dw in sediments. The distribution of the biocides was mainly related to the intense Bay hydrodynamics. The environmental risk assessment showed that irgarol and diuron posed "high risk" to the aquatic biota of São Marcos Bay, exceeding international Environmental Quality Guidelines. The results represent a robust study on the environmental fate of such biocides and intend to be a useful data source for eventual legislation since regulation concerning antifouling substances is necessary for Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lucas Martins Viana
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Marta Dos Santos Diniz
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Sara Raiane Viana Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Raphael Teixeira Verbinnen
- Laboratório de Química Analítica e Ecotoxicologia (LAEC), Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. Dos Portugueses, 1966, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
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14
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Saber A, James DE, Hannoun IA. Effects of lake water level fluctuation due to drought and extreme winter precipitation on mixing and water quality of an alpine lake, Case Study: Lake Arrowhead, California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136762. [PMID: 32023782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lake Arrowhead, an oligotrophic alpine lake in southern California, experienced a drought period from summer 2012 to winter 2018 followed by a season of intense storms in winter 2019 resulting in lake flooding. This study investigates the effects of seasonal variations combined with 3.5 m water level fluctuation from May 2018 to April 2019, on water quality and hydrodynamics of Lake Arrowhead. In-situ measured meteorological data and water quality profiles in five different bays were used to develop and calibrate a three-dimensional lake hydrodynamic model. The mean relative errors between simulated and measured temperature and salinity profiles were 6.1% and 4.2%, respectively. Root mean square errors between the measured and simulated water temperatures were slightly larger during the stratified period. However, no specific pattern was observed in error analysis of salinity simulations. Strong thermal stratification during summer and early-fall resulted in hypoxic hypolimnetic waters with dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations of <1 mg L-1. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) generated by convective motions in the water column due to surface heat loss was typically more than two times greater than the wind-induced mixing energy during the stratification period. The lake experienced an energetic turbulent mixing regime with TKE fluxes >1.5 m-3 s-3, and Lake numbers <0.1 during the winter cooling period, resulting in a complete water column turnover and resuspension of bottom sediments. Entrainment of the hypoxic hypolimnion layers and sediment resuspension resulted in decreased DO and pH in the water column from December 2018 through mid-January 2019. Comparisons of Wedderburn and Lake numbers during different stratification conditions indicated the same trends in the strong stratification period (square of buoyancy frequency >10-4 s-2). However, in other conditions, the Lake number, considering the lake bathymetry and density profile, could better reflect vertical mixing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - David E James
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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García E, Giráldez I, Montoya MR, Morales E. Determination of booster biocides in sediments by focused ultrasound-assisted extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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