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Lin YL, Zheng NY, Hsu YJ. Enhancing membrane separation performance in the conditions of different water electrical conductivity and fouling types via surface grafting modification of a nanofiltration membrane, NF90. Environ Res 2023; 239:117346. [PMID: 37821069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A commercialized and widely applied nanofiltration membrane, NF90, was in-situ modified through a surface grafting modification method by using 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt and initiators. The effects of water electrical conductivity (EC) and fouling types on membrane separation efficiency were examined before and after membrane modification. Results reveal that both the pristine membrane (PTM) and surface grafting modification membrane (SGMM) had a declining permeate flux and salt (NaCl) removal efficiency but an increasing trend of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) removal with increasing water EC from 250 to 10,000 μs cm-1. However, SGMM exhibited a slightly declining permeate flux but 13%-17% and 1%-42% higher rejection of salt and PPCPs, respectively, compared with PTM, due to electrostatic repulsion and size exclusion provided by the grafted polymer. After sodium alginate (SA) and humic acid (HA) fouling, SGMM had 17%-26% and 16%-32% higher salt rejection and 1%-12% and 1%-51% greater PPCP removal, respectively, compared with PTM due to the additional steric barrier layer contributed by the foulants. The successful grafting and increasing hydrophilicity of the SGMM were confirmed by contact angle analysis, which was beneficial for mitigating membrane fouling. Overall, the proposed in-situ surface grafting modification of NF90 can considerably mitigate organic and biological fouling while raising the rejection of salt and PPCPs at different background water EC, which is beneficial for practical applications in producing clean and high quality water for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Nai-Yun Zheng
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Jhen Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu J, Ge S, Shao P, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei W, He C, Zhang L. Occurrence and removal rate of typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an urban wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Chemosphere 2023; 339:139644. [PMID: 37495050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and removal rate of 52 typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were investigated in a wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Thirty-three PPCPs were found in the influent, with caffeine (CF, 11387.0 ng L-1) being the most abundant, followed by N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET, 9568.4 ng L-1), metoprolol (MTP, 930.2 ng L-1), and diclofenac (DF, 710.3 ng L-1). After treatment processes, the cumulative concentration of PPCPs decreased from 2.54 × 104 ng L-1 to 1.44 × 103 ng L-1, with the overall removal efficiency (RE) of 94.3%. Different treatment processes showed varying contributions in removing PPCPs. PPCPs were efficiently removed in sedimentation, anoxic, and ultraviolet units. For individual compounds, a great variation in RE (52.1-100%) was observed. Twenty-two PPCPs were removed by more than 90%. The highly detected PPCPs in the influent were almost completely removed. Aerated grit chamber removed nearly 50% of fluoroquinolone (FQs) and more than 60% of sulfonamides. Most PPCPs showed low or negative removals during anaerobic treatment, except for CF which was eliminated by 64.9%. Anoxic treatment demonstrated positive removals for most PPCPs, with the exceptions of DF, MTP, bisoprolol, carbamazepine (CBZ), and sibutramine. DEET and bezafibrate were efficiently removed during the secondary sedimentation. Denitrification biological filter and membrane filtration also showed positive effect on most PPCPs removals. The remaining compounds were oxidized by 16-100% in ozonation. DF, sulpiride, ofloxacin (OFL), trimethoprim, and phenolphthalein were not amenable to ultraviolet. After the treatment, the residue OFL, CBZ, and CF in receiving water were identified to pose high risk to aquatic organisms. Considering the complex mixtures emitted into the environment, therapeutic groups psychotropics, stimulant, and FQs were classified as high risk. These findings provide valuable insights into adopting appropriate measures for more efficient PPCPs removals, and emphasize the importance of continued monitoring specific PPCPs and mixtures thereof to safeguard the ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, People's Republic of China.
| | - Simin Ge
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shao
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanju Liu
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing Center for Physical & Chemical Analysis, Beijing, 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Can He
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100089, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, People's Republic of China
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Finoto Viana L, do Amaral Crispim B, Kummrow F, Alice de Lima N, Amaral Dias M, Carolina Montagner C, Henrique Gentil Pereira R, de Barros A, Barufatti A. Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern and their risks to the Pantanal Sul-Mato-Grossense aquatic biota, Brazil. Chemosphere 2023:139429. [PMID: 37419150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The Aquidauana River is an important ecological corridor in the Pantanal biome. However, the growth of agricultural and urban areas along its banks has contributed to the deterioration of its water quality, consequently putting the aquatic biota at risk. Our objectives were to evaluate: 1) the composition of the landscape around six sampling sites located in the Aquidauana River middle section; and 2) the quality of its water by determining limnological parameters, concentrations of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and the risks to native aquatic biota. Water samples were collected in November 2020. We observed the conversion of native riparian vegetation to extensive pasture areas and anthropic occupation around the sampling sites. We observed that the chlorophyll and total ammoniacal nitrogen values were above the standards established by Brazilian legislation in all samples. Studies focused on the quantification of CECs in the Pantanal waters are scarce, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the presence of pharmaceuticals in the Aquidauana River. All 30 C ECs analyzed were detected in at least one water sample. Eleven CECs were quantified with eight pesticides (atrazine, diuron, hexazinone, tebuthiuron, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, tebuconazole, and fipronil) and one atrazine degradation product (atrazine-2-hydroxy), caffeine, and bisphenol A. The concentrations of atrazine herbicide observed in the water samples pose risks for protecting aquatic biota (RQs >1). Therefore, the native biota of the Pantanal biome is vulnerable to several types of toxic contaminants observed in the water, which can cause the disappearance of native and endemic species in this region. Establishing a monitoring program, improving sanitation infrastructure, and intensifying good agricultural practices are essential for reducing and controlling the entry of CECs into the Aquidauana River and the Pantanal water system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilene Finoto Viana
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia - FACET, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental (PPGCTA), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rod. Dourados Itahum Km 12, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Bruno do Amaral Crispim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente (PPGBMA), Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (FCBA), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rod. Dourados Itahum Km 12, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp) - Campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau, 210 - Centro, Diadema, SP, 09913-030, Brazil.
| | - Nathalya Alice de Lima
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia - FACET, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental (PPGCTA), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rod. Dourados Itahum Km 12, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana Amaral Dias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Henrique Gentil Pereira
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79079-900, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Barros
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied Biodiversity and Health (GEBABS), Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, 79079-900, Brazil
| | - Alexeia Barufatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Biodiversidade e Meio Ambiente (PPGBMA), Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais (FCBA), Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Rod. Dourados Itahum Km 12, Dourados, MS, 79804-970, Brazil
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Picó Y, Campo J, Alfarhan AH, El-Sheikh MA, Barceló D. Wild and ruderal plants as bioindicators of global urban pollution by air, water and soil in Riyadh and Abha, Saudi Arabia. Sci Total Environ 2023; 888:164166. [PMID: 37201802 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, environment pollution around the globe has increased because of anthropogenic activities. As part of the biota, plants can assimilate the compounds present in air, water and soil and respond to changes in surround conditions, for that, they can be used as bioindicators of global pollution. However, urban plants' ability to monitor organic pollutants in air, soil, and water have not been profoundly studied yet. Anthropogenic contamination produced by five different types of pollutants [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pesticides and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs)] has been studied in Riyadh and Abha areas (Saudi Arabia). In addition to the points in both cities, a control point located in the Asir National Park (close to Abha), which is little affected by human activity, was used. The 5 groups of contaminants were found with different but high detection frequencies from 85 % to 100 % in wild and ruderal plants. PAHs were detected in all the analyzed samples at the highest average sum of concentrations (ΣPAHs) 1486 ng·g-1 dry weight (d.w.). Statistically significant differences were obtained between Riyadh, Abha and the point located in the national park (p < 0.05). ΣPAHS in Riyadh >> ΣPAHs in Abha > ΣPAHs in the National Park. Values of the average sum of concentrations for the other groups of contaminants ΣPPCPs, ΣPFASs, Σpesticides and ΣOPFRs were 420.5, 171, 48 and 47 ng g-1 d.w., respectively. High values of PPCPs are due to the presence of salicylic acid. Differences in the average sum of each type of contaminant concentrations between cities were not statistically significant. The results of this assessment of wild and ruderal plants as bioindicators for 5 types of organic contaminants suggest that they can be used to monitor anthropogenic contaminants in the terrestrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain.
| | - Julian Campo
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Moncada-Naquera Road Km 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Spain
| | - Ahmed H Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A El-Sheikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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Kuo YH, How CM, Huang CW, Yen PL, Yu CW, Chang CH, Liao VHC. Co-contaminants of ethinylestradiol and sulfamethoxazole in groundwater exacerbate ecotoxicity and ecological risk and compromise the energy budget of C. elegans. Aquat Toxicol 2023; 257:106473. [PMID: 36871484 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethinylestradiol (EE2) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) are among pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and regarded as emerging contaminants in groundwater worldwide. However, the ecotoxicity and potential risk of these co-contaminants remain unknown. We investigated the effects of early-life long-term co-exposure to EE2 and SMX in groundwater on life-history traits of Caenorhabditis elegans and determined potential ecological risks in groundwater. L1 larvae of wild-type N2 C. elegans were exposed to measured concentrations of EE2 (0.001, 0.75, 5.1, 11.8 mg/L) or SMX (0.001, 1, 10, 100 mg/L) or co-exposed to EE2 (0.75 mg/L, no observed adverse effect level derived from its reproductive toxicity) and SMX (0.001, 1, 10, 100 mg/L) in groundwater. Growth and reproduction were monitored on days 0 - 6 of the exposure period. Toxicological data were analyzed using DEBtox modeling to determine the physiological modes of action (pMoAs) and the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) to estimate ecological risks posed by EE2 and SMX in global groundwater. Early-life EE2 exposure significantly inhibited the growth and reproduction of C. elegans, with lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAELs) of 11.8 and 5.1 mg/L, respectively. SMX exposure impaired the reproductive capacity of C. elegans (LOAEL = 0.001 mg/L). Co-exposure to EE2 and SMX exacerbated ecotoxicity (LOAELs of 1 mg/L SMX for growth, and 0.001 mg/L SMX for reproduction). DEBtox modeling showed that the pMoAs were increased growth and reproduction costs for EE2 and increased reproduction costs for SMX. The derived PNEC falls within the range of detected environmental levels of EE2 and SMX in groundwater worldwide. The pMoAs for EE2 and SMX combined were increased growth and reproduction costs, resulting in lower energy threshold values than single exposure. Based on global groundwater contamination data and energy threshold values, we calculated risk quotients for EE2 (0.1 - 123.0), SMX (0.2 - 91.3), and combination of EE2 and SMX (0.4 - 341.1). Our findings found that co-contamination by EE2 and SMX exacerbates toxicity and ecological risk to non-target organisms, suggesting that the ecotoxicity and ecological risk of co-contaminants of pharmaceuticals should be considered to sustainably manage groundwater and aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun Ming How
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Huang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Yen
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Wei Yu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Bodle KB, Pernat MR, Kirkland CM. Pharmaceutical Sorption to Lab Materials May Overestimate Rates of Removal in Lab-Scale Bioreactors. Water Air Soil Pollut 2022; 233:505. [PMID: 36504545 PMCID: PMC9731345 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contamination from pharmaceuticals has received increased attention from researchers in the past 20 years. As such, numerous lab-scale studies have sought to characterize the effects of these contaminants on various targets, as well as determine improved removal methods. Many studies have used lab-scale bioreactors to investigate pharmaceutical effects on wastewater bacteria, as wastewater treatment plants often act as reservoirs for pharmaceuticals. However, few-if any-of these studies report the specific lab materials used during testing, such as tubing or pipette tip type. In this study, the pharmaceuticals erythromycin, diclofenac, and gemfibrozil were exposed to different micropipette tips, syringe filters, and tubing types, and losses over time were evaluated. Losses to tubing and syringe filters were particularly significant and neared 100%, depending on the pharmaceutical compound and length of exposure time. Results discussed herein indicate that pharmaceutical sorption to various lab supplies results in decreases to both dosed and quantified pharmaceutical concentrations. Studies that fail to consider this source of loss may therefore draw inaccurate conclusions about pharmaceutical effects or removal efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie B Bodle
- Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State, University, 205 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Madeline R Pernat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State, University, 205 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Catherine M Kirkland
- Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State, University, 205 Cobleigh Hall, Bozeman, MT, USA
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, 366 Barnard Hall, Bozeman, MT, USA
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Yu M, Li H, Xie J, Xu Y, Lu X. A descriptive and comparative analysis on the adsorption of PPCPs by molecularly imprinted polymers. Talanta 2022; 236:122875. [PMID: 34635255 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have aroused great attention as a new material for the removal or detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, it is not clear about the superiority and deficiency of MIPs in the process of removing or detecting PPCPs. Herein, we evaluated the performance of MIPs in the aspects of adsorption capacity, binding affinity, adsorption rate, and compatibility to other techniques, and proposed ways to improve its performance. Without regard to the selectivity of MIPs, for the PPCPs adsorption, MIPs surprisingly did not always perform better than the conventional adsorbents (non-imprinted polymers, biochar, activated carbon and resin), indicating that MIPs should be used where selectivity is crucial, for example recovery of specific PPCPs in an environmental sample extraction process. Compared to the traditional solid-phase extraction for PPCPs detection pretreatment, the usage of MIPs as substitute extraction agents could obtain high selectivity of specific substance, due to the uniformity and effectiveness of the specific sites. A promising development in the future would be to combine other simple and rapid quantitative technologies, such as electro/photochemical sensor and catalytic degradation, to realize rapid and sensitive detection of trace PPCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Haixiao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jingyi Xie
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Soils and Agri-Food Engineering, Paul Comtois Bldg., Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1K 7P4, Canada
| | - Xueqiang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution and Tianjin International Joint Research Center for Environmental Biogeochemical Technology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Mladenov N, Dodder NG, Steinberg L, Richardot W, Johnson J, Martincigh BS, Buckley C, Lawrence T, Hoh E. Persistence and removal of trace organic compounds in centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Chemosphere 2022; 286:131621. [PMID: 34325254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of trace organic chemicals in treated effluent derived from both centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) is of concern due to their potential impacts on human and ecosystem health. Here, we utilize non-targeted analysis (NTA) with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) to conduct an evaluation of the common persistent and removed compounds found in two centralized WWTPs in the USA and South Africa and one DEWATS in South Africa. Overall, removal efficiencies of chemicals were similar between the treatment plants when they were compared according to the number of chemical features detected in the influents and effluents of each treatment plant. However, the DEWATS treatment train, which has longer solids retention and hydraulic residence times than both of the centralized WWTPs and utilizes primarily anaerobic treatment processes, was able to remove 13 additional compounds and showed a greater decrease in normalized peak areas compared to the centralized WWTPs. Of the 111 common compounds tentatively identified in all three influents, 11 compounds were persistent in all replicates, including 5 compounds not previously reported in effluents of WWTPs or water reuse systems. There were no significant differences among the physico-chemical properties of persistent and removed compounds, but significant differences were observed among some of the molecular descriptors. These results have important implications for the treatment of trace organic chemicals in centralized and decentralized WWTPs and the monitoring of new compounds in WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Lauren Steinberg
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - William Richardot
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Jade Johnson
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Chris Buckley
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Research & Development Centre, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Tolulope Lawrence
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
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Xiang Y, Wu H, Li L, Ren M, Qie H, Lin A. A review of distribution and risk of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the aquatic environment in China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 213:112044. [PMID: 33601171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the extensive use and pseudo-persistence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), they are frequently detected in the aqueous environment, which has attracted global attention. In this paper, accumulation data of 81 PPCPs in surface water or sediment in China were reported. In addition, 20 kinds of PPCPs with high frequency were selected and their ecological risk assessment was conducted by risk quotient (RQs). The results indicated that the concentration detected in surface water and sediment ranged from ng/L (ng/kg) to μg/L (μg/kg) in China, which was similar to concentrations reported globally. However, contamination by certain PPCPs, such as caffeine, oxytetracycline, and erythromycin, was relatively high with a maximum concentration of more than 2000 ng/L in surface water. RQs revealed that 14 kinds of PPCPs pose no significant risk or low risk to aquatic organisms, while 6 kinds of PPCPs pose a high risk. Additionally, the pollution characteristics of PPCPs in each watershed are different. The Haihe River watershed and the central and lower Yangtze River were the regions of high concern for erythromycin. Triclosan has potential risks in the Pearl River watershed. This study determined the occurrence and risk of PPCPs in China in the past decade, providing a scientific basis for PPCPs pollution control and risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Huihui Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Meng Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Hantong Qie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Aijun Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Kang BR, Kim SY, Kang M, Lee TK. Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products using native fungal enzymes extracted during the ligninolytic process. Environ Res 2021; 195:110878. [PMID: 33592227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected in aquatic environment. Fungal enzymatic processes can oxidize these persistent PPCPs; thus, these processes have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of the removal of PPCPs using native fungal enzymes derived from Bjerkandera spp. TBB-03 under various conditions. Among the eight lignocellulosic substrates, ash, which showed the highest laccase production, was selected as the sole enzyme inducer. TBB-03 laccase was found to exhibit remarkable stability under varied pH and temperature conditions. Acetaminophen and bisphenol A were effectively removed by TBB-03 laccase under various conditions, except at pH 8. Although TBB-03 laccase could not efficiently remove single-state sulfamethoxazole directly, a 22% of improvement in sulfamethoxazole removal was observed in the presence of acetaminophen. Overall, our proposed approach showed that Bjerkandera adusta TBB-03 can be potentially applied for further research regarding PPCP remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ram Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea.
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Ouda M, Kadadou D, Swaidan B, Al-Othman A, Al-Asheh S, Banat F, Hasan SW. Emerging contaminants in the water bodies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A critical review. Sci Total Environ 2021; 754:142177. [PMID: 33254914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging contaminants (ECs) are not currently removed by conventional water treatment methods and consequently, often reach the aquatic environment. In the absence of proper management strategies, ECs can accumulate in water bodies, which poses potential environmental and health risks. This paper critically reviews, for the first time, the reported occurrence and treatment of ECs in the Middle Eastern and North Africa (MENA) region. The paper also provides recommendations to properly manage EC risks. In the MENA region, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been detected in surface water, seawater, groundwater, and wastewater treatment plants. A focus on surface water in the published literature suggests that studies are skewed towards worldwide trends, whereas studies on ECs in seawater are of great importance in the study region. The types of PPCPs detected in the MENA region vary, but anti-inflammatories and antibiotics dominate. In comparison, microplastics have mainly been studied in surface waters and seawater with much less focus on drinking water. The majority of microplastics in the region are secondary types resulting from the degradation of larger plastic debris; polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) fibers are the most frequently detected polymers, which are indicative of local anthropogenic sources. Research progress on ECs varies between countries, having received more attention in Iran and Tunisia. Most MENA countries have now begun monitoring water bodies for ECs; however, studies are still lacking in some countries including Sudan, Djibouti, Syria, Ethiopia, and Bahrain. Based on this review, critical knowledge gaps and research needs are identified. Countries in the MENA region require further research on a broader range of EC types. Overall, water pollution due to the use and release of ECs can be tackled by improving public awareness, public campaigns, government intervention, and advanced monitoring and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ouda
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dana Kadadou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Balsam Swaidan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer Al-Asheh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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12
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Poopipattana C, Suzuki M, Furumai H. Impact of long-duration CSO events under different tidal change conditions on distribution of microbial indicators and PPCPs in Sumida river estuary of Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:7212-7225. [PMID: 33029770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Sumida river estuary of Tokyo bay is often affected by fecal contamination from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). This study monitored the surface water quality from the upstream of the Sumida river to the estuary in October 2017, June 2018, and July 2018 after three long-duration rainfall events. Several types of sewage markers, including fecal bacteria and two types of bacteriophages as microbial markers, and five pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as chemical markers were used to evaluate fecal contamination. CSO discharge was estimated separately from pumping stations and overflow chambers. The dominant contribution from overflow chambers was estimated to be as high as 86 - 91% of total discharge volume indicating their significance in controlling CSO pollution. High concentrations of sewage marker were observed in a wide area due to CSO discharge of more than 30 h in all 3 events. Escherichia coli was found to be as high as 4.00 - 4.57 log10 (CFU/100 mL). Meanwhile, caffeine showed the highest concentration of 2105 ng/L among PPCPs. It was found to be a useful indicator of recent contamination that captured a unique spatial distribution tendency. On the other hand, crotamiton, a conservative PPCP, was found to be highly diluted and might not be appropriate for tracking pollutants under heavy rainfall events. The effect of CSO discharge pattern and tidal change on the distribution of sewage markers, including dispersion degree and pollutants travel time, was described. CSO pollutants were found to accumulate in the river mouth areas during high tide before being discharged into the estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chomphunut Poopipattana
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Motoaki Suzuki
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Wu D, Sui Q, Yu X, Zhao W, Li Q, Fatta-Kassinos D, Lyu S. Identification of indicator PPCPs in landfill leachates and livestock wastewaters using multi-residue analysis of 70 PPCPs: Analytical method development and application in Yangtze River Delta, China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 753:141653. [PMID: 32896735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The source apportionment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the water environment based on indicators (i-PPCPs) requires a comprehensive characterization of various emission sources using reliable analytical methods for a wide spectrum of PPCPs. In this study, a robust and sensitive method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for analyzing 70 PPCPs belonging to 17 therapeutic classes in landfill leachates and livestock wastewaters was developed. The SPE cartridges, sample pH, elution solvents and chelating agent additions were optimized, and acceptable recoveries (60- 130% for 67 target compounds), low method quantification limits (landfill leachate: 3- 1309 ng/L; livestock wastewater: 3- 686 ng/L) and high precisions (repeatability: 0- 20% for over 99% injections; reproducibility: 0- 20% for over 90% injections) were obtained. Using the optimized analytical method to characterize PPCPs in the typical landfill leachate and livestock wastewater in Yangtze River Delta, China, we found anthelmintics, which were first reported in landfill leachates globally, exhibited the highest concentration (albendazole, maximum concentration of 61.6 μg/L), and therefore proposed albendazole as one of the promising i-PPCP candidates in landfill leachates. In livestock wastewaters, antibiotics lincomycin was the most abundant PPCP (maximum concentration: 735 μg/L) and identified as an i-PPCP candidate for livestock-originated contamination. In addition, 15 non-antibiotic PPCPs were first investigated in the livestock wastewater in China and some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, diclofenac and naproxen, were detected at similar concentration level (1.16- 91.1 μg/L) to antibiotics, highlighting the necessity to include representative non-antibiotic PPCPs in the studies of emerging contaminants in livestock wastewaters. The developed method provides a tool to comprehensively investigate PPCPs in high-strength wastewater, and the preliminary findings in the characterization of typical landfill leachates and livestock wastewaters are helpful to select i-PPCPs for the source apportionment of PPCPs in Yangtze River Delta, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongquan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xia Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas, International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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14
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Li J, Sabourin L, Renaud J, Halloran S, Singh A, Sumarah M, Dagnew M, Ray MB. Simultaneous quantification of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products in biosolids and their fate in thermo-alkaline treatment. J Environ Manage 2021; 278:111404. [PMID: 33129079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in biosolids applied to farmland is of concern due to their potential accumulation in the environment and the subsequent effects on humans. Thermo-alkaline hydrolysis (TAH) is a method used for greater stabilization of biosolids after anaerobic digestion. In this work, the effect of TAH on five selected PPCPs including fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ofloxacin (OFLX), and three commonly used antimicrobial agents, miconazole (MIC), triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) was evaluated. At the onset, extraction and analytical methods were optimized for maximum simultaneous recovery and LC-MS quantification of the target PPCPs from both water and biosolids for improved accuracy. The compounds were detected in the range of 54 ± 3 to 6166 ± 532 ng/g in raw biosoilds collected from a local WWTP. Next, batch control adsorption experiments of the selected PPCPs were conducted in various sludges, which indicated about 89%-98% sorption of the PPCPs onto solid phase due to their high octanol-water coefficients. Subsequently, thermo-alkaline (pH 9.5, 75 °C, 45 min) hydrolysis (TAH) was conducted to determine the extent of degradation of these compounds in deionized (DI) water and biosolids due to treatment. The degradation of these compounds due to TAH ranged from 42% to 99% and 37%-41% in pure water and biosolids, respectively, potentially lowering their risk in the environment due to land application. A list of compounds for which the optimized analytical method potentially can be used for detection and quantification in environmental samples is provided in the supporting document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Lyne Sabourin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada
| | - Justin Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada
| | | | - Ajay Singh
- Lystek International Inc., Cambridge, ON, N3H 4R7, Canada
| | - Mark Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre (AAFC-LRDC), London, ON, N5V4T3, Canada.
| | - Martha Dagnew
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
| | - Madhumita B Ray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5B9, Canada.
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15
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Zhou Y, Chen C, Guo K, Wu Z, Wang L, Hua Z, Fang J. Kinetics and pathways of the degradation of PPCPs by carbonate radicals in advanced oxidation processes. Water Res 2020; 185:116231. [PMID: 32777595 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The carbonate radical (CO3•-) is a typical secondary radical observed in engineering and natural aquatic systems. This study investigated the degradation kinetics of 20 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) by CO3•- and the transformation pathways of a typical PPCP (naproxen) that is susceptible to CO3•-. CO3•- is highly selective for compounds containing aniline and phenolic hydroxyl groups as well as naphthalene rings, such as sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, salbutamol, propranolol, naproxen, and macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin, for which the second-order rate constants range from 5.6 × 107 M-1s-1 to 2.96 × 108 M-1s-1. A good linear relationship is observed between the natural logarithms of kCO3•- and the negative values of the Hammett Σσp+ constant for aromatic PPCPs, indicating that electron-donating groups promote the attack of benzene derivatives by CO3•-. The contribution of CO3•- to naproxen degradation is significant in different processes such as UV/H2O2, UV/persulfate, UV/chlorine, and UV/monochloramine, in the presence of HCO3-, which compensates for the decreased contributions of primary radicals. In particular, the formation of CO3•- increases the first-order rate constant of naproxen by 127% in UV/monochloramine in the presence of 50 mM HCO3- compared to that without HCO3-. Natural organic matter (NOM) exerts a slight scavenging effect on CO3•-, decreasing the inhibition effect of NOM on the degradation of naproxen by UV/H2O2 in the presence of HCO3-. The pathways involved in the transformation of naproxen by CO3•- include decarboxylation, hydroxylation, ketonization, demethylation and aldolization. In addition, the alteration of the genotoxicity during naproxen degradation by CO3•- was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kaiheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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16
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Chen M, Ren L, Qi K, Li Q, Lai M, Li Y, Li X, Wang Z. Enhanced removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from real municipal wastewater using an electrochemical membrane bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 2020; 311:123579. [PMID: 32473522 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) was developed for enhancing PPCPs removal from real municipal wastewater. Compared to the control MBR (CMBR) without applying electric field, EMBR exhibited higher removal efficiencies for 14 PPCPs among all investigated PPCPs, including 3 fluoroquinolones, 2 macrolides, 6 sulfonamides and 3 anti-inflammatory drugs, while no significant difference was observed for the rest 8 PPCPs. The enhanced removal of 14 PPCPs was mainly attributed to electrooxidation by the direct anodic oxidation and reactive oxygen species-mediated indirect oxidation. Moreover, membrane fouling rates of EMBR (0.55 ± 0.10 kPa/d) were significantly reduced compared with CMBR (0.99 ± 0.09 kPa/d). Microbial activities and community analyses demonstrated that the applied electric field had no noticeable adverse impact on microbial viabilities, richness and diversity. These findings demonstrated that this EMBR enhanced pollutant removal and mitigated membrane fouling simultaneously, highlighting the potential of the novel technology to be used for removing PPCPs from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lehui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kangquan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Miaoju Lai
- Putuo District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Shanghai 200092, China.
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17
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Wang Y, Jing B, Wang F, Wang S, Liu X, Ao Z, Li C. Mechanism Insight into enhanced photodegradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in natural water matrix over crystalline graphitic carbon nitrides. Water Res 2020; 180:115925. [PMID: 32413592 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), an emerging class of highly recalcitrant water contaminants, have raised considerable concerns in environment community. Graphitic carbon nitride (CN) has shown a great potential towards the photodegradation of water contaminants under visible light irradiation. However, the conventional bulk CN (BCN) presents the amorphous structure, resulting in an inefficient yield of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) for the complete mineralization of PPCPs. This study provides fundamental insights into significantly enhancing the hydroxyl radical generation via improving the crystallinity of the pristine CN materials. Experimental measurements and accompanying density functional theory (DFT) computational analysis suggest that the crystalline carbon nitride (CCN) exhibited an enhanced adsorption ability towards the dissolved O2. Upon the light irradiation, the adsorbed O2 molecules readily undergo a direct two-electron reduction reaction on the CCN surface, instead of the conventional two successive single-electron reduction reactions on the BCN surface, to produce H2O2 subsequently converting into •OH radicals. Along with the improved charge separation efficiency and electron transfer ability, CCN-based materials show superior photocatalytic activity towards PPCPs-type pollutants, compared with the pristine BCN catalysts. Importantly, the catalyst show excellent photodegradation activities under natural sunlight irradiation, at low PPCPs concentration (20 μg/L), in the mixed PPCPs solution or in the real wastewater/water samples, indicating the potential of CCN to enable practical ex situ destructive treatment of PPCPs-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Binghua Jing
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fengliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Suicao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xun Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhimin Ao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Chuanhao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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18
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Liu X, Liang C, Liu X, Zhao F, Han C. Occurrence and human health risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in real agricultural systems with long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation in Beijing, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 190:110022. [PMID: 31865205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed wastewater (RW) is increasingly used to irrigate agricultural land and to alleviate agricultural water shortages worldwide. This usage has resulted in concerns about soil contamination by pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and the human health risks associated with dietary crop intake. In this study, we systematically analysed the occurrence and accumulation of 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite in soils and various crops (cucumber, eggplant, long bean and wheat) from realistic RW irrigation fields with different irrigation histories (20, 30 and 40 years) in Beijing and evaluated the human health risks associated with the consumption of these crops. The 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite were detected at concentrations ranging from 0.67 to 22.92 ng L-1 in RW, 0.029-28.13 μg kg-1 in irrigated soil, and <0.01-28.01 μg kg-1 in crops. The concentrations of N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and triclosan were higher than those of other PPCPs, with respective concentrations of 14.39-31.44 ng L-1 and 15.93-26.23 ng L-1 in RW, 10.92-23.29 μg kg-1 and 20.22-28.13 μg kg-1 in irrigated soil and 17.92-28.01 μg kg-1 and 8.92-14.91 μg kg-1 in crops. However, the estimated threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and hazard quotient (HQ) values revealed that the concentrations of N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and triclosan in crops irrigated with RW should be considered a de minimis risk to human health. The concentrations of 11 PPCPs and one active metabolite in soils and crops and the calculated fruit bioconcentration factors (BCFs) did not display obvious increases associated with the duration of RW irrigation in real agricultural systems (P > 0.05). The concentrations of the studied PPCPs in the RW used for irrigation followed different patterns from the concentrations detected in the irrigated soils and crops. Although the concentrations of sulfamethoxazole, sulfisoxazole, sulfamethazine and trimethoprim in RW were higher than those of many other studied PPCPs, their respective values in the irrigated soils and crops did not display a similar tendency. The uptake and accumulation of PPCPs varied among the crop species (P < 0.05). Although PPCPs were detected in eggplant, long bean and wheat (BCFs: not applicable-1.67, 0.03-1.35 and 0.01-5.01, respectively), PPCPs accumulated at increased levels in cucumber (BCFs 0.03-18.98). The estimated TTC and HQ values showed that the consumption of crops irrigated long-term with RW presents a de minimis risk to human health. However, further studies with more PPCPs and additional crop species need to be conducted, the synergistic effects of chemical mixtures of multiple PPCPs and the toxic effects of PPCP metabolites should be elucidated to obtain more reliable information on the safety of wastewater reuse for irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China; School of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Cunzhen Liang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China.
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Environmental Protection Scientific Observation and Research Station for Lake Dongtinghu (SEPSORSLD), National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria an Risk Assessment, Research Centre of Lake Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing, 102617, China
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19
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Cheng S, Zhang X, Song W, Pan Y, Lambropoulou D, Zhong Y, Du Y, Nie J, Yang X. Photochemical oxidation of PPCPs using a combination of solar irradiation and free available chlorine. Sci Total Environ 2019; 682:629-638. [PMID: 31129545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) by using solar photolysis in the presence of free available chlorine (FAC) was investigated in simulated drinking water. The combination of free available chlorine and sunlight irradiation dramatically accelerated the degradation of all the contaminants tested through the generation of hydroxyl radicals, reactive chlorine species (RCS) and ozone. Contaminants containing electron-donating moieties degraded quickly and were preferentially degraded by RCS and/or HO oxidation. Primidone, ibuprofen and atrazine, which contain electron-withdrawing moieties, were mainly degraded by HO. Trace amounts of O3 contributed greatly to carbamazepine's degradation. Degradation of PPCPs was accelerated in oxygenated solutions. Increasing chlorine concentrations barely enhanced removal of PPCPs bearing electron-withdrawing moieties. Higher pH generally decreased the degradation rate constants along with reduced levels of HO and Cl, but diclofenac, gemfibrozil, caffeine and carbamazepine had peak degradation rate constants at pH 7-8. The cytotoxicity using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell did not show significant enhancement in solar/FAC treated water. Combining chlorination with sunlight may provide a simple and energy-efficient approach for improving the removal of organic contaminants during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Τhessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Yu Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianxin Nie
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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20
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Sabater-Liesa L, Montemurro N, Font C, Ginebreda A, González-Trujillo JD, Mingorance N, Pérez S, Barceló D. The response patterns of stream biofilms to urban sewage change with exposure time and dilution. Sci Total Environ 2019; 674:401-411. [PMID: 31005842 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban wastewater inputs are a relevant pollution source to rivers, contributing a complex mixture of nutrients, organic matter and organic microcontaminants to these systems. Depending on their composition, WWTP effluents might perform either as enhancers (subsidizers) or inhibitors (stressors) of biological activities. In this study, we evaluated in which manner biofilms were affected by treated urban WWTP effluent, and how much they recovered after exposure was terminated. We used indoor artificial streams in a replicated regression design, which were operated for a total period of 56 days. During the first 33 days, artificial streams were fed with increasing concentration of treated effluents starting with non-contaminated water and ending with undiluted effluent. During the recovery phase, the artificial streams were fed with unpolluted water. Sewage effluents contained high concentrations of personal care products, pharmaceuticals, nutrients, and dissolved organic matter. Changes in community structure, biomass, and biofilm function were most pronounced in those biofilms exposed to 58% to 100% of WWTP effluent, moving from linear to quadratic or cubic response patterns. The return to initial conditions did not allow for complete biofilm recovery, but biofilms from the former medium diluted treatments were the most benefited (enhanced response), while those from the undiluted treatments showed higher stress (inhibited response). Our results indicated that the effects caused by WWTP effluent discharge on biofilm structure and function respond to the chemical pressure only in part, and that the biofilm dynamics (changes in community composition, increase in thickness) imprint particular response pathways over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Sabater-Liesa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Font
- ICRA, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | - Sandra Pérez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; ICRA, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain
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21
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Turner RDR, Warne MSJ, Dawes LA, Thompson K, Will GD. Greywater irrigation as a source of organic micro-pollutants to shallow groundwater and nearby surface water. Sci Total Environ 2019; 669:570-578. [PMID: 30889446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased water demands due to population growth and increased urbanisation have driven adoption of various water reuse practices. The irrigation of greywater (water from all household uses, except toilets) has been proposed as one potential sustainable practice. Research has clearly identified environmental harm from the presence of micro-pollutants in soils, groundwater and surface water. Greywater contains a range of micro pollutants yet very little is known about their potential environmental fate when greywater is irrigated to soil. Therefore, this study assessed whether organic micro-pollutants in irrigated greywater were transferred to shallow groundwater and an adjacent surface waterway. A total of 22 organic micro-pollutants were detected in greywater. Six of these (acesulfame, caffeine, DEET, paracetamol, salicylic acid and triclosan) were selected as potential tracers of greywater contamination. Three of these chemicals (acesulfame, caffeine, DEET) were detected in the groundwater, while salicylic acid was also detected in adjacent surface water. Caffeine and DEET in surface water were directly attributable to greywater irrigation. Thus the practice of greywater irrigation can act as a source of organic micro-pollutants to shallow groundwater and nearby surface water. The full list of micro-pollutants that could be introduced via greywater and the risk they pose to aquatic ecosystems is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D R Turner
- Water Quality and Investigations, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Science, Science Division, The State of Queensland, Department of Environment and Science, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michael St J Warne
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Water Quality and Investigations, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Science, Science Division, The State of Queensland, Department of Environment and Science, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Les A Dawes
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Robertson, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey D Will
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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22
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Azuma T, Otomo K, Kunitou M, Shimizu M, Hosomaru K, Mikata S, Ishida M, Hisamatsu K, Yunoki A, Mino Y, Hayashi T. Environmental fate of pharmaceutical compounds and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in hospital effluents, and contributions to pollutant loads in the surface waters in Japan. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:476-484. [PMID: 30550911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate of 58 pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) grouped into 11 therapeutic classes in the three different waters, hospital effluent, sewage treatment plant (STP) and river water, was estimated by combination of their quantitative concentration analysis and evaluation of their extent of contribution as loading sources. At the same time, distribution of six classes of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (AMRB) in the same water samples was estimated by screening of individual PhC-resistant microbes grown on each specific chromogenic medium. The results indicate that 48 PhCs were detected ranged from 1 ng/L (losartan carboxylic acid) to 228 μg/L (acetaminophen sulfate) in hospital effluent, and contribution of the pollution load derived from hospital effluent to STP influent was estimated as 0.1% to 15%. On the other hand, contribution of STP effluent to river water was high, 32% to 60% for antibacterials, antipertensives and X-ray contrast media. In the cases for AMRB, detected numbers of colonies of AMRB in hospital effluent ranged from 29 CFU/mL to 1805 CFU/mL, and the estimated contribution of the AMRB pollution load derived from hospital effluent to STP influent was as low as 0.1% (levofloxacin and olmesartan) to 5.1% (N-desmethyl tamoxifen). Although the contribution of STPs as loading sources of PhCs and AMRB in surface waters was large, ozonation as an advanced water treatment system effectively removed a wide range of both PhCs and AMRB in water samples. These results suggest the importance of reducing environmental pollutant loads (not only at STPs but also at medical facilities) before being discharged into the surface waters, to both conserve water and keep the water environment safe. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show the distribution and contribution of AMRB from hospital effluent to the surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Kana Otomo
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mari Kunitou
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mai Shimizu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kaori Hosomaru
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shiori Mikata
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mao Ishida
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kanae Hisamatsu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ayami Yunoki
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mino
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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23
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Yuan X, Li S, Hu J, Yu M, Li Y, Wang Z. Experiments and numerical simulation on the degradation processes of carbamazepine and triclosan in surface water: A case study for the Shahe Stream, South China. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655:1125-1138. [PMID: 30577106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in surface water by combining laboratory experiments with numerical simulations. The degradation processes of two typical PPCPs (triclosan and carbamazepine) collected from the Shahe Stream were studied. Hydrolysis, biodegradation, and photolysis were the three major routes of triclosan (TCS) and carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation. A central composite design method was used to investigate the effects of related natural parameters (including pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, light intensity, and humic acid) on the TCS and CBZ degradation processes in the laboratory. Our results showed that the main degradation pathway of CBZ and TCS was direct photolysis during the daytime and that the maximal biodegradation rates of CBZ and TCS occurred at 22 °C when the optimum temperature function was used. Based on our experimental results, the observed degradation of CBZ and TCS followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the degradation kinetic equations under the influence of multiple natural parameters were established with estimated average degradation rate constants of 1.2452E-7 s-1 and 3.1260E-5 s-1 for CBZ and TCS, respectively. The degradation rate constants were incorporated into a one-dimensional, simply integrated hydrodynamic and water quality model. The proposed numerical model was applied to depict the transportation and transformation of CBZ and TCS in surface water and was validated by observational data from the Shahe Stream. The results showed that our model reproduced the observed patterns of CBZ and TCS concentrations reasonably, with slight overestimations compared to the observed data; the relative errors between the simulated and the observed concentrations were 5.85%-6.82% for CBZ and -156.85%--7.18% for TCS. According to our simulation, the spatial distribution of TCS in surface water was determined by biochemical degradation processes that were most affected by temperature under natural conditions; in contrast, the distribution of CBZ was largely controlled by diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jiatang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Mianzi Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ziyun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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24
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Hua Z, Guo K, Kong X, Lin S, Wu Z, Wang L, Huang H, Fang J. PPCP degradation and DBP formation in the solar/free chlorine system: Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen. Water Res 2019; 150:77-85. [PMID: 30508716 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The solar/chlorine process produces multiple reactive species by solar photolysis of chlorine, which can be used as an energy-efficient technology for water treatment. This study investigated the effects of pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) on the degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and on the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in the solar/chlorine system. The degradation of 24 structurally diverse PPCPs was enhanced appreciably in the solar/chlorine system compared to solar irradiation and dark chlorination. The reactive species in the solar/chlorine system were identified to be hydroxyl radicals (HO), reactive chlorine species (RCS, i.e., Cl and ClO) and ozone. With increasing pH from 6 to 8, the steady-state concentrations of HO and Cl decreased from 1.23 × 10-14 M to 4.79 × 10-15 M and from 9.80 × 10-16 M to 4.31 × 10-16 M, respectively, whereas that of ClO increased from 5.30 × 10-14 M to 2.68 × 10-13 M and the exposure of ozone increased from 0.44 μM min to 1.01 μM min in 90 min. Accordingly, the removal efficiencies of 6 PPCPs decreased and 11 PPCPs increased. The decreased removal of PPCPs with increasing pH was due to the decrease in HO and Cl, while the increased removal was attributed to the increased ClO and ozone. The presence of DO enhanced the degradation of most PPCPs, indicating the role of ozone on the degradation. The formation of total organic chlorine (TOCl) and known DBPs was enhanced by 60.7% and 159.4%, respectively, in the solar/chlorine system compared to chlorination in a simulated drinking water containing 2.5 mg L-1 natural organic matter (NOM). As the pH rose from 6 to 8, TOCl formation decreased by 16.2%, while that of known DBPs increased by 58.6% in solar/chlorine. The absence of DO slightly suppressed the formation of TOCl and known DBPs. This study illustrated the significant role of RCS in the solar/chlorine system, which enhanced the degradation of micropollutants but increased the formation of chlorinated DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechao Hua
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kaiheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Suiki Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Liping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Huang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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25
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Yan S, Wang M, Liang X, Martyniuk CJ, Zha J, Wang Z. Environmentally relevant concentrations of carbamazepine induce liver histopathological changes and a gender-specific response in hepatic proteome of Chinese rare minnows (Gobiocypris rarus). Environ Pollut 2018; 243:480-491. [PMID: 30216880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To assess hepatotoxicity and to determine the underlying mechanisms of carbamazepine (CBZ) toxicity in fish, histopathology and the liver proteome were examined after Chinese rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) were exposed to 1, 10, and 100 μg/L CBZ for 28 days. Histopathological changes included disruption of spatial structure, pyknotic nuclei, cellular vacuolization and deformation of cell nuclei, in addition to marked swelling of hepatocytes in all treatment groups. Protein analysis revealed that there were gender-specific responses in rare minnow following exposure, and there were 47 proteins in females and 22 proteins in males identified as differentially abundant following CBZ treatments. Pathway analysis revealed that cellular processes affected by CBZ included apoptosis, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and the respiratory chain, indicating impaired energy homeostasis. Noteworthy was that 15 proteins identified as different in abundance were associated with carcinogenicity. Relative mRNA levels for select transcripts were consistent with the changes of proteins N-myc downstream regulated gene (NDRG), Tropomyosin 2-Beta (TPM2) and annexin A4 (ANXA4). Protein pyruvate kinase, liver and RBC (PKLR) were increased at 1 and 100 μg/L CBZ without significant difference in transcript levels. These findings characterize molecular responses and histological changes in the liver that generate new insights into CBZ hepatotoxicity in Chinese rare minnow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuefang Liang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, UF Genetics Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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26
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Li A, Wu Z, Wang T, Hou S, Huang B, Kong X, Li X, Guan Y, Qiu R, Fang J. Kinetics and mechanisms of the degradation of PPCPs by zero-valent iron (Fe°) activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) system in groundwater. J Hazard Mater 2018; 357:207-216. [PMID: 29890417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The abatement of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), including carbamazepine (CBZ), acetaminophen (ACP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), by zero-valent iron (Fe°) activated peroxydisulfate (PDS) system (Fe°/PDS) in pure water and groundwater was investigated. The removal rates of CBZ, ACP and SMX were 85.4%, 100% and 73.1%, respectively, within 10 min by Fe°/PDS in pure water. SO4•-, •OH and O2•- were identified in the Fe°/PDS system, and O2•- was indicated to play an important role in the ACP degradation. The degradation of PPCPs increased with increasing dosages of Fe° and PDS or with decreasing pH and initial PPCP concentrations. Interestingly, the degradation of PPCPs by Fe°/PDS was significantly enhanced in groundwater compared with that in pure water, which was partially attributed to SO42- and Cl-. The first-order constants of CBZ, ACP and SMX increased from 0.021, 0.242 and 0.013 min-1 to 0.239, 2.536 and 0.259 min-1, and to 0.172, 1.516 and 0.197 min-1, respectively, with increasing the concentrations of SO42- and Cl- to 100 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively. This study firstly reports the unexpected enhancement of groundwater matrix on the degradation of micropollutants by Fe°/PDS, demonstrating that Fe°/PDS can be an efficient technology for groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shaodong Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Bangjie Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xuchun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Yinghong Guan
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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27
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Zhang P, Zhou H, Li K, Zhao X, Liu Q, Li D, Zhao G. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, and their associated environmental risks in a large shallow lake in north China. Environ Geochem Health 2018; 40:1525-1539. [PMID: 29332148 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), consisting of five non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals (N-APs), four sulfonamides (SAs), four tetracyclines (TCs), four macrolides (MCs), and one quinolone (QN) were detected in water, pore water, and sediment samples from Baiyangdian Lake, China. A total of 31 water samples and 29 sediment samples were collected in March 2017. Caffeine was detected with 100% frequency in surface water, pore water, and sediment samples. Carbamazepine was detected with 100% frequency in surface water and sediment samples. Five N-APs were prominent, with mean concentrations of 4.90-266.24 ng/l in surface water and 5.07-14.73 μg/kg in sediment samples. Four MCs were prominent, with mean concentrations of 0.97-29.92 ng/l in pore water samples. The total concentrations of the different classes of PPCPs followed the order: N-APs (53.26%) > MCs (25.39) > SAs (10.06%) > TCs (7.64%) > QNs (3.64%) in surface water; N-APs (42.70%) > MCs (25.43%) > TCs (14.69%) > SAs (13.90%) > QNs (3.24%) in sediment samples, and MCs (42.12%) > N-APs (34.80%) > SAs (11.71%) > TCs (7.48%) > QNs (3.88%) in pore water samples. The geographical differences of PPCP concentrations were largely due to anthropogenic activities. Sewage discharged from Baoding City and human activities around Baiyangdian Lake were the main sources of PPCPs in the lake. An environmental risk assessment for the upper quartile concentration was undertaken using calculated risk quotients and indicated a low or medium-high risk from 18 PPCPs in Baiyangdian Lake and its five upstream rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwei Zhang
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Huaidong Zhou
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Kun Li
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Qiaona Liu
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Dongjiao Li
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China.
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Liu C, Yu LQ, Zhao YT, Lv YK. Recent advances in metal-organic frameworks for adsorption of common aromatic pollutants. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:342. [PMID: 29951844 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2879-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review (with 85 refs.) summarizes the recent literature on the adsorption of common aromatic pollutants by using modified metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Four kinds of aromatic pollutants are discussed, namely benzene homologues, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic dyes and their intermediates, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). MOFs are shown to be excellent adsorbents that can be employed to both the elimination of pollutants and to their extraction and quantitation. Adsorption mechanisms and interactions between aromatic pollutants and MOFs are discussed. Finally, the actual challenges of existence and the perspective routes towards future improvements in the field are addressed. Graphical abstract Recent advance on adsorption of common aromatic pollutants including benzene series, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organic dyes and their intermediates, pharmaceuticals and personal care products by metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Sience, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Li-Qing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Sience, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ya-Ting Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Sience, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yun-Kai Lv
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Sience, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China.
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Chinnaiyan P, Thampi SG, Kumar M, Mini KM. Pharmaceutical products as emerging contaminant in water: relevance for developing nations and identification of critical compounds for Indian environment. Environ Monit Assess 2018; 190:288. [PMID: 29666946 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are contaminants of emerging concern and have been detected worldwide in water bodies in trace concentrations. Most of these emerging contaminants are not regulated in water quality standards except a few in the developed countries. In the case of developing countries, research in this direction is at a nascent stage. For the effective management of Pharmaceutical contaminants (PC) in developing countries, the relevance of PCs as an emerging contaminant has to be analyzed followed by regular monitoring of the environment. Considering the resource constraints, this could be accomplished by identifying the priority compounds which is again region specific and dependent on consumption behavior and pattern. In this work, relevance of pharmaceutical compound as emerging contaminant in water for a developing country like India is examined by considering the data pertaining to pharmaceutical consumption data. To identify the critical Pharmaceutical Contaminants to be monitored in the Indian environment, priority compounds from selected prioritization methods were screened with the compounds listed in National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM), India. Further, information on the number of publications on the compound as an emerging contaminant, data on monitoring studies in India and the number of brands marketing the compound in India were also analyzed. It is found that out of 195 compounds from different prioritization techniques, only 77 compounds were found relevant to India based on NLEM sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chinnaiyan
- Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India.
- Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India.
| | - Santosh G Thampi
- Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Calicut, Kozhikode, 673601, India
| | - Mathava Kumar
- Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | - K M Mini
- Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India
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Azhar MR, Vijay P, Tadé MO, Sun H, Wang S. Submicron sized water-stable metal organic framework (bio-MOF-11) for catalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Chemosphere 2018; 196:105-114. [PMID: 29294423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Water-stable and active metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are important materials for mitigation of water contaminants via adsorption and catalytic reactions. In this study, a highly water-stable Co-based MOF, namely bio-MOF-11-Co, was synthesized by a simplified benign method. Moreover, it was used as a catalyst in successful activation of peroxymonsulfate for catalytic degradation of sulfachloropyradazine (SCP) and para-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) as representatives of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, respectively. The bio-MOF-11-Co showed rapid degradation of both p-HBA and SCP and could be reused multiple times without losing the activity by simply water washing. The effects of catalyst and PMS loadings as well as temperature were further studied, showing that high catalyst and PMS loadings as well as temperature produced faster kinetic degradation of p-HBA and SCP. The generation of highly reactive and HO radicals during the degradation was investigated by quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance. A plausible degradation mechanism was proposed based on the functionalities in the bio-MOF-11-Co. The availability of electron rich nucleobase adenine reinforced the reaction kinetics by electron donation along with cobalt atoms in the bio-MOF-11-Co structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan Azhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Periasamy Vijay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Moses O Tadé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Hongqi Sun
- School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Shaobin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Yang YY, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Liu WR, Zhang QQ, Yao L, Hu LX, Zhang JN, Jiang YX, Ying GG. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and artificial sweeteners (ASs) in surface and ground waters and their application as indication of wastewater contamination. Sci Total Environ 2018; 616-617:816-823. [PMID: 29089128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigated the occurrence and distribution of 93 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and 5 artificial sweeteners (ASs) in surface water and groundwater of Dongjiang River basin in south China. In surface water, 52 compounds were detected with median concentrations ranging from 0.06ng/L to 504ng/L, while in groundwater, 33 compounds were detected with concentrations up to 4580ng/L for acesulfame. PPCPs and ASs were widely detected in the surface water and groundwater samples, which indicated contamination by domestic wastewater in the surface water and groundwater of Dongjiang River basin. Temporal and spatial variations of the detected chemicals were observed in surface water. Acesulfame, sucralose and cyclamate can be used as wastewater indicators to imply contamination in groundwater caused by domestic wastewater due to their hydrophilicity, anthropogenic sources and ubiquity in groundwater. Moreover, the detection of the readily degradable ASs, cyclamate, was a strong indication of untreated wastewater in groundwater. Sucralose was found to be a suitable wastewater indicator to reflect domestic wastewater contamination in surface water and groundwater qualitatively and quantitatively, and it can be used to evaluate wastewater burden in surface water and groundwater of Dongjiang River basin. The wastewater burden data from this survey implied serious contamination in surface water and groundwater by domestic wastewater at Shima River, a tributary of the Dongjiang River. The findings from this study suggest that the selected labile and conservative chemicals can be used as indication of wastewater contamination for aquatic environments qualitatively and quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Tran NH, Gin KYH. Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones, personal care products, and endocrine disrupters in a full-scale water reclamation plant. Sci Total Environ 2017; 599-600:1503-1516. [PMID: 28531959 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study provided the first comprehensive data on the occurrence and removal of twenty-five target emerging contaminants (ECs) in a full-scale water reclamation plant (WRP) in the Southeast Asian region. Nineteen out of the twenty-five ECs were ubiquitously detected in raw influent samples. Concentrations of the detected ECs in raw influent samples ranged substantially from 44.3 to 124,966ng/L, depending upon the compound and sampling date. The elimination of ECs in full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems at a local WRP was evaluated and compared. Several ECs, such as acetaminophen, atenolol, fenoprofen, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and oxybenzone, exhibited excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) in biological wastewater treatment processes, while some of the investigated compounds (carbamazepine, crotamiton, diclofenac, and iopamidol) appeared to be persistent in the both CAS and MBR systems. Field-based monitoring results showed that MBR outperformed CAS in the elimination of most target ECs. The relationship between molecular characteristics of ECs (i.e. physicochemical properties and structural features) and their removal efficiencies during biological wastewater treatment was also elucidated. Excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) were often noted for ECs with the sole presence of electron donating groups (i.e. phenolic [OH], amine [NH2], methoxy [OCH3], phenoxy [OC6H5], or alkyl groups). Conversely, ECs with the absence of electron donating groups or the predominance of strong electron withdrawing groups (e.g. halogenated, carbonyl, carboxyl, and sulfonamide) tended to show poor removal efficiencies (<30%) in biological wastewater treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building, #02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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Montenero MP, Dilbone EK, Waples JT. Using medically-derived iodine-131 to track sewage effluent in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Water Res 2017; 123:773-782. [PMID: 28734182 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracking sewage wastewater in a large lake is difficult. Concentrations of pharmaceuticals that can be used as indicator compounds are quickly diluted and not easy to measure. In this study, we examined the potential of using medically-derived iodine-131 (131I, t½ = 8.02 d) as a tracer for Milwaukee sewage effluent in Lake Michigan. 131I activities in sewage effluent from two Milwaukee wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were measured in conjunction with 131I activities in water, sediment and biota in the Milwaukee Outer Harbor and Lake Michigan. 131I discharge rates from both WWTPS ranged from 34 ± 15 to 1807 ± 24 MBq d-1, with average and median 131I discharges of 278 and 129 MBq d-1. A budget of 131I in the Milwaukee Outer Harbor - based on measured sediment and water column inventories - showed that ∼11% of the 131I discharged to the harbor was scavenged to bottom sediments, ∼19% decayed in the harbor water column, and ∼70% was flushed out of the harbor to Lake Michigan. From this budget, we derived a harbor flushing rate of 3.1 days. In Lake Michigan, 131I activity was found in Cladophora algae (undetected to 91 ± 2 Bq kg-1) along ∼40 km of shoreline. Benthic trawl samples showed 131I activity up to 8 km from shore. Calculated 131I length scales were 30 km alongshore and 3.4 km offshore and corresponded to sewage effluent dispersion rates of ∼2.6 km d-1 and ∼0.3 km d-1 in along- and offshore directions. Using 131I as a tracer of sewage effluent from other coastal municipalities to the Laurentian Great Lakes appears feasible, particularly for larger (>105) population centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Montenero
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Dilbone
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA
| | - James T Waples
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
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Yi X, Tran NH, Yin T, He Y, Gin KYH. Removal of selected PPCPs, EDCs, and antibiotic resistance genes in landfill leachate by a full-scale constructed wetlands system. Water Res 2017; 121:46-60. [PMID: 28511040 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate could be a significant source of emerging contaminants (ECs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) into the environment. This study provides the first information on the occurrence of selected ECs and ARGs in raw leachate from 16-year old closed landfill site in Singapore. Among the investigated ECs, acetaminophen (ACT), bisphenol A (BPA), clofibric acid (CA), caffeine (CF), crotamiton (CTMT), diclofenac (DCF), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), gemfibrozil (GFZ), lincomycin (LIN), salicylic acid (SA), and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were the most frequently detected compounds in raw landfill leachate. The concentrations of detected ECs in raw landfill leachate varied significantly, from below quantification limit to 473,977 ng/L, depending on the compound. In this study, Class I integron (intl1) gene and ten ARGs were detected in raw landfill leachate. Sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2, and dfrA), aminoglycoside resistance (aac6), tetracycline resistance (tetO), quinolone resistance (qnrA), and intl1 were ubiquitously present in raw landfill leachate. Other resistance genes, such as beta-lactam resistance (blaNMD1, blaKPC, and blaCTX) and macrolide-lincosamide resistance (ermB) were also detected, detection frequency of <50%. The removal of target ECs and ARGs by a full-scale hybrid constructed wetland (CW) was also evaluated. The vast majority of ECs exhibited excellent removal efficiencies (>90%) in the investigated hybrid CW system. This hybrid CW system was also found to be effective in the reduction of several ARGs (intl1, sul1, sul2, and qnrA). Aeration lagoons and reed beds appeared to be the most important treatment units of the hybrid CW for removing the majority of ECs from the leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Yi
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
| | - Tingru Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, T-Lab Building, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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Peng FJ, Pan CG, Zhang M, Zhang NS, Windfeld R, Salvito D, Selck H, Van den Brink PJ, Ying GG. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of emerging organic chemicals in urban rivers: Guangzhou as a case study in China. Sci Total Environ 2017; 589:46-55. [PMID: 28264771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Urban rivers may receive contamination from various sources including point sources like domestic sewage and nonpoint sources (e.g., runoff), resulting in contamination with various chemicals. This study investigated the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants (3 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), and 17 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)) in six urban rivers of a representative subtropical city, Guangzhou (southern China). Our results showed that EDCs and personal care products were frequently detected in the water phase and sediment phase. 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) was the most predominant compound with the highest concentration of 5050ng/L in the water phase and 14,400ng/g dry weight (dw) in the sediment. Generally, higher total concentrations of EDCs and PPCPs were detected in the four urban streams compared to the main stream Zhujiang River and the Liuxi River at the suburb area. A screening-level risk assessment showed that 4-nonylphenol and triclosan (TCS) pose potential risks to aquatic organisms in most sampling sites. For individual taxa, 4-NP may pose risks to various groups of aquatic organisms, while TCS only might pose high risks to algae. CAPSULE Higher contamination of EDCs and PPCPs was observed in rivers in urban area; 4-nonylphenol and triclosan showed RQs>1 in >70% of the reported area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jiao Peng
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Nai-Sheng Zhang
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ronja Windfeld
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Denmark
| | - Daniel Salvito
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, Denmark
| | - Paul J Van den Brink
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra), P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Yang L, He JT, Su SH, Cui YF, Huang DL, Wang GC. Occurrence, distribution, and attenuation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the riverside groundwater of the Beiyun River of Beijing, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:15838-15851. [PMID: 28534270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence, seasonal-spatial distribution characteristics, and attenuation process of 15 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in riverside sections of Beiyun River of Beijing. The overall PPCP levels both in surface water and riverside groundwater were moderate on the global scale, and showed higher concentrations in the dry season mainly caused by water temperature variation. Caffeine (CF), carbamazepine (CBZ), metoprolol (MTP), N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), diclofenac (DF), bezafibrate (BF), and gemfibrozil (GF) were seven representative PPCPs, because the rest eight studied compounds occurred in low concentrations and less than 15% of the total concentration of PPCPs. Caffeine and bezafibrate, respectively, was the most abundant compound in surface water and riverside groundwater, with median concentrations of 3020.0 and 125.0 ng L-1. Total concentrations of PPCPs in surface water were much higher than those in the riverside groundwater spatially. Attenuation of PPCPs during riverbank filtration was largely depending on the sources, site hydrogeological conditions, and physical-chemical properties of PPCPs, also was influenced by dissolved organic matter and environmental physicochemical parameters. CF, MTP, DEET, and CBZ were potential groundwater attenuation contaminants; DF, BF, and GF were groundwater-enriched contaminants based on their removal rates. Predominant removal mechanism of PPCPs like CF was biodegradation. Attenuation simulation showed that the one-way supply between Beiyun River and riverside groundwater, and further confirmed Beiyun River, was the main source of pharmaceutical compounds in the riverside groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engieering, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Tao He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engieering, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing, 100083, P.R. China.
| | - Si-Hui Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engieering, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Feng Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engieering, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - De-Liang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engieering, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Cai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Environmental Engieering, China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
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Archer E, Petrie B, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Wolfaardt GM. The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters. Chemosphere 2017; 174:437-446. [PMID: 28187390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A large number of emerging contaminants (ECs) are known to persist in surface waters, and create pressure on wastewater treatment works (WWTW) for their effective removal. Although a large database for the levels of these pollutants in water systems exist globally, there is still a lack in the correlation of the levels of these pollutants with possible long-term adverse health effects in wildlife and humans, such as endocrine disruption. The current study detected a total of 55 ECs in WWTW influent surface water, 41 ECs in effluent, and 40 ECs in environmental waters located upstream and downstream of the plant. A list of ECs persisted through the WWTW process, with 28% of all detected ECs removed by less than 50%, and 18% of all ECs were removed by less than 25%. Negative mass balances of some pharmaceuticals and metabolites were observed within the WWTW, suggesting possible back-transformation of ECs during wastewater treatment. Three parental illicit drug compounds were detected within the influent of the WWTW, with concentrations ranging between 27.6 and 147.0 ng L-1 for cocaine, 35.6-120.6 ng L-1 for mephedrone, and 270.9-450.2 ng L-1 for methamphetamine. The related environmental risks are also discussed for some ECs, with particular reference to their ability to disrupt endocrine systems. The current study propose the potential of the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen to be regarded as priority ECs for environmental monitoring due to their regular detection and persistence in environmental waters and their possible contribution towards adverse health effects in humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Gideon M Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Archer E, Petrie B, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Wolfaardt GM. The fate of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), endocrine disrupting contaminants (EDCs), metabolites and illicit drugs in a WWTW and environmental waters. Chemosphere 2017. [PMID: 28187390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.1010045-6535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A large number of emerging contaminants (ECs) are known to persist in surface waters, and create pressure on wastewater treatment works (WWTW) for their effective removal. Although a large database for the levels of these pollutants in water systems exist globally, there is still a lack in the correlation of the levels of these pollutants with possible long-term adverse health effects in wildlife and humans, such as endocrine disruption. The current study detected a total of 55 ECs in WWTW influent surface water, 41 ECs in effluent, and 40 ECs in environmental waters located upstream and downstream of the plant. A list of ECs persisted through the WWTW process, with 28% of all detected ECs removed by less than 50%, and 18% of all ECs were removed by less than 25%. Negative mass balances of some pharmaceuticals and metabolites were observed within the WWTW, suggesting possible back-transformation of ECs during wastewater treatment. Three parental illicit drug compounds were detected within the influent of the WWTW, with concentrations ranging between 27.6 and 147.0 ng L-1 for cocaine, 35.6-120.6 ng L-1 for mephedrone, and 270.9-450.2 ng L-1 for methamphetamine. The related environmental risks are also discussed for some ECs, with particular reference to their ability to disrupt endocrine systems. The current study propose the potential of the pharmaceuticals carbamazepine, naproxen, diclofenac and ibuprofen to be regarded as priority ECs for environmental monitoring due to their regular detection and persistence in environmental waters and their possible contribution towards adverse health effects in humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.
| | - Bruce Petrie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Gideon M Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Wu Z, Fang J, Xiang Y, Shang C, Li X, Meng F, Yang X. Roles of reactive chlorine species in trimethoprim degradation in the UV/chlorine process: Kinetics and transformation pathways. Water Res 2016; 104:272-282. [PMID: 27544349 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The UV/chlorine process, which forms several reactive species including hydroxyl radicals (HO) and reactive chlorine species (RCS) to degrade contaminants, is being considered to be an advanced oxidation process. This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the degradation of trimethoprim (TMP) by the UV/chlorine process. The degradation of TMP was much faster by UV/chlorine compared to UV/H2O2. The degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics, and the rate constant (k') increased linearly as the chlorine dosage increased from 20 μM to 200 μM and decreased as pH rose from 6.1 to 8.8. k' was not affected by chloride and bicarbonate but decreased by 50% in the presence of 1-mg/L NOM. The contribution of RCS, including Cl, Cl2- and ClO, to the degradation removal rate was much higher than that of HO and increased from 67% to 87% with increasing pH from 6.1 to 8.8 under the experimental condition. The increasing contribution of RCS to the degradation with increasing pH was attributable to the increase in the ClO concentration. Kinetic modeling and radical scavenging tests verified that ClO mainly attacked the trimethoxybenzyl moiety of TMP. RCS reacted with TMP much faster than HOCl/OCl- to form chlorinated products (i.e., m/z 325) and chlorinated disinfection byproducts such as chloroform, chloral hydrate, dichloroacetonitrile and trichloronitromethane. The hydroxylation and demethylation of m/z 325 driven by HO generated m/z 327 and m/z 341. Meanwhile, reactions of m/z 325 with HO and RCS/HOCl/OCl- generated dichlorinated and hydroxylated products (i.e., m/z 377). All the chlorinated products could be further depleted to produce products with less degree of halogenation in the UV/chlorine process, compared to dark chlorination. The acute toxicity to Vibrio fischeri by UV/chlorine was lower than chlorination at the same removal rate of TMP. This study demonstrated the importance of RCS, in particular, ClO, in the degradation of micropollutants in the UV/chlorine process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Xuchun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Dhodapkar R, Kumar A. Offline solid-phase extraction for preconcentration of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in environmental water and their simultaneous determination using the reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography method. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:512. [PMID: 27502523 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports a precise and simple offline solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of five representative and commonly present pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), a new class of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment. The target list of analytes including ciprofloxacin, acetaminophen, caffeine benzophenone and irgasan were separated by a simple HPLC method. The column used was a reversed-phase C18 column, and the mobile phase was 1 % acetic acid and methanol (20:80 v/v) under isocratic conditions, at a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1). The analytes were separated and detected within 15 min using the photodiode array detector (PDA). The linearity of the calibration curves were obtained with correlation coefficients 0.98-0.99.The limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy and ruggedness demonstrated the reproducibility, specificity and sensitivity of the developed method. Prior to the analysis, the SPE was performed using a C18 cartridge to preconcentrate the targeted analytes from the environmental water samples. The developed method was applied to evaluate and fingerprint PPCPs in sewage collected from a residential engineering college campus, polluted water bodies such as Nag river and Pili river and the influent and effluent samples from a sewage treatment plant (STP) situated at Nagpur city, in the peak summer season. This method is useful for estimation of pollutants present in microquantities in the surface water bodies and treated sewage as compared to nanolevel pollutants detected by mass spectrometry (MS) detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Dhodapkar
- Waste water Technology Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR), Nagpur, 440020, India.
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Chemistry Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India.
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Yang X, Sun J, Fu W, Shang C, Li Y, Chen Y, Gan W, Fang J. PPCP degradation by UV/chlorine treatment and its impact on DBP formation potential in real waters. Water Res 2016; 98:309-18. [PMID: 27110887 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ultraviolet/chlorine (UV/chlorine) water purification process was evaluated for its ability to degrade the residues of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) commonly found in drinking water sources. The disinfection byproducts (DBPs) formed after post-chlorination were documented. The performance of the UV/chlorine process was compared with that of the UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) process in treating three types of sand-filtered natural water. Except caffeine and carbamazepine residues, the UV/chlorine process was found to be 59-99% effective for feed water with a high level of dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity, and 27-92% effective for water with a high ammonia content. Both chlorine radicals and hydroxyl radicals were found to contribute to the observed PPCP degradation. The removal efficiencies of chlorine- and UV-resistant PPCPs such as carbamazepine and caffeine were 2-3 times greater than in the UV/H2O2 process in waters not enriched with ammonia. UV/chlorine treatment slightly enhanced the formation chloral hydrate (CH), haloketone (HK) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM). It reduced haloacetonitrile (HAN) formation during the post-chlorination in comparison with the UV/H2O2 process. In waters with high concentrations of ammonia, the UV/chlorine process was only 5-7% more effective than the UV/H2O2 process, and it formed slightly more THMs, HKs and TCNM along with reduced formation of CH and HAN. The UV/chlorine process is thus recommended as a good alternative to UV/H2O2 treatment for its superior PPCP removal without significantly enhancing DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenjie Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Hong Kong Branch of China National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Hong Kong.
| | - Yin Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Gan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Hao X, Cao Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Liu J. Fluoroquinolones in the Wenyu River catchment, China: Occurrence simulation and risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015; 34:2764-2770. [PMID: 26178666 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Concern is increasing regarding the environmental impact of the high usage rate and intensive release of antibiotics used for human and animal therapy in major urban areas of China. In the present study, regional environmental distribution simulations and risk assessments for 3 commonly used fluoroquinolones in the Wenyu River catchment were conducted using a typical catchment model widely used in Europe. The fluoroquinolone antibiotics investigated (ofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ciprofloxacin) are consumed at high levels for personal health care in China. These antibiotics were simulated in the aquatic environment of the Wenyu River catchment across the Beijing City area for annual average concentrations, with regional predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of approximately 711 ng/L, 55.3 ng/L, and 22.2 ng/L and local PECs up to 1.8 µg/L, 116 ng/L, and 43 ng/L, respectively. Apart from hydrological conditions, the concentrations of fluoroquinolones were associated closely with the sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their serving population, as well as hospital distributions. The presence of these fluoroquinolones in the catchment area of the present study showed significant characteristics of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment in an urban river, with typical "down-the-drain" chemicals. Significantly high concentrations of specific antibiotics indicated non-negligible risks caused by the intensive use in the local aquatic environment in a metropolitan area, particularly ofloxacin in upstream Shahe Reservoir, middle stream and downstream Qing River, and Liangma River to the Ba River segment. Specific treatment measures for these pharmaceuticals and personal care products in STPs are required for such metropolitan areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Bianco A, Fabbri D, Minella M, Brigante M, Mailhot G, Maurino V, Minero C, Vione D. New insights into the environmental photochemistry of 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan): reconsidering the importance of indirect photoreactions. Water Res 2015; 72:271-280. [PMID: 25179274 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) is a widely used antimicrobial agent that undergoes fairly slow biodegradation. It is often found in surface waters in both the acidic (HTric) and basic (Tric(-)) forms (pKa ∼8), and it can undergo direct photodegradation to produce several intermediates including a dioxin congener (2,8-dichlorodibenzodioxin, hereafter 28DCDD). The latter is formed from Tric(-) and causes non-negligible environmental concern. Differently from current literature reports, in this paper we show that the direct photolysis would not be the only important transformation pathway of triclosan in surface waters. This is particularly true for HTric, which could undergo very significant reactions with (•)OH and, if the laser-derived quenching rate constants of this work are comparable to the actual reaction rate constants, with the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter ((3)CDOM*). Model calculations suggest that reaction with (3)CDOM* could be the main HTric phototransformation pathway in deep waters with high dissolved organic carbon (DOC), while reaction with (•)OH could prevail in low-DOC waters. In the case of Tric(-) the direct photolysis is much more important than for HTric, but triplet-sensitised transformation could produce 28DCDD + 27DCDD with higher yield compared to the direct photolysis, and it could play some role as dioxin source in deep waters with elevated DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Debora Fabbri
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Minella
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marcello Brigante
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Gilles Mailhot
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, BP 80026, F-63177 Aubière, France
| | - Valter Maurino
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy; Università degli Studi di Torino, Centro Interdipartimentale NatRisk, Via L. Da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Zhao X, Chen Z, Wang X, Li J, Shen J, Xu H. Remediation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products using an aerobic granular sludge sequencing bioreactor and microbial community profiling using Solexa sequencing technology analysis. Bioresour Technol 2015; 179:104-112. [PMID: 25531682 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a new type of organic pollution derived from pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) is gradually on the rise. Wastewater treatment to remove PPCPs was investigated using an aerobic granular sludge sequencing bioreactor (GSBR). After optimization of influent organic load, hydraulic shear stress, sludge settling time, etc., aerobic granular sludge was analyzed for its physiological and biochemical characteristics and tested for its efficacy to remove PPCPs wastewater. The granular sludge effectively removed some but not all of the PPCPs tested; removal correlated with the microbial profiles in the granules, as assessed using Solexa sequencing technology. Sequencing revealed the presence of five phylogenetic groups: Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Betaproteobacteria, an unclassified genus, and Zoogloea. The results demonstrated changes in the microbial profiles with time in response to the presence of PPCPs. The effects of PPCPs on microbial communities in granular sludge process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jinchunzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- College of Petrochemical Technology, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Lv M, Sun Q, Hu A, Hou L, Li J, Cai X, Yu CP. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a mesoscale subtropical watershed and their application as sewage markers. J Hazard Mater 2014; 280:696-705. [PMID: 25232652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study comprehensively analyzed 23 classes of 51 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the two major prongs of Jiulong River and its estuary in southeast China, where the levels of the targeted PPCPs were mostly unknown. For both Jiulong River and its estuary, nine PPCPs were detected with 100% detection frequencies including two anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs (ketoprofen and diclofenac acid), a stimulant (caffeine), a plasticizer (bisphenol A), two preservatives (methyl paraben and propyl paraben), two antimicrobials (triclosan and triclocarban) and a β-blocks (metoprolol), among which bisphenol A and caffeine accounted for more than 60% in concentrations. PPCPs generally had higher concentrations in dry season than normal season and wet season, while certain PPCPs, such as UV filters, showed higher concentrations in wet season, which were presumed to be related to their usage patterns. The concentrations of PPCPs were significantly correlated to several quality parameters of the surface water. The selected sewage markers were also used to track sewage in the studied river and the ratios of easily removed markers and conservative markers were used to identify the contribution of raw or treated sewage input. From our result, Jiulong River and its estuary were likely polluted by potential discharge of raw sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lv
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China.
| | - Anyi Hu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China
| | - Liyuan Hou
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Jiangwei Li
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China
| | - Xiang Cai
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 351800, China.
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Kuroda K, Murakami M, Oguma K, Takada H, Takizawa S. Investigating sources and pathways of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in aquifers in Tokyo using multiple tracers. Sci Total Environ 2014; 488-489:51-60. [PMID: 24814036 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We employed a multi-tracer approach to investigate sources and pathways of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in urban groundwater, based on 53 groundwater samples taken from confined aquifers and unconfined aquifers in Tokyo. While the median concentrations of groundwater PFAAs were several ng/L, the maximum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 990 ng/L), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 1800 ng/L) and perfluorononanoate (PFNA, 620 ng/L) in groundwater were several times higher than those of wastewater and street runoff reported in the literature. PFAAs were more frequently detected than sewage tracers (carbamazepine and crotamiton), presumably owing to the higher persistence of PFAAs, the multiple sources of PFAAs beyond sewage (e.g., surface runoff, point sources) and the formation of PFAAs from their precursors. Use of multiple methods of source apportionment including principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid ratio analysis highlighted sewage and point sources as the primary sources of PFAAs in the most severely polluted groundwater samples, with street runoff being a minor source (44.6% sewage, 45.7% point sources and 9.7% street runoff, by PCA-MLR). Tritium analysis indicated that, while young groundwater (recharged during or after the 1970s, when PFAAs were already in commercial use) in shallow aquifers (<50 m depth) was naturally highly vulnerable to PFAA pollution, PFAAs were also found in old groundwater (recharged before the 1950s, when PFAAs were not in use) in deep aquifers (50-500 m depth). This study demonstrated the utility of multiple uses of tracers (pharmaceuticals and personal care products; PPCPs, tritium) and source apportionment methods in investigating sources and pathways of PFAAs in multiple aquifer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Michio Murakami
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kumiko Oguma
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hideshige Takada
- Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry (LOG), Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takizawa
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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47
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Sun Q, Lv M, Hu A, Yang X, Yu CP. Seasonal variation in the occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a wastewater treatment plant in Xiamen, China. J Hazard Mater 2014; 277:69-75. [PMID: 24342016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and seasonal variation of 50 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Xiamen, China was investigated over a period of one year. Among the targets, 39 PPCPs were detected in the influent. The highest concentration was observed for acetaminophen, with the average concentration in the influent of 2963.5ng/L. The seasonal variation of PPCPs in the influent was observed. For most pharmaceuticals, highest concentrations were in March 2013, followed by December 2012, while the concentrations were lower in August 2012 and May 2013. Among the detected PPCPs, 14 targets could be removed more than 50% in the WWTP. The activated sludge treatment process contributed to most of PPCP removal, while the adsorption to the particles in the primary treatment and the transformation under UV radiation in the disinfection treatment also contributed to the PPCP removal. Among the detected PPCPs in the influent, 36 PPCPs could be detected in the final effluent of the WWTP. Significantly higher concentrations of PPCPs were observed in effluent samples collected in March 2013 compared to other seasons, suggesting higher concentrations of PPCPs could be discharged into the surrounding seawater during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Min Lv
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Anyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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48
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Lin YL, Chiou JH, Lee CH. Effect of silica fouling on the removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. J Hazard Mater 2014; 277:102-109. [PMID: 24560524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, one reverse osmosis (XLE) and two nanofiltration (NF90 and NF270) membranes were fouled by silica to evaluate its effect on the flux decline as well as the removal of six pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) including carbamazapine (CBZ), triclosan (TRI), ibuprofen (IBU), sulfadiazine (DIA), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) from pH 3 to 10. The membranes were characterized by physicochemical properties including hydrophobicity, surface morphology and PPCPs adsorption with or without the presence of silica fouling to validate the rejection mechanisms of PPCPs. The fouling mechanisms were investigated using the modified Hermia model. It was found that all membranes with silica fouling showed more severe permeate flux decline at low pHs (3 and 5) than at high pHs (8 and 10) by the decomposition of nonionized silica particles to form a dense gel layer on membrane surfaces, which was hard to be removed by backwash. Silica fouling rendered the membrane surface considerably more hydrophilic, and only IBU, TRI and SMZ were adsorbed on membranes. Silica fouling on tight membranes (NF90 and XLE) can promote rejection of most PPCPs because the dense fouling layer could supply membrane with synergistic steric hindrance to reduce the transportation of PPCPs across membrane surface, implying that size exclusion is the dominating mechanism. While for loose NF270, electrostatic repulsion dominates by enhanced rejection of PPCPs as pH increased. Although fouling layer could provide extra steric hindrance for NF270, its effect was overwhelmed by the accompanied cake-enhanced concentration polarization phenomenon (CEOP). CEOP impeded back diffusion of PPCPs into the feed solution, trapped and accumulated PPCPs on membrane surface so as to increase their diffusion across membrane. At all pH levels, intermediate blocking and gel layer formation was the major fouling mechanism for tight and loose membrane, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Lin
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jheng-Hong Chiou
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan, ROC
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49
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Zhang A, Li Y, Song Y, Lv J, Yang J. Characterization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products as N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors during disinfection processes using free chlorine and chlorine dioxide. J Hazard Mater 2014; 276:499-509. [PMID: 24929789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide detection of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environment and drinking water has caused wide concern in recent years. The possibility for concurrent formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during disinfection has become another significant concern for water quality. This study demonstrates that a group of PPCPs containing amine groups can serve as NDMA precursors during free chlorine or chlorine dioxide (ClO2) chlorination processes. Selected PPCPs after screening by NDMA yield were further investigated for NDMA formation conditions. High disinfectant dose and initial PPCP concentration resulted in relatively high NDMA formation potential. Linear kinetic models were developed for NDMA formation during chlorination of selected PPCPs. Although the PPCP precursors were removed significantly during chlorination, they were not completely mineralized based on the total organic carbon (TOC) loss. The existence of another possible pathway for direct formation of NDMA from tertiary amine during chlorination was indicated, in which dimethylamine (DMA) was not involved. It is recommended to control the initial PPCP concentrations prior to disinfection and to shorten the contact time to reduce the NDMA formation. ClO2 is suggested to be a proper disinfectant in order to reduce the NDMA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China; UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
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50
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Carmona E, Andreu V, Picó Y. Occurrence of acidic pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Turia River Basin: from waste to drinking water. Sci Total Environ 2014; 484:53-63. [PMID: 24686145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 21 acidic pharmaceuticals, including illicit drugs, and personal care products (PPCPs) in waste, surface and drinking water and in sediments of the Turia River Basin (Valencia, Spain) was studied. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of these PPCPs with electrospray (ESI) in negative ionization (NI) mode. Ammonium fluoride in the mobile phase improved ionization efficiency by an average increase in peak area of 5 compared to ammonium formate or formic acid. All studied compounds were detected and their concentration was waste water>surface water>drinking water. PPCPs were in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) influents up to 7.26μgL(-1), dominated by ibuprofen, naproxen and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCOOH). WWTPs were highly effective in removing most of them, with an average removal rate of >90%. PPCPs were still detected in effluents in the 6.72-940ngL(-1) range, with the THCOOH, triclocarban, gemfibrozil and diclofenac as most prevalent. Similarly, diclofenac, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, naproxen and propylparaben were detected quite frequently from the low ngL(-1) range to 7μgL(-1) in the surface waters of Turia River. Ibuprofen, methylparaben, salicylic acid and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were at concentrations up to 0.85ngg(-1) d.w. in sediments. The discharge of WWTP as well as of non-treated waters to this river is a likely explanation for the significant amount of PPCPs detected in surface waters and sediments. Mineral and tap waters also presented significant amounts (approx. 100ngL(-1)) of ibuprofen, naproxen, propylparaben and butylparaben. The occurrence at trace levels of several PPCPs in drinking water raises concerns about possible implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Carmona
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group, Department of Medicine Preventive, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada - Náquera, Km. 4.5, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group, Department of Medicine Preventive, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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