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Yousefi Z, Babanezhad E, Hashempour Y, Mohammadpour RA, Mortezazadeh F. Performance evaluation of Anaerobic-Aerobic Hybrid Baffled Reactor Coupled with an Anaerobic Filter treating Landfill Leachate. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2024; 31:28062-28076. [PMID: 38530522 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR) is an effective solution for landfill leachate treatment using an anaerobic fermentation process, which helps to reduce operating costs and sludge volume. To better understand the biological, chemical, and physical processes involved, especially when combining the ABR with an aerobic component, the study aimed to investigate the performance of an Anaerobic-Aerobic Hybrid Baffled Reactor (AABR) that includes an Anaerobic Filter (AF) for treating landfill leachate. This research utilized two glass reactors. The first reactor, designated as AABR-AF, consisted of six independent rectangular glass chambers arranged side by side. The third and sixth chamber designed for aerobic treatment and AF, respectively. The second reactor was used as a control reactor and did not include any aerobic chamber. The highest Removal Efficiencies (REs) for turbidity, COD, BOD, TP, TKN, nitrate, TOC, and TSS in the AABR-AF and ABR-AF were found to be (65.4% and 56.3%), (98.3% and 94.1%), (98.1% and 93.2%), (86.4% and 65%), (89.2% and 76.7%), (81.2% and 64.4%), (88.2% and 79.4%), and (72.4% and 68.5%), respectively. These optimal REs were achieved at an HRT of 48 h and an OLR of 10 kg/m3.d. Also, the highest and the lowest REs in Heavy Metals (HMs) were 89.57% for manganese in AABR-AF and 6.59% for nickel in ABR-AF, in an OLR of 10 kg/m3.d, respectively. The effective removal of Organic Matters (OMs) from landfill leachate using the AABR-AF and ABR-AF was found to be strongly influenced by HRT and OLR. The AABR-AF configuration, featuring a single aerobic chamber in the reactor, exhibited a higher efficiency in removing OMs compared to the ABR-AF configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabihollah Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Babanezhad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Yalda Hashempour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Reza Ali Mohammadpour
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mortezazadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Hu L, Liu N, Li C, Mao J, Li M, Yun Y, Liu W. Performance and response of coupled microbial fuel cells for enhanced anaerobic treatment of azo dye wastewater with simultaneous recovery of electrical energy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:89495-89509. [PMID: 37452255 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is an anaerobic bioreactor that uses baffles to separate the working area into multiple reaction zones. The ABR-microbial fuel cell (MFC) reactor was constructed by embedding MFC in each reaction zone of the ABR. Its degradation of azo dye type (acid mordant red) wastewater and microbial power generation performance were investigated. For different electrode area ratios, the best enhanced treatment and electrical energy output of the coupled system was achieved with an anode/cathode area ratio of 1:1. Compared with the electrode area ratio of 2:1 and 1:2, the power density increased by 82.5% and 80.6%, and the Coulomb efficiency increased by 133.3% and 64.7%. In addition, the best enhanced treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater was achieved by ABR-MFC at 1:1. At a dye concentration of 200 mg/L and a sucrose concentration of 1000 mg/L, the coupled system obtained a COD removal of 92.85% and a chromaticity removal of 96.2%, which achieved a relative COD and chromaticity removal improvement of 1.82% and 2.64%, respectively, relative to the ABR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of the electrodes at 1:1 revealed that more microorganisms were attached to the anode surface of the coupled system, the particle size of the granular sludge within the system was larger, and the UV scanning pattern showed lower dye concentration in the water. In conclusion, the microbial fuel cell enhanced anaerobic treatment of dyeing wastewater was the most effective when the electrode area ratio was 1:1, and the best electrical energy output was obtained at the same time. ABR-MFC provides a new idea for the enhanced treatment of dyeing wastewater and electrical energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Beijing Synling Environmental Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Yun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenli Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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Liu D, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Li Y, Li J, Liao X. Fate of ofloxacin in rural wastewater treatment facility: Removal performance, pathways and microbial characteristics. Bioresour Technol 2023; 371:128611. [PMID: 36640816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ofloxacin (OFL) with high biological activity and antimicrobial degradation is a kind of the typical high concentration and environmental risk antibiotics in rural sewage. In this paper, a combined rural sewage treatment facility based on anaerobic baffled reactor and integrated constructed wetlands was built and the removal performance, pathway and mechanism for OFL and conventional pollutants were evaluated. Results showed that the OFL and TN removal efficiency achieved 91.78 ± 3.93 % and 91.44 ± 4.15 %, respectively. Sludge adsorption was the primary removal pathway of OFL. Metagenomics analysis revealed that Proteobacteria was crucial in OFL removal. baca was the dominated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Moreover, carbon metabolism with a high abundance was conductive to detoxify OFL to enhance system stability and performance. Co-occurrence network analysis further elucidated that mutualism was the main survival mode of microorganisms. Denitrifers Microbacterium, Geobacter and Ignavibacterium, were the host of ARGs and participated in OFL biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengping Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China
| | - Yuduo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China
| | - Qilin Yang
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China
| | - Yancheng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China
| | - Xun Liao
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 500025, China
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Rivera E, Mladenov N, Vasquez LA, McKenzie G, Gonzalez V. Low maintenance anammox enrichment and nitrogen removal with an anaerobic baffled reactor. Bioresour Technol 2022; 364:128047. [PMID: 36182018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The stringent growth requirements of anammox bacteria may be a challenge for employing the anammox process for nutrient removal at household or decentralized scales, where low maintenance systems are more successful. Enrichment of anammox bacteria was achieved by 100 d using a lab-scale (32 L) anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Even though strict anaerobic conditions were not imposed, NH4-N and NO2-N removals of >90% were maintained after ∼100 d, with greatest removals observed in the first two chambers of the four-chamber ABR. Batch anammox activity tests and results of qPCR analyses confirmed the presence of anammox bacteria in all four ABR chambers. Changes in fluorescent peaks and indices supported that intracellular compounds from reactor biomass evolved along the ABR. The presence of denitrifiers, confirmed by qPCR, and lower NO2/NH4 ratios than predicted by stoichiometry indicated that nitrification-denitrification processes also may have contributed to the high N removal in the anammox ABR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rivera
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, USA
| | - Natalie Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, USA.
| | - Lilith Astete Vasquez
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Grace McKenzie
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, USA
| | - Vanessa Gonzalez
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, USA
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Amouamouha M, Gholikandi GB, Walker TW. Experimental investigation of the performance of anaerobic membrane bioreactor with electrolytic regeneration (AMBER) for challenges and options in wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:157080. [PMID: 35810911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significant changes in wastewater services are necessary for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs), by utilizing resource recovery, recycle, and reuse in urban wastewater-treatment plants. Based on recent experiences, to improve the filtration behavior of a membrane bioreactor, a hybrid system including an upgraded anaerobic baffled reactor coupled with an electrolysis process and a nanocomposite-membrane was developed. The system, called an anaerobic membrane bioreactor with electrolytic regeneration (AMBER), is a bio-electrochemical process that is expected to be simultaneously efficient in both biogas augmentation and fouling mitigation. The goals were to enhance the stability and efficiency of the anaerobic membrane bioreactor. The integration of the electrolytic process with the ABR (EABR) using a pair of iron electrodes enhanced the removal of contaminants in the ABR while successfully maintained pH in the optimum range for anaerobic digestion (6.8 to 7.2). Then, the performance of AMBER in pollutant removal, including organic load, suspended solids, and microbial load, were investigated over 240 days. The results showed that configuration considerably enhanced permeate flux, as it reduced the deposition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the surface of the nanocomposite membrane, leading to a reduction in membrane fouling. EPS was extracted and quantified to compare the effect of biogas backwash on the function of the membrane reactor. After 7 d of operation with a daily biogas backwash, the flux reduction was approximately 13 % for the conventional combination of the anaerobic baffled reactor and the membrane bioreactor (AMBR), while it was limited to 4 % in AMBER. After cleaning by the biogas, EPS formation decreased 63 % in AMBER when compared to the AMBR. The results revealed that AMBER can be considered an environmentally competitive bioenergy technology for wastewater treatment with the purpose of water recovery and reuse, employing optimized operational conditions, application of antifouling membranes, and electrically-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amouamouha
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA
| | | | - Travis W Walker
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, Rapid City, SD, USA.
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6
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Zhang L, Ban Q, Li J, Wang T. Simultaneous production of hydrogen-methane and spatial community succession in an anaerobic baffled reactor treating corn starch processing wastewater. Chemosphere 2022; 300:134503. [PMID: 35395259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Corn starch processing wastewater (CSPW) is a high-strength organic wastewater and biological treatment is considered as the dominant process. The present work investigated the effects of pH on the bioenergy production and spatial succession of microbial community in an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) treating CSPW. The results showed that above 90.5% of COD removal and above 16.6 L d-1 of methane were achieved at the influent pHs of 8.0 and 7.0 under organic loading rate of 4.0 kg COD·m-3·L-1 condition. Further decreasing the influent pH to 6.0 resulted in the COD removal decreased to 89.7%. Besides, 9.2 L d-1 of hydrogen and 13.0 L d-1 of methane were obtained. There was significant difference in the volatile fatty acids profiles during the variation of pH. Illumina Miseq sequencing showed that Clostridium, Ethanoligenens, Megasphaera, Prevotella and Trichococcus with relative abundance of 2.1%∼28.1% were the dominant hydrogen-producing bacteria in C1. Methanogens (Methanothrix and Methanobacterium) dominated in the last three compartments. Function predicted analysis revealed that the abundance of metabolic-related gene families containing carbohydrate, amino acids and energy in the last three compartments were higher than that in C1. A deduced biodegradation model of CSPW in ABR revealed that the anaerobic sludge in C1 mainly produced hydrogen. Microbial population in C3 was responsible for COD removal and methane production. The redundancy analysis revealed that hydrogen production was highly correlated with some hydrogen-producing bacteria in C1, whereas methane production was positively correlated with microbial group in C2∼ C4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qiaoying Ban
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China; Shanxi Laboratory for Yellow River, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Jianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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7
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Munavalli GR, Sonavane PG, Koli MM, Dhamangaokar BS. Field-scale decentralized domestic wastewater treatment system: Effect of dynamic loading conditions on the removal of organic carbon and nitrogen. J Environ Manage 2022; 302:114014. [PMID: 34731709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The field-scale decentralized wastewater treatment system (DWTS) was developed with an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and a newly configured hybrid constructed wetland (HCW) vegetated with Typha angustifolia and Canna indica to treat 42 kLd of domestic wastewater. Biorack baffled constructed wetland (BBCW) and baffled vertical flow constructed wetland (BVFCW) were used in the first and second stage of HCW respectively. DWTS was assessed for its efficiency to remove COD, BOD and TKN under high (varying flow and varying COD) and moderate (constant flow and varying COD) dynamic loading conditions. The tracer study and pertinent computation showed the good performance of DWTS in its hydraulic efficiency. COD of raw wastewater was the treatment-limiting step in ABR. BBCW sustained larger fluctuations in loading rates [hydraulic (0.43-10.29 m3/m2.d) and organic (0.08-2.30 kgCOD/m2.d)]. The draining (unsaturated) conditions enhanced COD and BOD removal in BVFCW. DWTS was found to be efficient for the average removal of COD (70-90%) and TKN (40-65%). HCW contributed 50-60% and 70-80% to COD and TKN removal respectively. The quantification of impacts on treatment efficiency and sustainability of DWTS was demonstrated at field-scale under high and moderate dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru R Munavalli
- Department of Civil Engg., Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Pratap G Sonavane
- Department of Civil Engg., Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Mitil M Koli
- Department of Civil Engg., Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli, Maharashtra, India.
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Mladenov N, Dodder NG, Steinberg L, Richardot W, Johnson J, Martincigh BS, Buckley C, Lawrence T, Hoh E. Persistence and removal of trace organic compounds in centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Chemosphere 2022; 286:131621. [PMID: 34325254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of trace organic chemicals in treated effluent derived from both centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) is of concern due to their potential impacts on human and ecosystem health. Here, we utilize non-targeted analysis (NTA) with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) to conduct an evaluation of the common persistent and removed compounds found in two centralized WWTPs in the USA and South Africa and one DEWATS in South Africa. Overall, removal efficiencies of chemicals were similar between the treatment plants when they were compared according to the number of chemical features detected in the influents and effluents of each treatment plant. However, the DEWATS treatment train, which has longer solids retention and hydraulic residence times than both of the centralized WWTPs and utilizes primarily anaerobic treatment processes, was able to remove 13 additional compounds and showed a greater decrease in normalized peak areas compared to the centralized WWTPs. Of the 111 common compounds tentatively identified in all three influents, 11 compounds were persistent in all replicates, including 5 compounds not previously reported in effluents of WWTPs or water reuse systems. There were no significant differences among the physico-chemical properties of persistent and removed compounds, but significant differences were observed among some of the molecular descriptors. These results have important implications for the treatment of trace organic chemicals in centralized and decentralized WWTPs and the monitoring of new compounds in WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Lauren Steinberg
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - William Richardot
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Jade Johnson
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Chris Buckley
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Research & Development Centre, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Tolulope Lawrence
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
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Santiago-Díaz ÁL, Mugica-Álvarez V, de Los Cobos-Vasconcelos D, Vaca-Mier M, Salazar-Peláez ML. Performance evaluation and kinetic modeling of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket septic tank for domestic wastewater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:67414-67428. [PMID: 34254243 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the UASB-septic tank performance using different kinetic models that correlated process efficiency and methane production with hydraulic and organic loading rates through experiments with five different HRT (48 h, 36 h, 24 h, 18 h, and 12 h) using synthetic domestic wastewater. The modified Stover-Kincannon model provided the best fitting to calculate kinetics constants, with an R2 above 98% for linear regression, and predicted the effluent COD more accurately than the other models. Methane yield was 0.3294 L CH4/g COD removed, being closer to the theoretical value, and the Van der Meer and Heertjes model had the highest R2 for methane production. Organic matter and solids removal were 45% for TS, 70% and 68% for total and soluble COD, and 85% for TSS. Pollutant removal markedly decreased when the reactor operated HRT below 24 h; thus, it is recommended to operate the UASB-septic tank at this HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Luis Santiago-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo Xalpa # 180. Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, 02200, CDMX, México
| | - Violeta Mugica-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo Xalpa # 180. Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, 02200, CDMX, México
| | - Daniel de Los Cobos-Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Escolar s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Mabel Vaca-Mier
- Departamento de Energía, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo Xalpa # 180. Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, 02200, CDMX, México
| | - Mónica Liliana Salazar-Peláez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo Xalpa # 180. Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, Azcapotzalco, 02200, CDMX, México.
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10
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Li C, Wang R, Yang X, Zhou M, Pan X, Cai G, Zhang Y, Zhu G. Deeper investigation on methane generation from synthetic wastewater containing oxytetracycline in a scale up acidic anaerobic baffled reactor. Bioresour Technol 2021; 333:125156. [PMID: 33906019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acidic anaerobic digestion attracted much attention and interest due to its significant advantage in wastewater treatment. In the present study, methanogenic fermentation was successfully operated under acidic condition during treating wastewater containing oxytetracycline (OTC) in a scale up anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). After start-up process, the pH value in the first compartment was 4.60 with high activity of methanogenesis. After stabilization, different OTC loading of 1.0, 3.3 and 5.0 g/m3/d was added in the influent for OTC removal. The resulted showed that OTC addition had little impact on the methane generation with whole COD and OTC removal rate of 95% and 60%, respectively. The microbial analysis, OTC addition could significantly influence the bacteria and archaea communities. To be more specific, Methanosaeta showed the highest relative abundance and tolerance to OTC under acidic condition. The present work supplied deeper insights into methane generation from acidic condition during wastewater containing OTC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxing Li
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, PR China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ruming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Mingdian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Guanjing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Gefu Zhu
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, PR China.
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Yuan L, Wang T, Xing F, Wang X, Yun H. Enhancement of Anammox performances in an ABR at normal temperature by the low-intensity ultrasonic irradiation. Ultrason Sonochem 2021; 73:105468. [PMID: 33517095 PMCID: PMC7848630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A lab-scale ultrasound enhancing Anammox reactor (ABRU) was established and irradiated once a week by ultrasound with the optimal parameter (frequency of 25.0 kHz, intensity of 1.00 W cm-2 and exposure time of 36.0 s) obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). ABRU and the controlled Anammox reactor (ABRC) without ultrasonic treatment were operated in parallel. The start-up time of Anammox process in ABRU (59 d) was shorter than that in ABRC (69 d). At the end of the nitrogen load-enhancing period, NLR (0.500 kg N m-3 d-1) and NRR (0.430 kg N m-3 d-1) in ABRU were both higher than NLR (0.400 kg N m-3 d-1) and NRR (0.333 kg N m-3 d-1) in ABRC. The results of RTQ-PCR demonstrated that the specific low-intensity ultrasound irradiation improved the enrichment levels of AnAOB in mature sludge. SEM images and the observation of the macroscopic morphology of mature sludge showed that the ultrasound irradiation strengthened the formation of Anammox granular sludge, thereby improved the interception capacity and impact load resistance of the reactor, and enhanced the nitrogen removal performance in ABRU. The ultrasonic enhanced Anammox reactor based on an ABR with the optimal parameters can promote the rapid start-up and efficient and stable operation of the Anammox process at normal temperature (around 25.0 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzi Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollutant Control, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollutant Control, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China.
| | - Fanghua Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollutant Control, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Xian Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollutant Control, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Hongying Yun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollutant Control, Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
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12
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Soh YNA, Kunacheva C, Webster RD, Stuckey DC. Composition and biotransformational changes in soluble microbial products (SMPs) along an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Chemosphere 2020; 254:126775. [PMID: 32320833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work examined the production and catabolism/biotransformation dynamics of SMPs down the length of an eight-compartment-anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) which physically separates the biological processes, in contrast to completely mixed reactors which do not enable these dynamics to measured, and this is totally novel. SMPs were extracted and characterised by gas and liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry to determine their composition and production/catabolism. 60%-70% of the feed compounds decreased from the first to fourth compartment; the increase in SMPs after the fourth compartment suggested a mixture of degraded and biotransformed compounds, and microbial products. High concentrations of low MW alkanes and alkenes, and higher MW (up to 2000 Da) lipids and amino acid derivatives accumulate in the last compartment at pseudo-steady state, and past work identifying polysaccharides/peptides as major membrane biofoulants have excluded these lipids. In addition, lipids and changes detected during feed transients have not been noted before in previous work. Finally, feed step-increases also increased some amino acid derivatives used in cell-signalling. Interestingly, some natural products from plant and fungal extracts were also found in the fourth compartment, where methanogenesis was the dominant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, 61 Nanyang Drive, Academic Block North, ABN-01b-11, Singapore, 637335, Singapore
| | - Chinagarn Kunacheva
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - David C Stuckey
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Clean Tech One, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Tanikawa D, Seo S, Motokawa D. Development of a molasses wastewater treatment system equipped with a biological desulfurization process. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:24738-24748. [PMID: 31820243 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a laboratory scale experiment for the treatment of synthetic molasses wastewater using a combination of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and a two-stage down-flow hanging sponge (TSDHS) reactor (ABR-TSDHS system) was conducted. The TSDHS comprised a closed-type first-stage down-flow hanging sponge (first DHS) for desulfurization and an open-type second-stage DHS (second DHS) for post-treatment of effluent from the ABR and first DHS. Effluent from the second DHS was sprinkled on top of the first DHS, whereas biogas produced from the ABR was supplied to its bottom. A chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 88.3% was found for the ABR-TSDHS system during the final treatment phase. The ABR achieved a maximum organic loading rate (OLR) of 3.70 kg COD/(m3 day). Most of the organic matter was degraded in the first compartment of the ABR, with methane-producing archaea as its main consumer. The biogas generated by the ABR contained high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (up to 4,500 ppm). In the TSDHS, the first DHS achieved 87.3% hydrogen sulfide removal via dissolution into sprinkled effluent water. Dissolved sulfide in the first DHS effluent was oxidized to sulfate in the second DHS in the absence of aeration. In addition, 85.0% of the ammonia and 57.7% of the total nitrogen were removed in the second DHS via biological reactions, including sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification. Therefore, the ABR-TSDHS system can be applied to not only molasses wastewater treatment but also the desulfurization of the produced biogas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tanikawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Kure College, 2-2-11, Aga-minami, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-8506, Japan.
| | - Shogo Seo
- Advanced Course, Project Design Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Kure College, 2-2-11, Aga-minami, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-8506, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motokawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Kure College, 2-2-11, Aga-minami, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-8506, Japan
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Zha X, Ma J, Tsapekos P, Lu X. Evaluation of an anaerobic baffled reactor for pretreating black water: Potential application in rural China. J Environ Manage 2019; 251:109599. [PMID: 31561140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black water is highly concentrated human waste water but represents only a minor portion of domestic sewage. A modified type of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was studied to assess its potential for pretreating black water in rural China. The classification of microbial structure was also investigated to confirm its potential in application. The structure of the ABR was modified according to demand for application in practice. A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48 h was chosen as the optimal HRT after comparison among 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, and 72 h. Under the 48 h HRT, the ABR achieved average removal efficiencies of 94.05% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 28.78% of total nitrogen (TN), 14.21% of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-), and 32.54% of total phosphorus (TP) during 112 days of continuous operation. Samples from three different compartments were collected after 60-day continuous operation for bacterial and archaeal community investigation by 16S rRNA. Abundant degradation-related bacteria and methanogenic archaea were found in the ABR. The three samples had similar bacterial compositions at phylum, class, and genus levels, but the percentages of bacteria differed among the compartments. The distribution of archaea showed succession with the flow direction. In general, the ABR shows good performance under an HRT of 48 h and shows good potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zha
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, China; ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), No. 99 Linghu Road, Wuxi, 214135, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, China; ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), No. 99 Linghu Road, Wuxi, 214135, China.
| | - Panagiotis Tsapekos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Xiwu Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing, 210096, China; ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Wuxi), No. 99 Linghu Road, Wuxi, 214135, China.
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15
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Suaisom P, Pholchan P, Aggarangsi P. Holistic determination of suitable conditions for biogas production from Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum liquor in anaerobic baffled reactor. J Environ Manage 2019; 247:730-737. [PMID: 31279804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Holistic approach had been undertaken to determine the suitable conditions for biogas production from Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum americanum (Napier Pak Chong1) liquor using the anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Effects of factors, i.e. organic loading rates (OLRs), feeding schemes, trace element additions and effluent recirculation rates, on ABR performance were systematically investigated. Increase of OLRs and effluent recirculation rates adversely affected methane yields when capability of ABR in containing microorganisms was deteriorated. High stability of ABR performance was detected under the semi-continuous feeding scheme with trace element additions. The suitable condition for ABR was found at the OLR of 4.0 kg COD/m3.d under the semi-continuous feeding scheme with trace element additions at the effluent recirculation rate of 0.5 (QR/Q). At this condition, high methane yield (0.49 ± 0.05 Nm3/kg VSadded) could be achieved using the economical ABR at relatively high OLR of 4.0 kg COD/m3.d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchaya Suaisom
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Energy Research and Development Institute-Nakornping, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Patiroop Pholchan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Pruk Aggarangsi
- Energy Research and Development Institute-Nakornping, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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16
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Pirsaheb M, Hossaini H, Amini J. Evaluation of a zeolite/anaerobic buffled reactor hybrid system for treatment of low bio-degradable effluents. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 104:109943. [PMID: 31500025 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this work was to reduce the inhibitory effects of high contents of organics, ammonia, and heavy metals in an anaerobic buffled reactor (ABR), and to prevent the sludge wash-out using zeolites as media. In this work, a pilot scale of ABR with 8 compartments and a working volume of 14.4 L was used, and the last four ABR compartments were filled with a zeolite. The bioreactor was operated at HRTs of 3, 4, and 5 days, zeolite filling ratios of 10, 20, and 30%, and influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 mg/L. The results obtained showed that the maximum removal efficiencies of COD and BOD5 reached 78 and 68%, respectively. The maximum removal was observed at a HRT of 5 days, a 30% medium filling ratio, and a COD of 10,000 mg/L. Increasing the filling ratio in the reactor increased the removal efficiencies of COD and BOD5 but increasing the concentration of the influent COD and decreasing HRT reduced the removal efficiency of the reactor. The initial BOD5/COD ratio was equal to 0.36, which increased by 46% when the medium filling ratio was elevated to 30%. The maximum biogas yield was 0.23 L/g of CODRemoved, and the specific methanogenic activity test verified the toxicity effect of the leachate on the gas-producer organisms. The results of scanning electronic microscopy and EDS showed that the zeolite medium immobilized the microorganisms and a biofilm was formed. Also the zeolite, as a well-known ion exchanger, decreased the concentrations of the major inhibitors (ammonia and heavy metals) and improved the reactor efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghdad Pirsaheb
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hiwa Hossaini
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jila Amini
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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17
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Sung HN, Katsou E, Statiris E, Anguilano L, Malamis S. Operation of a modified anaerobic baffled reactor coupled with a membrane bioreactor for the treatment of municipal wastewater in Taiwan. Environ Technol 2019; 40:1233-1238. [PMID: 29307278 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1420102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A modified anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) combined with a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) was applied to treat municipal wastewater. The performance of this process was examined in terms of the removal of organic matter, suspended solids, turbidity and nitrogen. The raw wastewater was fed to the 105 L ABR and then the treated effluent was driven to a 58 L MBR equipped with a submerged hollow fibre ultrafiltration membrane module. The integrated modified ABR-MBR process resulted in the complete removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and in very high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (93.3 ± 3.8%). Furthermore, the recycling of mixed liquor from the MBR to the modified ABR resulted in some denitrification occurring in the first compartment of the ABR, resulting in 53 ± 6% removal of nitrogen by the integrated process. The membrane flux was stable and above 20 L/m2h. Membrane examination at the nanoscale indicated the deposition of small particles on the surface of the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Nien Sung
- a Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering , Brunel University , Uxbridge , Middlesex , UK
| | - Evina Katsou
- a Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering , Brunel University , Uxbridge , Middlesex , UK
| | - Evangelos Statiris
- b Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering , National Technical University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Lorna Anguilano
- c Institute of Materials and Manufacturing, Experimental Techniques Centre , Brunel University , London , UK
| | - Simos Malamis
- b Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering , National Technical University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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18
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Pirsaheb M, Mohamadi S, Rahmatabadi S, Hossini H, Motteran F. Simultaneous wastewater treatment and biogas production using integrated anaerobic baffled reactor granular activated carbon from baker's yeast wastewater. Environ Technol 2018; 39:2724-2735. [PMID: 28793836 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1365939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, simultaneous degradation of organic matter and color removal from food processing industries wastewater using an integrated anaerobic baffled reactor granular activated carbon (IABRGAC) was investigated. Theretofore, effective parameters such as hydraulic retention time (HRT) and granular activated carbon (GAC) filling ratio were studied. The bioreactor was operated at 3, 4 and 5 d of HRT and GAC filling ratio of 20%, 35% and 50%. To analyze and optimize the independent operating variables, response surface methodology was applied. Operating condition was optimized for HRT (4 d) and GAC filling ratio (50%). Better COD (94.6%) and BOD (93.7%) removal efficiency occurred with loading COD of 15,000 mg/L, with diminished wastewater color around 54% and turbidity to 54 NTU. In addition, methane production, methane yielding rate (Ym) and specific methanogenic activity (SMA) test in an integrated system were investigated. The system IABRGAC was able to generate a volumetric rate about 0.31 and 0.44 L/g CODremoved d at the experimental condition. The Ym was between 0.31 and 0.44 L/g CODremoved.d and SMA was between 0.13 and 0.38 g COD/g volatile suspended solid. Based on results it can be concluded that the IABRGAC to be a successful pretreatment for highstrength wastewater before discharging the final effluent to sewerage and aerobic treating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghdad Pirsaheb
- a Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Samira Mohamadi
- b Students Research Committee , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Sama Rahmatabadi
- b Students Research Committee , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Hooshyar Hossini
- a Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Fabrício Motteran
- c Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, Engineering School of São Carlos , University of São Paulo (USP) , São Paulo , Brazil
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Fujihira T, Seo S, Yamaguchi T, Hatamoto M, Tanikawa D. High-rate anaerobic treatment system for solid/lipid-rich wastewater using anaerobic baffled reactor with scum recovery. Bioresour Technol 2018; 263:145-152. [PMID: 29738977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory scale experiment was conducted to investigate the treatment of solid/lipid-rich wastewater with an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) and a down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor. In this study, experimental periods were divided into three phases to explore efficient treatment of solids and lipids in wastewater. In ABR, >90% of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was removed and >70% of the removed COD was converted to methane under steady-state conditions during each phase. During this period, >4.5 kg COD m-3 d-1 was achieved on an average in Phases 1 and 3. Biogas contributed to scum formation, and the scum was categorized into lipid-rich and sludge-containing types, which have energy potentials of 53.4 and 212 kcal/kg-wet weight, respectively. Therefore, by recovering solids and lipids, which formed persistent scum, ABR can be applied as a high-rate treatment for solid/lipid-rich wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujihira
- Advanced Course, Project Design Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kure College, 2-2-11, Agaminami, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Shogo Seo
- Advanced Course, Project Design Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kure College, 2-2-11, Agaminami, Kure, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamaguchi
- Department of Science of Technology, Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masashi Hatamoto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tanikawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kure College, 2-2-11, Agaminami, Hiroshima, Japan
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20
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Ali M, Rousseau DPL, Ahmed S. A full-scale comparison of two hybrid constructed wetlands treating domestic wastewater in Pakistan. J Environ Manage 2018; 210:349-358. [PMID: 29367143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective of the current work was to monitor the year-round response of full-scale hybrid constructed-wetlands (CWs) treating domestic wastewater under variable continuous flow. Two systems were evaluated: system-I consisted of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) followed by a saturated vertical subsurface-flow (VSSF) CW and a free-water-surface (FWS) CW as a tertiary treatment; system-II consisted of an ABR followed by a horizontal subsurface-flow (HSSF) CW and FWS. Maximum reduction of 80 and 78%, 81 and 82%, 63 and 69%, 79 and 89% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total suspended solids (TSS) was achieved in Systems I and II respectively. There was also effective removal (94% and 93%) of the bacterial population in both systems while more than 94% of pathogenic microorganisms were removed. Data from both systems were further used to compute the first-order rate constants for the k-C* model commonly used in CW design. The treatment performance was confirmed to follow a first-order reaction rate, in which the k20 values of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP) and total suspended solids were calculated as 165, 117, 133, 7.5 and 78 m yr-1 respectively for VSSF and 226, 134, 199, 22 and 73 m yr-1 respectively for HSSF. A positive correlation with temperature was discovered for all parameters in both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Diederik P L Rousseau
- Department of Industrial Biological Sciences, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Safia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Jiang H, Nie H, Ding J, Stinner W, Sun K, Zhou H. The startup performance and microbial distribution of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) treating medium-strength synthetic industrial wastewater. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2018; 53:46-54. [PMID: 29035674 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1368297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) with seven chambers was applied to treat medium-strength synthetic industrial wastewater (MSIW). The performance of startup and shock test on treating MSIW was investigated. During the acclimation process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of MSIW gradually increased from 0 to 2,000 mg L-1, and the COD removal finally reached 90%. At shock test, the feeding COD concentration increased by one-fifth and the reactor adapted very well with a COD removal of 82%. In a stable state, Comamonas, Smithella, Syntrophomonas and Pseudomonas were the main populations of bacteria, while the predominant methanogen was Methanobacterium. The results of chemical and microbiological analysis indicated the significant advantages of ABR, including buffering shocks, separating stages with matching microorganisms and promoting syntrophism. Meanwhile, the strategies for acclimation and operation were of great importance. Further work can test reactor performance in the treatment of actual industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- a Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading , China University of Petroleum , Beijing , China
| | - Hong Nie
- a Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading , China University of Petroleum , Beijing , China
| | - Jiangtao Ding
- a Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading , China University of Petroleum , Beijing , China
| | - Walter Stinner
- b Biochemical Conversion Department , Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gGmbH (DBFZ) , Leipzig , Germany
| | - Kaixuan Sun
- a Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading , China University of Petroleum , Beijing , China
| | - Hongjun Zhou
- a Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Biogas Upgrading , China University of Petroleum , Beijing , China
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Zhao J, Fang D, Zhang P, Zhou L. Long-term effects of increasing acidity on low-pH sulfate-reducing bioprocess and bacterial community. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:4067-4076. [PMID: 27933494 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An ethanol-fed, sulfate-reducing anaerobic baffled reactor was operated over a period of 260 days to assess the effects of sequentially more acidic conditions (pH 4.5-2.5) on sulfate reduction and bacterial community. Results showed that the reactor could reduce sulfate and generate alkalinity at progressively lower pH values of 4.5, 3.5, and 2.5 in a synthetic wastewater containing 2500 mg/L sulfate. About 93.9% of the influent sulfate was removed at a rate of 4691 mg/L/day, and the effluent pH was increased to 6.8 even when challenged with influent pH as low as 2.5. Illumina MiSeq sequencing revealed that a step decrease in influent pH from 4.5 to 2.5 resulted in noticeable decrease in the biodiversity inside the sulfidogenic reactor. Additionally, complete and incomplete organic oxidizers Desulfobacter and Desulfovibrio were observed to be the most dominant sulfate reducers at pH 2.5, sustaining the low-pH, high-rate sulfate removal and alkalinity generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Di Fang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Gulhane M, Khardenavis AA, Karia S, Pandit P, Kanade GS, Lokhande S, Vaidya AN, Purohit HJ. Biomethanation of vegetable market waste in an anaerobic baffled reactor: Effect of effluent recirculation and carbon mass balance analysis. Bioresour Technol 2016; 215:100-109. [PMID: 27133362 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, feasibility of biomethanation of vegetable market waste in a 4-chambered anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was investigated at 30d hydraulic retention time and organic loading rate of 0.5gVS/L/d for one year. Indicators of process stability viz., butyrate/acetate and propionate/acetate ratios were consistent with phase separation in the different chambers, which remained unaltered even during recirculation of effluent. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies were observed to be consistently high (above 90%). Corresponding biogas and methane yields of 0.7-0.8L/g VS added/d and 0.42-52L/g VS added/d respectively were among the highest reported in case of AD of vegetable waste in an ABR. Process efficiency of the ABR for vegetable waste methanation, which is indicated by carbon recovery factor showed that, nearly 96.7% of the input carbon considered for mass balance was accounted for in the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Gulhane
- Environmental Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Anshuman A Khardenavis
- Environmental Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India.
| | - Sneha Karia
- Environmental Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Prabhakar Pandit
- Environmental Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Gajanan S Kanade
- Analytical Instrumentation Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Satish Lokhande
- Analytical Instrumentation Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Atul N Vaidya
- Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- Environmental Genomics Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur 440 020, India
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24
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Liu J, Jia X, Gao B, Bo L, Wang L. Membrane fouling behavior in anaerobic baffled membrane bioreactor under static operating condition. Bioresour Technol 2016; 214:582-588. [PMID: 27179954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel AnMBR combined with ABR as the anaerobic baffled membrane bioreactor (ABMBR) was developed for membrane fouling mitigation without any turbulence intensifying strategy to reduce the energy consumption further. The filtration time of this system lasted 14-25days under stable condition only with back-flushing every 48h. The polysaccharide accounted for 6.85±3.1% amount of total filter cake and the protein accounted for 4.12±2.1%, which took 79.12% and 11.12% of total area in laser scanning confocal microscope (CLSM) image. After filtration, 83.72±10.97% of turbidity, 59.28±16.46% of polysaccharide, 16.51% of tryptophan and 37.61% of humic-like substrates were rejected, respectively. The total membrane resistance at the end of each cycle was (4.47±0.99)×10(13)m(-1). And the resistance from filter cake was (4.15±1.00)×10(13)m(-1), which accounted for of 92.6±3.4% of total membrane resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road, No. 13, Xi'an 710055, China.
| | - Xiaolan Jia
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road, No. 13, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road, No. 13, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Longli Bo
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road, No. 13, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Yan Ta Road, No. 13, Xi'an 710055, China
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25
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Hahn MJ, Figueroa LA. Pilot scale application of anaerobic baffled reactor for biologically enhanced primary treatment of raw municipal wastewater. Water Res 2015; 87:494-502. [PMID: 26414605 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A four-cell anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was operated for two years treating raw municipal wastewater at ambient water and air temperatures of 12-23 °C and -10 to 35 °C, respectively. The 1000-L pilot reactor operated at a 12-h hydraulic residence time and was located in the Headworks building of the Plum Creek Water Reclamation Authority. The average influent was TSS = 510 ± 400 mg/L, BOD5 = 320 ± 80 mg/L and the average removal of TSS and BOD5 was 83 ± 10% and 47 ± 15%, respectively. The TSS and BOD removal exceeded that of conventional primary clarification, with no wasting of the settled solids over the two-years and stoichiometric production of methane. The estimated energy content of the biogas produced per unit volume of wastewater treated averaged 0.45 kWh/m(3). The TSS and total COD removal in the first cell averaged 75 ± 15% and 43 ± 14%, respectively, but methane production was only 20% of the total observed for the full ABR. The performance of the ABR relative to the extent of solids hydrolysis and methane production can be varied by the number of cells and hydraulic residence time. The anaerobic baffled reactor is an energy-positive technology that can be used for biologically enhanced primary treatment of raw municipal wastewater in cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha J Hahn
- Plum Creek Water Reclamation Authority, 4255 U.S. 85, Castle Rock, CO 80108, USA
| | - Linda A Figueroa
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Dept., Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden CO 80401, USA.
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26
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Ahamed A, Chen CL, Rajagopal R, Wu D, Mao Y, Ho IJR, Lim JW, Wang JY. Multi-phased anaerobic baffled reactor treating food waste. Bioresour Technol 2015; 182:239-244. [PMID: 25704096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify the performance of a multi-phased anaerobic baffled reactor (MP-ABR) with food waste (FW) as the substrate for biogas production and thereby to promote an efficient energy recovery and treatment method for the wastes with high organic solid content through phase separation. A four-chambered ABR was operated at an HRT of 30 days with an OLR of 0.5-1.0 g-VS/Ld for a period of 175 days at 35 ± 1°C. Consistent overall removal efficiencies of 85.3% (CODt), 94.5% (CODs), 89.6% (VFA) and 86.4% (VS) were observed throughout the experiment displaying a great potential to treat FW. Biogas generated was 215.57 mL/g-VS removed d. Phase separation was observed and supported by the COD and VFA trends, and an efficient recovery of bioenergy from FW was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahamed
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore.
| | - C-L Chen
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - R Rajagopal
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - D Wu
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Y Mao
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - I J R Ho
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - J W Lim
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - J-Y Wang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, #06-08 CleanTech One, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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27
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Tawfik A, El-Qelish M. Key factors affecting on bio-hydrogen production from co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste and kitchen wastewater. Bioresour Technol 2014; 168:106-111. [PMID: 24656489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sludge residence time (SRT) and dilution ratio (DR) on the continuous H2 production (HP) from co-digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and kitchen wastewater (KWW) via mesophilic anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was investigated. Increasing DR from 1:2 to 1:3 significantly (P<0.1) increased the H2 yield (HY) from 116.5±76 to 142.5±54 ml H2/g CODremoved d, respectively. However, at a DR of 1:4, the HY was dropped to 114.5±65 ml H2/g CODremoved d. Likewise, HY increased from 83±37 to 95±24 ml H2/g CODremoved d, when SRT increased from 3.6 to 4.0 d. Further increase in HY of 148±42 ml H2/g CODremoved d, was occurred at a SRT of 5.6d. Moreover, hydrogen fermentation facilitated carbohydrate, lipids, protein and volatile solids removal efficiencies of 87±5.8%, 74.3±9.12%, 76.4±11.3% and 84.8±4.1%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Tawfik
- Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-Just), Environmental Engineering Department, P.O. Box 179, New Borg El Arab City, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed El-Qelish
- National Research Center, Water Pollution Research Department, El-Tahrir St., P.O. Box 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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28
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Jamshidi S, Akbarzadeh A, Woo KS, Valipour A. Wastewater treatment using integrated anaerobic baffled reactor and Bio-rack wetland planted with Phragmites sp. and Typha sp. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2014; 12:131. [PMID: 25379186 PMCID: PMC4212116 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-014-0131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the potential use of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) followed by Bio-rack wetland planted with Phragmites sp. and Typha sp. for treating domestic wastewater generated by small communities (751 mg COD/L, 500 SCOD mg/L, 348 mg BOD5/L). Two parallel laboratory-scale models showed that the process planted with Phragmites sp. and Typha sp. are capable of removing COD by 87% & 86%, SCOD by 90% & 88%, BOD5 by 93% & 92%, TSS by 88% & 86%, TN by 79% & 77%, PO4-P by 21% & 14% at an overall HRT of 21 (843 g COD/m(3)/day & 392 g BOD5/m(3)/day) and 27 (622 g COD/m(3)/day & 302 g BOD5/m(3)/day) hours, respectively. Microbial analysis indicated a high reduction in the MPN of total coliform and TVC as high as 99% at the outlet end of the processes. The vegetated system using Phragmites sp. showed significantly greater (p <0.05) pollutant removal efficiencies due to its extensive root and mass growth rate (p <0.05) of the plant compared to Typha sp. The Phragmites sp. indicated a higher relative growth rate (3.92%) than Typha sp. (0.90%). Microorganisms immobilized on the surface of the Bio-rack media (mean TVC: 2.33 × 10(7) cfu/cm(2)) were isolated, identified and observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study illustrated that the present integrated processes could be an ideal approach for promoting a sustainable decentralization, however, Phragmites sp. would be more efficient rather than Typha sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Jamshidi
- />Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kwang-Sung Woo
- />Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan, South Korea
| | - Alireza Valipour
- />Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan, South Korea
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