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Duttagupta S, Nynas K, Richardot W, Salam SB, Pennington M, Wong J, Van De Werfhorst LC, Dodder NG, Novotny T, Sant K, Holden PA, Hoh E. Influence of tobacco product wastes in a protected coastal reserve adjacent to urbanization. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 199:115929. [PMID: 38141586 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study, conducted at the Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Reserve in San Diego, California, aimed to assess tobacco-related pollutants in urban waters, a topic with limited prior research. Across 26 events occurring between November 2019 and February 2022, encompassing both wet and dry seasons at two outfall sites (Noyes St. and Olney St.), water and sediment samples were subjected to analysis for nicotine and cotinine levels, with Noyes St. displaying wide variation in nicotine concentrations, reaching a peak of 50.75 ng/L in water samples, whereas Olney St. recorded a peak of 1.46 ng/L. Wet seasons consistently had higher nicotine levels in water, suggesting the possibility of tobacco litter entering the reserve through stormwater runoff. Cotinine was detected in both sites in both water and sediment samples; however, these levels were considerably lower in comparison to nicotine concentrations. Limited research assesses aquatic environmental pollution from tobacco use and disposal, especially in protected areas like urban natural reserves. This study was conducted at the Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Reserve in San Diego, California, to evaluate tobacco-related pollutants in San Diego's urban waters. Twenty-six sampling events between November 2019 and February 2022, spanning wet and dry seasons at two outfall sites, were conducted. Nicotine and cotinine, a major ingredient of tobacco and its metabolite, were analyzed in the collected water and sediment samples. Nicotine concentrations differed substantially between the outfall locations (Noyes St. and Olney St.), with Noyes St. displaying wide variations, averaging at 9.31 (±13.24) ng/L with a maximum concentration of 50.75 ng/L, and Olney St. at 0.53 (±0.41) ng/L with a maximum concentration of 1.46 ng/L in water samples. In both locations, the nicotine concentrations in water samples were higher during wet seasons than dry seasons, and this pattern was more significant at Noyes St. outfall than at Olney St. outfall, which received not only stormwater runoff but also was connected to Mission Bay. Although this pattern did not directly align with sediment nicotine levels at both sites, maximum nicotine concentration in Noyes St. sediments during wet seasons was approximately 120 times higher than in Olney St. sediments. Regarding cotinine, Noyes St. outfall water averaged 3.17 ng/L (±1.88), and Olney St. water averaged 1.09 ng/L (±1.06). Similar to nicotine, the cotinine concentrations were higher in Noyes St. water and sediment compared to Olney St., but overall, the cotinine concentrations in both water and sediment were much lower than the corresponding nicotine concentrations. The study identifies urban stormwater runoff as a potential source of nicotine and cotinine pollution in a protected reserve, implicating tobacco product litter and human tobacco use as contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanti Duttagupta
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Katelyn Nynas
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - William Richardot
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Shahrin Binte Salam
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Melissa Pennington
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jade Wong
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Thomas Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Karilyn Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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Stack ME, Hollman K, Mladenov N, Harper B, Pinongcos F, Sant KE, Rochman CM, Richardot W, Dodder NG, Hoh E. Micron-size tire tread particles leach organic compounds at higher rates than centimeter-size particles: Compound identification and profile comparison. Environ Pollut 2023; 334:122116. [PMID: 37394053 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Tire tread particles (TTP) are environmentally prevalent microplastics and generate toxic aqueous leachate. We determined the total carbon and nitrogen leachate concentrations and chemical profiles from micron (∼32 μm) and centimeter (∼1 cm) TTP leachate over 12 days. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) were used to measure the concentration of leached compounds. Nontargeted chemical analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS) was used to compare the chemical profiles of leachates. After leaching for 12 days, DOC was 4.0 times higher in the micron TTP leachate than in the centimeter TTP leachate, and TDN was 2.6 times higher. The total GC×GC/TOF-MS chromatographic feature peak area was 2.9 times greater in the micron TTP leachate than the centimeter TTP leachate, and similarly, the total relative abundance of 54 tentatively identified compounds was 3.3 times greater. We identified frequently measured tire-related chemicals, such as 6PPD, N-cyclohexyl-N'-phenylurea (CPU), and hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM), but nearly 50% of detected chemicals were not previously reported in tire literature or lacked toxicity information. Overall, the results demonstrate that smaller TTP have a greater potential to leach chemicals into aquatic systems, but a significant portion of these chemicals are not well-studied and require further risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Stack
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - K Hollman
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - N Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - B Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - F Pinongcos
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - K E Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - C M Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - W Richardot
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - N G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - E Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
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Mladenov N, Dodder NG, Steinberg L, Richardot W, Johnson J, Martincigh BS, Buckley C, Lawrence T, Hoh E. Persistence and removal of trace organic compounds in centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Chemosphere 2022; 286:131621. [PMID: 34325254 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of trace organic chemicals in treated effluent derived from both centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) is of concern due to their potential impacts on human and ecosystem health. Here, we utilize non-targeted analysis (NTA) with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC/TOF-MS) to conduct an evaluation of the common persistent and removed compounds found in two centralized WWTPs in the USA and South Africa and one DEWATS in South Africa. Overall, removal efficiencies of chemicals were similar between the treatment plants when they were compared according to the number of chemical features detected in the influents and effluents of each treatment plant. However, the DEWATS treatment train, which has longer solids retention and hydraulic residence times than both of the centralized WWTPs and utilizes primarily anaerobic treatment processes, was able to remove 13 additional compounds and showed a greater decrease in normalized peak areas compared to the centralized WWTPs. Of the 111 common compounds tentatively identified in all three influents, 11 compounds were persistent in all replicates, including 5 compounds not previously reported in effluents of WWTPs or water reuse systems. There were no significant differences among the physico-chemical properties of persistent and removed compounds, but significant differences were observed among some of the molecular descriptors. These results have important implications for the treatment of trace organic chemicals in centralized and decentralized WWTPs and the monitoring of new compounds in WWTP effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Lauren Steinberg
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - William Richardot
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Jade Johnson
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Chris Buckley
- Water, Sanitation & Hygiene Research & Development Centre, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Tolulope Lawrence
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
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Snyder K, Mladenov N, Richardot W, Dodder N, Nour A, Campbell C, Hoh E. Persistence and photochemical transformation of water soluble constituents from industrial crude oil and natural seep oil in seawater. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 165:112049. [PMID: 33581568 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The persistence and transformation of water soluble chemical constituents derived from surface oil from the 2015 Refugio Oil Spill and from a nearby natural seep were evaluated under simulated sunlight conditions. Photoirradiation resulted in enhanced oil slick dissolution, which was more pronounced in spill oil compared to seep oil. Nontargeted analysis based on GC × GC/TOF-MS revealed that photoirradiation promoted oil slick dissolution, and more water soluble compounds were released from spill oil (500 compounds) than from seep oil (180 compounds), most of them (488 in spill oil and 150 in seep oil) still persisting in solution after 67 days of photoirradiation. First-order degradation rate coefficients of humic-like water soluble constituents were found to be 0.26 day-1 and 0.29 day-1 for irradiated spill and seep samples, respectively. The decreases in humic-like fluorescence, specific UV absorbance, and aromatic compounds without corresponding decreases in DOC concentration support indirect photochemical transformation in addition to complete photomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Snyder
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Natalie Mladenov
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
| | - William Richardot
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Nathan Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Azin Nour
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Cari Campbell
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
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