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Duttagupta S, Nynas K, Richardot W, Salam SB, Pennington M, Wong J, Van De Werfhorst LC, Dodder NG, Novotny T, Sant K, Holden PA, Hoh E. Influence of tobacco product wastes in a protected coastal reserve adjacent to urbanization. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 199:115929. [PMID: 38141586 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study, conducted at the Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Reserve in San Diego, California, aimed to assess tobacco-related pollutants in urban waters, a topic with limited prior research. Across 26 events occurring between November 2019 and February 2022, encompassing both wet and dry seasons at two outfall sites (Noyes St. and Olney St.), water and sediment samples were subjected to analysis for nicotine and cotinine levels, with Noyes St. displaying wide variation in nicotine concentrations, reaching a peak of 50.75 ng/L in water samples, whereas Olney St. recorded a peak of 1.46 ng/L. Wet seasons consistently had higher nicotine levels in water, suggesting the possibility of tobacco litter entering the reserve through stormwater runoff. Cotinine was detected in both sites in both water and sediment samples; however, these levels were considerably lower in comparison to nicotine concentrations. Limited research assesses aquatic environmental pollution from tobacco use and disposal, especially in protected areas like urban natural reserves. This study was conducted at the Kendall-Frost Mission Bay Marsh Reserve in San Diego, California, to evaluate tobacco-related pollutants in San Diego's urban waters. Twenty-six sampling events between November 2019 and February 2022, spanning wet and dry seasons at two outfall sites, were conducted. Nicotine and cotinine, a major ingredient of tobacco and its metabolite, were analyzed in the collected water and sediment samples. Nicotine concentrations differed substantially between the outfall locations (Noyes St. and Olney St.), with Noyes St. displaying wide variations, averaging at 9.31 (±13.24) ng/L with a maximum concentration of 50.75 ng/L, and Olney St. at 0.53 (±0.41) ng/L with a maximum concentration of 1.46 ng/L in water samples. In both locations, the nicotine concentrations in water samples were higher during wet seasons than dry seasons, and this pattern was more significant at Noyes St. outfall than at Olney St. outfall, which received not only stormwater runoff but also was connected to Mission Bay. Although this pattern did not directly align with sediment nicotine levels at both sites, maximum nicotine concentration in Noyes St. sediments during wet seasons was approximately 120 times higher than in Olney St. sediments. Regarding cotinine, Noyes St. outfall water averaged 3.17 ng/L (±1.88), and Olney St. water averaged 1.09 ng/L (±1.06). Similar to nicotine, the cotinine concentrations were higher in Noyes St. water and sediment compared to Olney St., but overall, the cotinine concentrations in both water and sediment were much lower than the corresponding nicotine concentrations. The study identifies urban stormwater runoff as a potential source of nicotine and cotinine pollution in a protected reserve, implicating tobacco product litter and human tobacco use as contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimanti Duttagupta
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Katelyn Nynas
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - William Richardot
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Shahrin Binte Salam
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Melissa Pennington
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Jade Wong
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Laurie C Van De Werfhorst
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Thomas Novotny
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Karilyn Sant
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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