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dos Santos AJ, Shen H, Lanza MR, Li Q, Garcia-Segura S. Electrochemical oxidation of surfactants as an essential step to enable greywater reuse. Environ Technol Innov 2024; 34:103563. [PMID: 38706941 PMCID: PMC11066849 DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2024.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The practical application of electrochemical oxidation technology for the removal of surfactants from greywater was evaluated using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a model surfactant. Careful selection of electrocatalysts and optimization of operational parameters demonstrated effective SDS removal in treating a complex greywater matrix with energy consumption below 1 kWh g-1 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), paving the way for a more sustainable approach to achieving surfactant removal in greywater treatment when aiming for decentralized water reuse. Chromatographic techniques identified carboxylic acids as key byproducts prior to complete mineralization. These innovative approaches represent a novel pathway for harnessing electrochemical technologies within decentralized compact devices, offering a promising avenue for further advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsandro J. dos Santos
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–3005, United States
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566–590, Brazil
| | - Hongchen Shen
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston 77005, USA
| | - Marcos R.V. Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566–590, Brazil
| | - Qilin Li
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, MS 319, 6100 Main Street, Houston 77005, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Segura
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287–3005, United States
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2
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Stefanatou A, Markoulatou E, Koukmenidis I, Vouzi L, Petousi I, Stasinakis AS, Rizzo A, Masi F, Akriotis T, Fountoulakis MS. Use of ornamental plants in floating treatment wetlands for greywater treatment in urban areas. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169448. [PMID: 38135068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Floating treatment wetlands are considered a promising and low-cost technology for the treatment of polluted water and wastewater. However, their functionality and efficiency in different types of wastewater are not fully understood. In this study, several ornamental plant species (monocultures: Canna sp., Iris sp., polyculture: Iris orientalis, Cyperus sp., Acorus gramineus) were tested in two different types of floating mats, including a media supported floating mat (MSFM) or a simple plastic grid, and evaluated for optimal removal of the studied pollutants. The results regarding pollutant removal revealed that planted systems grown in MSFM achieved significantly higher removal rates (up to 90 %) compared to the plastic grid (up to 80 %). Statistically significant higher removal rates were obtained for the planted systems compared to the unplanted systems either grown in MSFM (for turbidity (planted: 82-90 %; unplanted: 44 %), COD (planted: 74-84 %; unplanted: 32 %) and BOD5 (planted: 76-85 %; unplanted: 51 %), respectively) or grown in the plastic grid (for turbidity (planted: 64-78 %; unplanted: 44 %) and COD (planted: 43-75 %; unplanted: 32 %), respectively). During the experimental period (7 months), all plants managed to survive and withstand the weather variations. The plants in polyculture followed by Iris sp. plants in plastic grid floating mats were better adapted, as indicated by maximum quantum efficiency of PSII values and chlorophyll content index, while all the plants were considered well adapted in the MSFM. Overall, the implementation of floating treatment wetlands with ornamental vegetation for greywater treatment in urban areas seems to be a sustainable and efficient approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Stefanatou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece.
| | | | - Ilias Koukmenidis
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Lydia Vouzi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Ioanna Petousi
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | | | | | - Fabio Masi
- IRIDRA Srl, via La Marmora 51, 50121 Florence, Italy
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Sochacki A, Lebrun M, Minofar B, Pohořelý M, Vithanage M, Sarmah AK, Böserle Hudcová B, Buchtelík S, Trakal L. Adsorption of common greywater pollutants and nutrients by various biochars as potential amendments for nature-based systems: Laboratory tests and molecular dynamics. Environ Pollut 2024; 343:123203. [PMID: 38135139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Spruce wood and Typha (wetland plant) derived biochars pyrolyzed at 350 °C and 600 °C were tested for their sorption affinity for organic pollutants (diclofenac, methylparaben, benzotriazole and sodium 1-decanesulfonate) and nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and boron) commonly found in greywater. Batch and column studies combined with molecular dynamics modelling determined the sorption capacity, kinetics, and described the underlying mechanisms. The spruce biochar (600 °C) exhibited the highest sorption capacity mainly for the tested organics. The dynamic test performed for spruce biochar (600 °C) showed that the magnitude of desorption was low, and the desorbed amount ranged between 3 and 11 %. Molecular dynamics modelling (a computational tool for elucidating molecular-level interactions) indicated that the increased sorption of nitrate and boron on spruce biochar (600 °C) could be attributed to hydrophobic interactions. The molecular dynamics shows that predominant adsorption of organic pollutants was governed by π-π stacking, with a minor role of hydrogen-bonding on the biochar surface. In summary, higher pyrolysis temperature biochar yielded greater adsorption capacity greywater borne contaminants and the reaction temperature (10-34 °C) and presence of anionic surfactant had a limited effect on the adsorption of organic pollutants, suggesting efficacious application of biochar in general for greywater treatment in nature-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Sochacki
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Applied Ecology, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Manhattan Lebrun
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Babak Minofar
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Pohořelý
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, V. V. I., Rozvojová 135, 165 02, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic; Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Barbora Böserle Hudcová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Buchtelík
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Trakal
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Environmental Geosciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
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Jang YL, Jeong J, Eo S, Hong SH, Shim WJ. Occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in greywater from a research vessel. Environ Pollut 2024; 341:122941. [PMID: 37979649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of greywater from ships, an uncounted sea-based source of microplastics (MPs), is a growing concern. Yet, empirical data on MPs from this source are currently limited. Here, the abundances and characteristics of MPs in greywater from a research vessel were investigated according to water usage type (e.g., galley, cabin, and laundry). The mean abundance of MPs was highest in greywater from the laundry (177,667 n/m3), followed by the cabins (133,833 n/m3) and galley (75,000 n/m3). However, no significant differences were found in the MP abundances among greywater types due to high variability of triplicate samples collected every five days. Fiber-type MPs accounted for 66% of the total MP abundance and fragment-type MPs for 34%. Microplastics in the size range of 100-200 μm exhibited the highest levels among size classes. The dominant polymer identified in all greywater samples was polyester (53%), followed by polypropylene (23%). Marine coating origin MPs (6%) were also observed in all types of greywater. The greywater generation rate during the cruise was 0.15 m3/person∙day. Annual MP emissions per person by the greywater discharge of the research vessel was estimated to be 4.1 × 106 n/person∙year (equivalent to 3.0 g/person∙year).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lee Jang
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongwook Jeong
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Soeun Eo
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Hong
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Shim
- Ecological Risk Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Ocean Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Nazif S, Naeeni STO, Akbari Z, Fateri S, Moallemi MA. Development of data-driven models for the optimal design of multilayer sand filters for on-site treatment of greywater. J Environ Manage 2023; 348:119241. [PMID: 37864941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Greywater, with limited content of pathogens, makes up more than half of the produced wastewater in urban areas. Given the high cost of wastewater management and treatment, it causes sense to collect greywater separately at the source and employ an on-site treatment system to increase opportunities for on-site water reuse. For this purpose, this paper aims to propose a multilayer granular filter as an inexpensive and simple on-site treatment method for greywater reuse. Furthermore, as determining the optimal structure of multilayer filters is a serious challenge, a simulation-optimization model is developed for determining the best filter configuration. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is trained based on experimental results to simulate the filter performance with different combinations of layers and the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimal thickness of different layers based on ANN simulation results. The proposed filter in this paper for greywater treatment consists of silica sand (in three different gradings) and activated carbon (with fixed grading) and treatment measures for evaluation of filter performance are considered as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Electrical Conductivity (EC). Due to difficulties in collecting, transferring, and storing the real greywater, synthetic greywater was used in this study. 49 experiments with different combinations of filter media thicknesses were performed and the performance of the filter was analyzed. Generally, three-layer filters perform better in COD and EC reduction, however, the average COD and EC elimination equals 36.3% and 15.1%, respectively, which indicates more efficiency of filter in COD reduction in comparison with EC. Based on the optimization-simulation model and experimental results, a filter consisting of 33 cm of fine sand, 20 cm of activated carbon, and 7 cm of medium sand results in the maximum efficiency and can reduce the COD and EC of greywater by 72% and 30%, simultaneously. According to the optimization outputs, the ideal filter can treat greywater up to having EC of 1000 μS/cm and COD of 321 mg/L, which is generally suitable for irrigation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nazif
- School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Zahra Akbari
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sara Fateri
- School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Moallemi
- School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Priyanka K, Behera M, Remya N. Greywater treatment in SBR-SND reactor - optimization of hydraulic retention time, volumetric exchange ratio and sludge retention time. Environ Technol 2023; 44:3791-3802. [PMID: 35482426 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2072238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification-sequencing batch reactor (SND-SBR) process was investigated to treat greywater. The effect of three process parameters, including hydraulic retention time (HRT), volumetric exchange ratio (VER) and sludge retention time (SRT), was optimised using a 23 full factorial design. The statistic model was developed for two response variables, i.e. chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH3-N) removal. The optimum conditions were 6.8 h HRT (anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic: 1.77 h/2.77 h/2.27 h), 0.7 VER and 7.94 d SRT, which resulted in 93.9% COD and 84.6% NH3-N removal efficiency. SRT was the most significant factor, followed by HRT and VER for COD and NH3-N removal. The interaction effect of VER and SRT was significant in COD removal. On the other hand, the interaction effects of HRT-VER and HRT-SRT were significant in NH3-N removal. The removal efficiencies of 89.6 ± 1.1% and 83.7 ± 2.3% were observed for TKN and TN, respectively, in the optimised SND-SBR system. NH3-N removal was obtained via nitrate pathway in the SND-SBR system. The PO43--P removal of 74.2 ± 3.4% was obtained via aerobic phosphorus uptake and post anoxic denitrification at the optimal condition. To enhance PO43--P removal, adsorption (using corn cob adsorbent) was integrated with SBR by adding the optimum adsorbent dose (0.5 g/L). The PO43--P removal efficiency in the SBR-adsorption system was found to be 80 ± 1.5%. The biodegradation of emerging contaminants (ECs) was also carried out in the SND-SBR system, and the results showed removal rate of 58.9 ± 2.3% benzophenone-3 (BP) and 80.1 ± 2.2% anionic surfactant (AS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Priyanka
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Manaswini Behera
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Neelancherry Remya
- School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Chen Y, Ren X, Huang M, Li Y. Evaluation of aquaporin based biomimetic forward osmosis membrane in terms of rejection performance for contaminants in greywater and its membrane fouling properties. Chemosphere 2023; 333:138983. [PMID: 37207899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) technology is regarded as an alternative to wastewater treatment due to its high permeate flux, excellent solute selectivity and low fouling tendency. In this study, two novel aquaporin based biomimetic membranes (ABMs) were used for comparison in short-term experiments to investigate the impact of membrane surface properties on greywater treatment. The impact of feed solution (FS) temperature on the filtration performance and membrane fouling behavior of ABM was further analyzed in the sequential batch experiments. Results indicated that the membranes with rough surface morphology and low zeta potential (absolute value) facilitated the adsorption of linear alklybezene sulfonates (LAS), thus improving the water flux and the rejection of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The increase in FS temperature enhanced the diffusion of organic matter and the water flux. In addition, sequential batch experiments showed that the membrane fouling layer was mainly in the form of organic and inorganic composite fouling, which was mitigated at FS temperature of 40 °C. Microbial community analysis revealed that the increase in FS temperature affected the diversity of microbial communities. More heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria were enriched in the fouling layer at FS 40 °C than at FS 20 °C. This study provides a novel strategy for employing ABM FO in greywater treatment and reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Xiao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Manhong Huang
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Centre of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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Ongena S, de Walle AV, Mosquera-Romero S, Driesen N, Gutierrez L, Rabaey K. Comparison of MBR and MBBR followed by UV or electrochemical disinfection for decentralized greywater treatment. Water Res 2023; 235:119818. [PMID: 36905734 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Greywater is an attractive source for water reuse at the household or building level, particularly for non-potable applications. Two greywater treatment approaches are membrane bioreactors (MBR) and moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR), yet, their performance has not been compared so far within their respective treatment flowsheets, including post-disinfection. Two lab-scale treatment trains were operated on synthetic greywater: a) MBR with either polymeric (chlorinated polyethylene, C-PE, 165 days) or ceramic (silicon carbide, SiC, 199 days) membranes coupled with UV disinfection; and b) single-stage (66 days) or two-stage (124 days) MBBR coupled with an electrochemical cell (EC) for in-situ disinfectant generation. Water quality was constantly monitored, and Escherichia coli log removals were assessed through spike tests. Under low-flux operation of the MBR (<8 L·m - 2·h - 1), the SiC membranes delayed the onset of membrane fouling and needed less frequent cleaning compared to C-PE membranes. Both treatment systems met most water quality requirements for unrestricted greywater reuse, at a 10-fold lower reactor volume for the MBR than the MBBR. However, neither the MBR nor the two-staged MBBR allowed adequate nitrogen removal, and the MBBR did not consistently meet effluent chemical oxygen demand and turbidity requirements. Both EC and UV provided non-detectable E. coli concentrations in the effluent. Although the EC provided residual disinfection, scaling and fouling decreased its energetic and disinfection performance over time, making it less efficient than UV disinfection. Several outlines to improve the performance of both treatment trains and disinfection processes are proposed, thus, allowing a fit-for-use approach that leverages the advantages of the respective treatment trains. Results from this investigation will assist in elucidating the most efficient, robust, and low-maintenance technology and configurations for small-scale greywater treatment for reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Ongena
- Center for Microbial Ecology & Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arjen Van de Walle
- Center for Microbial Ecology & Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suanny Mosquera-Romero
- Center for Microbial Ecology & Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium; Center for Water and Sustainable Development, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, ESPOL Polytechnic University, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Nele Driesen
- Center for Microbial Ecology & Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent 9052, Belgium; BOSAQ, Deinze, Belgium
| | - Leonardo Gutierrez
- Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium; Facultad del Mar y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Del Pacifico, Ecuador; Particle and Interfacial Technology Group (PaInT), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology & Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent 9052, Belgium; Center for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, 9052, Belgium.
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Petreje M, Sněhota M, Chorazy T, Novotný M, Rybová B, Hečková P. Performance study of an innovative concept of hybrid constructed wetland-extensive green roof with growing media amended with recycled materials. J Environ Manage 2023; 331:117151. [PMID: 36638720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of green roofs requires a large amount of primary material, especially for constructing the growing media layer. In addition, irrigation of green roofs with potable water is uneconomical and unsustainable. The novel hybrid green roof system proposed in this paper is in line with the principles of circular economy as it incorporates recycled materials into green roof growing media and greywater for irrigation. Two experimental beds were built to evaluate the concept of treating greywater in a constructed wetland prior to using it to irrigate a dual-layer extensive green roof. The growing media in both two extensive green roof beds contained ca. 37.5% by volume of recycled crushed building rubble containing a large proportion of brick. One of the two beds additionally contained 9.5% by volume of sewage sludge-based biochar. The concept of the hybrid roof and novel growing media was evaluated based on laboratory analysis of the growing media and on onsite measurements of hydraulic and thermal performance. The growing media amended with recycled materials developed in this study had hydrophysical properties comparable to commercially available growing media without recycled materials. Observations made during one vegetation season from June to October and a ten day-intensive water quality monitoring campaign during September 2020 showed that the constructed wetland significantly reduced total nitrogen and orthophosphate concentrations in pre-treated greywater. Due to the irrigation method employed, in which water flowed predominantly through drainage mats below the growing media, nutrient-leaching by the irrigation water was avoided. Concentrations of nutrients in the effluent were observed to increase only in response to precipitation. The temperature peak of the bottom green roof layer was shifted by almost 9 h from the peak in air temperature, and temperature fluctuations were significantly reduced. Vegetation on the bed amended with biochar demonstrated more vigorous growth due to available nutrients in the biochar which increased the rate of temperature-reducing evapotranspiration. More water evapotranspirated more water, which provided more water retention capacity confirmed by a lower runoff coefficient. Simple storage routing hydraulic modeling of hybrid green roof runoff using a nonlinear reservoir was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Petreje
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thákurova 7, Prague 6, 166 29, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Třinecká 1024, Buštehrad, 273 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Sněhota
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thákurova 7, Prague 6, 166 29, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Třinecká 1024, Buštehrad, 273 43, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Chorazy
- AdMaS Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 651/139, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Novotný
- AdMaS Research Centre, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 651/139, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Rybová
- Czech Technical University in Prague, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Třinecká 1024, Buštehrad, 273 43, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Hečková
- Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thákurova 7, Prague 6, 166 29, Czech Republic; Czech Technical University in Prague, University Centre for Energy Efficient Buildings, Třinecká 1024, Buštehrad, 273 43, Czech Republic
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10
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Jhonson P, Goh HW, Chan DJC, Juiani SF, Zakaria NA. Potential of bioretention plants in treating urban runoff polluted with greywater under tropical climate. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:24562-24574. [PMID: 36336739 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention systems are among the most popular stormwater best management practices (BMPs) for urban runoff treatment. Studies on plant performance using bioretention systems have been conducted, especially in developed countries with a temperate climate, such as the USA and Australia. However, these results might not be applicable in developing countries with tropical climates due to the different rainfall regimes and the strength of runoff pollutants. Thus, this study focuses on the performance of tropical plants in treating urban runoff polluted with greywater using a bioretention system. Ten different tropical plant species were triplicated and planted in 30 mesocosms with two control mesocosms without vegetation. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the performance of plants, which were then ranked based on their performance in removing pollutants using the total score obtained for each water quality test. Results showed that vetiver topped the table with 86.4% of total nitrogen (TN) removal, 93.5% of total phosphorus (TP) removal, 89.8% of biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal, 90% of total suspended solids (TSS) removal, and 92.5% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal followed by blue porterweed, Hibiscus, golden trumpet, and tall sedge which can be recommended to be employed in future bioretention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poovarasu Jhonson
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hui Weng Goh
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Derek Juinn Chieh Chan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Fairuz Juiani
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azazi Zakaria
- River Engineering and Urban Drainage Research Centre (REDAC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal, 14300, Penang, Malaysia
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11
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Hadengue B, Morgenroth E, Larsen TA. Screening innovative technologies for energy-efficient domestic hot water systems. J Environ Manage 2022; 320:115713. [PMID: 35932735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Domestic hot water systems are large energy consumers. With the aim of reducing the energy footprint of these systems, we selected and simulated five technologies across a wide range of technology readiness levels: established technologies - pipe insulation and low-flow faucets -, relatively new technologies - shower drain heat exchangers and an innovative pipe system - and a novel experimental technology - a heat exchanger connected to membrane bioreactor for on-site greywater treatment. Using the WaterHub modeling framework, we simulated the technologies alone and in combination and compared the energetic performance of fifteen scenarios with a validated reference domestic hot water system. Low-flow appliances as standalone technologies performed best with 30% less energy required for the boiler tank, but combining low-flow appliances with a membrane bioreactor heat exchanger performed best overall (50% reduction). Deep insights into the temperature dynamics at all locations in the system led to the identification of technological competition patterns to prevent and synergies to exploit. Through our results, we are able to discuss and recommend further investigations regarding critical aspects like hygiene and economic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Hadengue
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tove A Larsen
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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12
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Noman EA, Radin Mohamed RMS, Al-Gheethi AA, Al-Shaibani MM, Al-Wrafy FA, Al-Maqtari QA, Vo DVN. Antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in greywater: Challenges of the current treatment situation and predictions of future scenario. Environ Res 2022; 212:113380. [PMID: 35537493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current work reviews the quantitative microbiological risk assessment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in greywater and discusses the international strategies currently used for reducing antimicrobial resistance. The work highlights the countries that have a plan for the treatment and reuse of greywater and the current guidelines used in these countries. The paper also investigates the role of greywater in the distribution of antimicrobial resistance because of antibiotics and ARB. A bibliometric analysis was conducted for the studies on greywater, pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotics. The studies obtained from Scopus database were screened and compared to obtain the data for global antimicrobial resistance in 2000 and 2021. The strategies used by developed countries that led to the reduction in the recorded antimicrobial resistance are also listed. The challenges and limitations associated with the current plans adopted by several countries to minimise the spreading of the antimicrobial resistance are highlighted, while proposed solutions are provided. Two main issues associated with the distribution of antimicrobial resistance are (1) the absence of a plan in developing counties and presence of antimicrobial agents and ARB in the environment and (2) the difficulties in the current treatment technologies used for the removal of these antimicrobial agents from the water and wastewater. Based on the review and discussion, it was concluded that more advanced technologies are required to ensure total elimination of the antimicrobial agents and ARB from the environment. In addition, a new international standard should be drafted for the ARB in the environment, as they differ from the one currently used for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efaq Ali Noman
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6350, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Adel Ali Al-Gheethi
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhanna Mohammed Al-Shaibani
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fairoz Ali Al-Wrafy
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6350, Taiz, Yemen
| | | | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Centre of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
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13
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Rajpal N, Ratan JK, Divya N, Hebbani AV. Bioremediation of greywater using a novel bacterial-fungal consortium: optimization and validation of the operating parameters in vitro. Environ Technol 2022; 43:2430-2442. [PMID: 33502283 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1882582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, removal of pollutants in greywater was investigated using a novel bacterial-fungal consortium. Response surface methodology was used for the optimization of process variables like pH, temperature, inoculum size, and Carbon/Nitrogen (C/N ratio) for degradation of pollutants. Experiments were based on Box Behnken statistical design and the results show a good fit with the quadratic model, coefficient of determination (R2) value of 0.9499. The reliability of the model was established by various statistical parameters like lack of fit, pure error, and residual sum of squares. The optimized conditions for maximum reduction in chemical oxygen demand, oil & grease and sulphate were found to be 78.7%, 82.6% and 89.7%, respectively after 96 h of incubation of the reaction mixture at pH 7; temperature 35°C; inoculum size 150 µl and C/N ratio of 1:2. Our results clearly demonstrate that the developed novel bacterial-fungal consortium can be a cost-effective, safe, and environment-friendly alternative for remediation of greywater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Rajpal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India
| | - Jatinder K Ratan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India
| | - Neetu Divya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, India
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14
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Shaikh IN, Ahammed MM. Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater from an Indian household. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:191. [PMID: 35169900 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-09820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A year-long study was conducted to assess the quantity and quality characteristics of greywater generated from different sources of an Indian household. The effect of source separation on greywater quantity and pollutant load contribution was also assessed. Composite samples were collected separately over a period of 24 h from each of the greywater source, namely hand basin, bathroom, kitchen, and laundry, and were analysed for different physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. The mean greywater generation averaged 62 L per person per day. Quantitatively, kitchen and bathroom greywater contributed 37 and 31% of the total greywater volume, respectively, while hand basin and laundry greywater accounted for 11 and 21% of the total greywater generation. Kitchen greywater contributed about 60% of the organic load in terms of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), while laundry greywater was the major contributor of heavy metals and PO4-P loads. Hand basin and bathroom greywaters were the major sources of total coliforms. The analysis shows that separation of kitchen and laundry greywater is beneficial as it reduces pollutant load considerably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad N Shaikh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat - 395 007, India.
| | - M Mansoor Ahammed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat - 395 007, India
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15
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Khajvand M, Mostafazadeh AK, Drogui P, Tyagi RD, Brien E. Greywater characteristics, impacts, treatment, and reclamation using adsorption processes towards the circular economy. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:10966-11003. [PMID: 35001276 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The gap between water demand and available water supply led to wastewater treatment, particularly greywater. Due to specific characteristics of grey wastewater, treatment and recycling of this type of wastewater capture global attention. This paper presents a literature review of the remediation of greywater by adsorption processes. Besides, the reclamation of the grey wastewater in the context of the circular economy is highlighted. In this regard, the characterization of various types of grey wastewater, the potential risks associated with greywater, and the properties of reclaimed water as per the regulation or guideline are summarized. These standards vary based on the application of reused water and from a country to another country. Furthermore, this review elucidates the adsorption process in terms of the type of adsorbents, modification of adsorbents and their regeneration process, adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic of adsorption, and optimization of adsorption system. Finally, the removal of different pollutants from greywater by various adsorbents and techno-economic aspects are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Khajvand
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Ali Khosravanipour Mostafazadeh
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada
- Collège de Maisonneuve, Centre d'études des procédés chimiques du Québec (CÉPROCQ), 6220 rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, H1N 1C1, Canada
| | - Patrick Drogui
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Centre-Eau Terre Environnement (ETE), Université du Québec, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | | | - Emmanuel Brien
- Groupe Veos Inc, 1552 rue Nationale, Terrebonne, Québec, J6W 6M1, Canada
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16
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Zhou Y, Li R, Guo B, Xia S, Liu Y, Rittmann BE. The influent COD/N ratio controlled the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate biodegradation and extracellular polymeric substances accumulation in an oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor. J Hazard Mater 2022; 422:126862. [PMID: 34416689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the fates of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), and total nitrogen (TN) when treating greywater (GW) in an oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor (O2-MBfR). An influent ratio of chemical oxygen demand to total nitrogen (COD/TN) of 20 g COD/g N gave the best removals of LAS, COD, NH4+-N and TN, and it also had the greatest EPS accumulation in the biofilm. Higher EPS and improved performance were linked to increases in the relative abundances of bacteria able to biodegrade LAS (Zoogloea, Pseudomonas, Parvibaculum, Magnetospirillum and Mycobacterium) and to nitrify (Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira), as well as to ammonia oxidation related enzyme (ammonia monooxygenase). The EPS was dominated by protein, which played a key role in adsorbing LAS, achieving short-time protection from LAS toxicity and allowed LAS biodegradation. Continuous high-efficiency removal of LAS alleviated LAS toxicity to microbial physiological functions, including nitrification, nitrate respiration, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, achieving the stable high-efficient simultaneous removal of organics and nitrogen in the O2-MBfR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Ran Li
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9; College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Guo
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9; Centre for Environmental Health and Engineering (CEHE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Siqing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Liu
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 1H9.
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, United States
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17
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Boano F, Costamagna E, Caruso A, Fiore S, Chiappero M, Galvão A, Pisoeiro J, Rizzo A, Masi F. Evaluation of the influence of filter medium composition on treatment performances in an open-air green wall fed with greywater. J Environ Manage 2021; 300:113646. [PMID: 34509128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to the European Research and Innovation Policy Agenda, nature-based solutions (NBSs) are key technologies to improve the sustainability of urban areas. Among NBSs, green walls have been recently studied for several applications, among the others the treatment of lowly polluted wastewater flows as greywater (GW, e.g. domestic wastewater excluding toilet flushes). This work is aimed at the evaluation of the influence of four additives (compost, biochar, granular activated carbon, polyacrylate) mixed with a base filter medium made of coconut fibre and perlite, on the performances of a green wall fed in batch mode with synthetic GW. The green wall was operated with a high hydraulic loading rate of GW (740.8 L/m2/day) in open-air winter conditions (3.5-15 °C measured for GW) between January and April. The performances of the green wall have been assessed though the monitoring every 1-2 weeks of physicochemical and biological parameters (pH, electric conductivity, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD5 and COD, nitrogen and phosporus compounds, chlorides and sulphates, anionic surfactants and E. coli). Removal performances were excellent for BOD5 (>95%) and E.coli (>98%) for all additives; compared to the base medium, biochar was the best performing additive over the highest number of parameters, achieving removals equal to 51% for COD, 47% for TKN and nitric nitrogen and 71% for anionic surfactants. Compost also achieved high removal performances, but the frequent clogging events occurred during the monitoring period do not make its use recommendable. Granular activated carbon and the combination of biochar and polyacrylate performed better than the base medium, but only about the removal of nitric nitrogen. These results demonstrated that, in the considered experimental boundaries, biochar could improve the overall treatment performances of a green wall fed by GW and operated in challenging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Boano
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy; CleanWaterCenter@PoliTo, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy.
| | - Elisa Costamagna
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Caruso
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Fiore
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy; CleanWaterCenter@PoliTo, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Chiappero
- DIATI (Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Ana Galvão
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pisoeiro
- CERIS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Fabio Masi
- IRIDRA Srl, Via La Marmora 51, 50121, Florence, Italy
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18
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Ren X, Zhang M, Wang H, Dai X, Chen H. Removal of personal care products in greywater using membrane bioreactor and constructed wetland methods. Sci Total Environ 2021; 797:148773. [PMID: 34298362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are contaminants of emerging concern because of their continuous input into the environment. In this study, membrane bioreactor (MBR) and constructed wetland (CW) methods were used to investigate the effect and mechanism of conventional pollutant and PCP removal from greywater. The effluent of both the MBR- and CW-treated greywater met the reclaimed water reuse standard in China. Conventional pollutants and five target PCPs had a higher removal efficiency in the MBR than in the CW. The removal rates of the PCPs, including Tuina musk (AHTN), were >80% using MBR and CW methods. The main pathway of removing PCPs in the MBR was sludge adsorption and biodegradation, whereas the contribution of the membrane module was weak. The main pathway of removing PCPs in the CW was the combined action of plant absorption, microbial biodegradation, and substrate adsorption, depending on the PCP type. Ethyl hexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) has strong biological oxidizability and was mainly removed by biodegradation, whereas Jiale musk (HHCB) and AHTN were mainly removed by adsorption. Six types of CW substrates were investigated, and perlite showed the best adsorption effect for the five target PCPs. The optimal substrate adsorption pH was 7. This study provides important technical information on the effective removal of conventional pollutants and PCPs in greywater and the preparation of high-quality reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Chandra Pragada S, Thalla AK. Polymer-based immobilized Fe 2O 3-TiO 2/PVP catalyst preparation method and the degradation of triclosan in treated greywater effluent by solar photocatalysis. J Environ Manage 2021; 296:113305. [PMID: 34328863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The present study involves a novel protocol to develop a ternary composite catalyst for an effective post-treatment technique for greywater. The ternary film of Fe2O3-TiO2/polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP) is coated on a glass tube using spray coating with annealing at 320 °C. The structure, thermal, microstructure, and surface properties of the coated film are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The scratch hardness of photocatalysts at different Fe2O3/TiO2 compositions is investigated based on the width measurement of scratch using FESEM analysis. Results show that at an optimum coating of 5% of Fe2O3/TiO2 composition catalytic film, the maximum scratch hardness (7.984 GPa) is obtained. Also, the photocatalyst has the highest cohesive bond strength and wearing resistance. The degradation of triclosan (TCS) in treated greywater, discharged from the anaerobic-aerobic treatment system, is investigated at a lab-scale using a solar photocatalytic reactor. The response surface analysis has been performed from the different sets of experimental trials for various optimal parameters. It is observed that the TCS degradation efficiency of 83.27% has resulted under optimum conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarath Chandra Pragada
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 575025, India.
| | - Arun Kumar Thalla
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 575025, India.
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20
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Zhou Y, Li R, Guo B, Yu N, Liu Y. Cometabolism accelerated simultaneous ammoxidation and organics mineralization in an oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor treating greywater under low dissolved oxygen conditions. Sci Total Environ 2021; 789:147898. [PMID: 34058588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon/nitrogen ratio is an important parameter during the biological wastewater treatment. Our study emphasizes revealing the mechanisms of chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) ratio dependent improved greywater (GW) treatment in an oxygen based membrane biofilm reactor (O2-MBfR). Results showed that reducing COD/TN ratio from 40 to 20 g COD/g N by supplementing NH4Cl to GW improved the relative abundance of genera related to LAS-biodegradation (from 8.39% to 35.7%), nitrification (from 0.20% to 0.62%) and denitrification (from 3.01% to 7.59%). Reducing COD/TN ratio also led to an increase in the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) activity (from 7.56 to 10.2 mg N/g VSS-h), as well as improved ammoxidation and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) mineralization although the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH decreased. Much higher NH4+ - N at lower COD/TN ratio (10 units) led to lower DO (0.13 ± 0.01 mg/L) and pH (6.72 ± 0.02), but the continuously increased AMO activity (up to 12.9 mg N/g VSS-h) enabled the cometabolism of ammoxidation and LAS mineralization, leading to the efficient removal of organics and nitrogen under the low DO condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Health and Green Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
| | - Ran Li
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; College of Petroleum Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Guo
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada; Centre for Environmental Health and Engineering (CEHE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Najiaowa Yu
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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21
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Estelrich M, Vosse J, Comas J, Atanasova N, Costa JC, Gattringer H, Buttiglieri G. Feasibility of vertical ecosystem for sustainable water treatment and reuse in touristic resorts. J Environ Manage 2021; 294:112968. [PMID: 34102468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To counteract increasing water scarcity in the Mediterranean region, this study provides data on the efficiency of a decentralized, nature-based solution for hotel greywater (GW) treatment and reuse. A pilot plant of a constructed wetland called Vertical Ecosystem (vertECO), installed in a large hotel with GW separation, was operated continuously for 12 months. vertECO achieved a removal efficiency higher than 84.0% for COD and TSS and higher than 95.4% for turbidity and BOD5. The monitored physicochemical parameters in the effluent meet the requirements for many reuse purposes restricted in the water reuse legislation. Based on the pilot operation, an economic model was set to estimate its economic feasibility (CAPEX, OPEX and payback period of investment) at several treated volumes. The payback was calculated, at the water and energy prices of Spain and other countries, with a planned operation period of 20 years. The higher the water price, the lower was the payback period. Treated GW volumes of 10.5 and 20 m3/day correspond to payback periods for Spain of 10.1 years and 9.0 years, respectively. Finally, co-benefits of vertECO have been considered alongside economic terms, and compared with another intensive technology (i.e., membrane bioreactor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Estelrich
- Alchemia-nova GmbH, Institute for Innovative Phytochemistry & Closed Loop Processes, Baumgartenstraße 93, A-1140 Vienna, Austria; Green Building Management SL. C/Carme 45, Local 4, Girona, Spain.
| | - Josephine Vosse
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Comas
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Institute of the Environment (LEQUiA), University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nataša Atanasova
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Heinz Gattringer
- Alchemia-nova GmbH, Institute for Innovative Phytochemistry & Closed Loop Processes, Baumgartenstraße 93, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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22
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Mahmoudi A, Mousavi SA, Darvishi P. Greywater as a sustainable source for development of green roofs: Characteristics, treatment technologies, reuse, case studies and future developments. J Environ Manage 2021; 295:112991. [PMID: 34346386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Municipal activities are one of the most important water users worldwide; thus, the treatment and reuse of greywater for non-potable purposes helps to reduce a remarkable amount of consumed water within urban communities. To achieve greywater reuse standards, and remove surfactants, micropollutants, organic matters, microorganisms and other pollutants various methods including physical, chemical and biological processes have been used. Treated greywater can be used on site for different purposes: carwash, toilet flushing, fire protection, green roofs, green walls, non-food irrigation etc. Among them, the use of greywater is very important in the expansion of the green roofs. Green roofs offer many benefits to urban areas such as decreasing air pollution, reducing building cooling needs, promoting mental health of habitants, noise reduction and aesthetics improvement. Therefore, this article provides an overview mainly from two aspects, the possibilities of greywater reuse by studying the characteristics and available options for greywater treatment and its benefits toward the developing green roofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Mousavi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Parastoo Darvishi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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23
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Shaikh IN, Ahammed MM. Effect of operating mode on the performance of sand filters treating greywater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:38209-38223. [PMID: 33728602 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A long-duration laboratory study spanning more than 6 months was conducted to evaluate the effect of operating mode on the performance of sand filters for greywater treatment. Performance of saturated and unsaturated filters operated in continuous or intermittent mode was evaluated using settled real greywater. Effects of pause period and higher loading rate on their performance were also evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of the depth of the filter medium on the performance of the filters was also assessed. The saturated filters operated continuously or intermittently performed significantly better than the respective unsaturated filters. Saturated continuous (SC) and unsaturated intermittent (UI) filters were the best and worst performers amongst the different filters. SC filter removed on an average 98% turbidity, 76% BOD, 88% COD, 84% ammonia-N (NH4-N) and 95% phosphate (PO4-P). Up to 99.68% (2.40 log) removal of faecal coliforms was also achieved by this filter. SC filter showed stable and reliable performance as its effluent quality was insensitive to fluctuations in influent quality. The pause period significantly affected the removal of some of the parameters. Doubling the hydraulic loading rate significantly affected the performance of continuous filters. Though most of the pollutant removal occurred in the top 10 cm in all the filters, a depth of 50 cm was found optimum for the removal of different pollutants. Whilst all the filters produced effluent conforming to different reuse standards except microbial standards, saturated continuous filter (SC) could also meet the faecal coliform standards towards the end of the filter operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad N Shaikh
- Civil Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, India
| | - M Mansoor Ahammed
- Civil Engineering Department, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, India.
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24
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Kumar M, Sharma A, Tabhani N, Otaki Y. Indoor water end-use pattern and its prospective determinants in the twin cities of Gujarat, India: Enabling targeted urban water management strategies. J Environ Manage 2021; 288:112403. [PMID: 33823433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water end-use studies disaggregate the quantity and frequency of water uses for various household purposes. Water end-use studies are available but none for India, which is gradually approaching a water-scarce condition from being a water-stressed country at present. This implies a need for incorporating water end-use understanding for augmenting urban recycling plans and strategies. To identify socio-demographic determinants of water end-use consumption for use in targeted urban water management, we focused on the indoor micro-components of bathing, dish-washing, laundering, and cleaning at households across the twin cities of Gujarat, a water-scarce province of India. A mixed-method approach was used for data collection in which questionnaire surveys (estimated or indirect measurements) were coupled with water meters (direct measurements) at households. The twin cities of Gujrat represent a spatial variation in greywater production at homes even at a distance of 30-40 km. Direct measurement showed less total average water consumption in Ahmedabad (83 L/HH/d) than Gandhinagar (105 L/HH/d), while indirect measurement showed indoor average consumption of 427 and 497 L/HH/d in the respective cities. Statistical significance of income, family size, and education was noticed on the water consumption pattern of a household. Besides, the study provides the attitude and practice of users towards water conservation behavior. We present new insights and recommendations for future urban water sustainability that are specific to India and applicable to several south-Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
| | - Ayushi Sharma
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Nareshkumar Tabhani
- Gujarat Pollition Control Board, Paryavaran Bhavan, Gandhinagar, 382010, Gujarat, India
| | - Yurina Otaki
- Graduate School of Social Science, Hitotsubashi University, 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8601, Japan
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25
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Ren X, Chen H. Effect of residual chlorine on the interaction between bacterial growth and assimilable organic carbon and biodegradable organic carbon in reclaimed water. Sci Total Environ 2021; 752:141223. [PMID: 32898796 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water can significantly reduce household water consumption. However, microbial growth introduces several problems to reclaimed water, including health concerns, aesthetic deterioration and biofouling. Biological stability refers to the potential of organic matter or nutrients in water to support heterotrophic bacterial growth (HPC). Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) are often used as indicators to evaluate the biological stability of water. This study investigated the effect of residual chlorine on the interaction between bacterial regrowth and AOC or BDOC and the variation of AOC after chlorine disinfection in reclaimed water. The results show that the HPC level is insensitive to AOC concentration when residual chlorine is >0.5 mg/L; however, the effects are more pronounced when residual chlorine is <0.5 mg/L. A residual chlorine concentration of >0.5 mg/L therefore maintains biological stability in reclaimed water. When residual chlorine was <0.5 mg/L, HPC levels were found to be limited when AOC was <128 μg/L or BDOC was <0.25 mg/L; and when residual chlorine was >0.5 mg/L, HPC levels were found to be limited when AOC was <796 μg/L or BDOC was <0.85 mg/L in reclaimed water. After chlorine disinfection, AOC contents initially increase and then decrease gradually, reaching minimum levels around day 20, and then increase in both greywater reclaimed water and mixed wastewater reclaimed water. Maintaining the chlorine demand and controlling the AOC level is critical for producing an effect on microbial regrowth and stabilising reclaimed water. The results of this study are conducive to the popularisation of reclaimed water use and also provide reference for reuse standards of reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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26
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Sharaf A, Liu Y. Mechanisms and kinetics of greywater treatment using biologically active granular activated carbon. Chemosphere 2021; 263:128113. [PMID: 33297106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The high adsorption capacity of granular activated carbon (GAC) makes it an effective biofilter media for greywater (wastewater generated in households and office buildings from streams without fecal contamination). This study investigates the mechanisms and kinetics of greywater treatment using biologically active GAC (BAC). This was achieved by assessing the role of each of the sorption and biodegradation mechanisms to the overall treatment process, characterizing and modelling the adsorption capacity of the media, and analysing and modelling the kinetics of adsorption. The biodegradation mechanism was found to contribute less than 26% to the overall treatment process with biomass density of 178.71 ± 14.12 mg g-1 BAC, whereas sorption mechanisms were responsible for the remaining greywater treatment. The Freundlich isotherm was found to best-represent the equilibrium adsorption data with Freundlich constant and intensity parameter of 1.48 × 10-5 L g-1 and 0.39, respectively. Pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were created to fit the kinetics adsorption with rate constant values of 0.12 g mg-1 h-1 and 1.91 mg g-1 h-0.5 during the first 2 h of the experiment and 0.08 g mg-1 h-1 and 0.50 mg g-1 h-0.5 onwards, respectively. Intraparticle pore diffusion was determined to be the rate limiting step of the greywater treatment; some mass transfer resistance was observed due to external film diffusion at lower substrate gradients during greywater treatment. This study improves our understanding of the behaviour of GAC biofilters through understanding their treatment mechanisms and kinetics, leading to more efficient greywater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sharaf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada.
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Kadewa WW, Knops G, Pidou M, Jeffrey P, Jefferson B, Le Corre KS. What is the impact of personal care products selection on greywater characteristics and reuse? Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:141413. [PMID: 32814204 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accounting for up to three quarters of the wastewater volume resulting from domestic activities but containing only a third of its organic content, greywater is seen as an alternative water source for non-potable reuse. This unique study explores the question whether consumers' product selection could affect the treatability and reuse of bathroom greywater. Fifty five personal care and household products (PCHP) were analysed for their effects on a range of water quality parameters including their aquatic and soil toxicity using Microtox® and MicroResp™. The organic content of these PCHPs varied considerably, not only from one category to another (0.2 gTOC.L-1 for hair conditioners to 2.7 gTOC.L-1 for toothpastes), but also within each category (0.1 gTOC.L-1 to 3.6 gTOC.L-1 amongst the shampoos). As expected, the PCHPs' macronutrient content was low, suggesting some limitation towards biological treatment of bathroom greywater. Regarding the impact of product selection on toxicity towards aquatic and soil microorganisms, the results revealed a higher sensitivity of Vibrio fischeri to the individual PCHPs than the MicroResp™ soil microorganisms. In the latter case, 75% of the products caused a stimulation response from the microorganisms although some decreases in basal respiration were observed for specific PCHPs within product categories. However, based solely on MicroResp™, the short-term discharge of treated bathroom greywater, regardless of consumer product selection, is unlikely to have a negative impact on soil microbial activity. Overall, the work has demonstrated the importance of consumer choice on the pollution load and treatability of greywater. However, no clear link between greywater characteristics and factors that normally determine consumer product selection (branding, type) were identified. This means it is not currently possible for consumers to actively manage the issue through choice such that process designers and technology developers must ensure technologies are sufficiently robust to manage the potential variations that could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred W Kadewa
- NData School of Climate and Earth Sciences, Malawi University of Technology, Southern Region, Malawi
| | - Geraldine Knops
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Marc Pidou
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Paul Jeffrey
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Bruce Jefferson
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Kristell S Le Corre
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, College Road, MK43 0AL, UK.
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28
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Hess A, Bettex C, Morgenroth E. Influence of intermittent flow on removal of organics in a biological activated carbon filter (BAC) used as post-treatment for greywater. Water Res X 2020; 9:100078. [PMID: 33299980 PMCID: PMC7704463 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2020.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Highly variable flow has to be expected in decentralized greywater treatment and can lead to intermittent operation of the treatment system. However, few studies have addressed the influence of variable flow on the treatment performance of a biological activated carbon filter (BAC). In this study, we investigated the influence of intermittent flow using small-scale BAC columns, which treat greywater as a second treatment step following a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Three operating strategies to respond to variable flow were evaluated. The activated carbon was characterized before and after the experiments in terms of biological activity and sorption capacity. The performance of the BAC filters was assessed based on total organic carbon (TOC) removal, TOC fractions and growth potential. No significant differences were observed between constant flow compared to on-off operation with intermittent flow over the range of tested influent concentrations. Peaks with high TOC during 24 h periods were attenuated by sorption and biological degradation. Adsorbed TOC was released after switching back to normal concentrations for influent concentrations more than 5 times higher than usually observed, the BAC functioned as a temporary sink. In line with these results, the high influent TOC values led to increased biological activity in the filter but did not influence the sorption capacity. The experiments showed that intermittent flow does not negatively impact the performance of a BAC and that there is no need for additional equalization tanks to buffer the variable flow, for example in household-scale greywater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Hess
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cécile Bettex
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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29
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Disha AS, Harun MAYA, Akter S, Billah SM, Noman MAA. Reusing greywater for cultivation of Capsicum frutescens and Calendula officinalis. J Environ Manage 2020; 272:111088. [PMID: 32854891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of greywater application for home yard gardening. Greywater was collected and treated using screening, sedimentation and solar disinfection methods. Finally, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of untreated and treated greywater on a selected vegetable, Capsicum frutescens and flowering plant, Calendula officinalis for 2 months. The findings depicted that untreated greywater contains higher macro-nutrients with excessive bacterial population compared with tap water (control), however, the treatment process reduced the concentration of most of the unwanted parameters from greywater samples to bring them into irrigation standards. Overall, treated greywater irrigation showed the species-specific impact on experimental plants with more stimulation in Capsicum frutescens species compared with tap water irrigation. Both treated and untreated greywater irrigation increased the growth parameters of Calendula officinalis in comparison with control. The impact was not significant for most of the parameters of Calendula officinalis while compared between greywater (treated and untreated) and control, and between treated and untreated greywater irrigation. Treated greywater irrigation significantly stimulated most of the parameters of Capsicum frutescens while untreated greywater increased only moisture content, and number of branches compared with control. Most interestingly, treated greywater irrigation had significant impact on Capsicum frutescens particularly for number of branches and leaves compared with untreated greywater irrigation. In fine, the greywater, after treatment was bacterially safe and had positive impact on plant growth. The findings of this study will help to conserve irrigation water and to protect and manage aquatic ecosystem from the adverse impact of wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Safia Disha
- Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Shubarna Akter
- Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Sharif Mutasim Billah
- Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Abdullah-Al- Noman
- Environmental Science Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
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30
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Perdana MC, Hadisusanto S, Purnama ILS. Implementation of a full-scale constructed wetland to treat greywater from tourism in Suluban Uluwatu Beach, Bali, Indonesia. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05038. [PMID: 33072900 PMCID: PMC7548428 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This original research examines a full-scale subsurface Constructed Wetland (CW) system in Indonesia, where most CW research has been limited to laboratory scale experiments. The CW system was located in Bali and built in 2015 in a single series formation. This study aims to demonstrate the performance of the system in treating greywater and examine the nutrient content plants' above-ground biomass. The CW was arranged in linear sequence composed of one unplanted (CW1) and five planted treatments of Iris pseudacorus (CW2), Caladium bicolor (CW3), Rhoe discolor (CW4), Sansevieria trifasciata (CW5) and Heliconia psittacorum (CW6). There has been little research on Caladium bicolor, Rhoe discolor and Sansevieria trifasciata in a full-scale CW application. Our results showed fluctuating efficiency (%) in the reduction of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Oil and Grease (O&G), Nitrate and Phosphate. The highest removal efficiency for CW1, CW2, CW3, CW4, CW5, CW6 were O&G (63.63%), BOD (90.66%), Nitrate (83.55%), BOD (80%), BOD (82.88%) and Phosphate (89.93%) respectively. After the experimental period, S. trifasciata and H. psittacorum experienced a decrease in Total N concentration, while H. psittacorum experienced a decrease in phosphate in above-ground biomass. Species of R. discolor, C. bicolor and I. pseudacorus showed good performance in terms of their growth and development. Although high removal efficiency was observed at certain times, this study showed the negative removal efficiencies at times among parameters as a consequence of the low Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and high Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayang Christy Perdana
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Lakho FH, Le HQ, Van Kerkhove F, Igodt W, Depuydt V, Desloover J, Rousseau DPL, Van Hulle SWH. Water treatment and re-use at temporary events using a mobile constructed wetland and drinking water production system. Sci Total Environ 2020; 737:139630. [PMID: 32505022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temporary events such as music festivals are often organized in places that are not connected to a sewage network. As such, the waste (water) generated and discharged can place a heavy burden on the environment. A mobile vertical flow constructed wetland (MCW) with an area of 15 m2 was constructed, optimized and operated for three years treating grey water (GW) as well as grey and black water (GW + BW) at different festival locations to tackle this problem. During the initial development phase, the appropriate influent type (GW and/or GW + BW) was determined and challenge tests with pre-settled diluted domestic waste water (mimicking GW) were carried out to determine the maximal allowable loading rate. The MCW was able to treat both types of water. However, for further experiments GW was selected as the discharge limits could not be met when treating GW + BW. The challenge tests demonstrated that the MCW could be operated at a maximal allowable hydraulic loading rate of 1.1 m3·m-2·d-1, corresponding to mass loading rates of 68 gTSS·m-2·d-1, 160 gCOD·m-2·d-1 and 137 gBOD·m-2·d-1. During treatment of GW, the MCW achieved effluent concentrations for respectively chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) of 43 mg·L-1, 16 mg·L-1, 2.7 mg·L-1 and 1.7 mgP·L-1. This corresponds to a removal of 90% (COD), 95% (BOD), 97% (TSS) and 76% (TP) respectively. Total nitrogen removal was 25% (from 45 mgN·L-1 to 34 mgN·L-1) as particularly denitrification was not complete. As a further development, the MCW was coupled to a drinking water treatment system using ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis (UF-RO) membranes to produce potable water on site. The drinking water system produced potable water that met the legislative criteria. As such, a sustainable and mobile water treatment system aiming at producing potable water at temporary events was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fida Hussain Lakho
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | - Hong Quan Le
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Fréderic Van Kerkhove
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Wouter Igodt
- Tuinen Wouter Igodt, Kastanjeboomstraat 13, B-8550 Zwevegem, Belgium
| | - Veerle Depuydt
- Flanders Knowledge Center Water (Vlakwa), Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 34, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Diederik P L Rousseau
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Stijn W H Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel de Goedelaan 5, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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32
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Punyapwar S, Mutnuri S. Diversity and functional annotation of microorganisms in French vertical flow constructed wetland treating greywater. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:148. [PMID: 32909146 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands form a unique ecosystem having plants, soil, microbes in which microorganisms play a vital role in the transformation and degradation of pollutants from wastewater. In the present study, French type two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was used for the treatment of single household greywater (GW). Pilot-scale VFCW having sand and gravel as the filter substrate was constructed with Canna indica plantation for treating GW. To understand the pollutant removal mechanism in VFCW, microbial diversity and functional annotation was carried out by metagenomics analysis of sequences obtained from illumina platform. Efficiency of VFCW was measured with respect to water quality parameters like COD, BOD5, Total Nitrogen, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammoniacal-N, ortho-phosphate and TOC from inlet and outlet of system. The removal efficiency was 90%, 93%, 34%, 26%, 89%, 68%, 80%, and 80% for COD, BOD5, Total Nitrogen, Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammoniacal-N, ortho-phosphate and TOC respectively. Microbial diversity was much more diversified and unique in VFCW compared to GW. Metagenomes exhibited Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes as major phyla in GW whereas Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae abundance in VFCW layers. Total of 809 and 695 genus were found in VFCW and GW respectively with minimum abundance of 10 hits. From functional annotation of sequences, VFCW microbes have the potential to transform various aromatic and xenobiotic compounds along with the removal of pollutants present in the form of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus. These data reveal French type VFCW can efficiently treat GW and with its own unique, variable habitat VFCW harbours diverse community of microorganisms that transform and degrade the pollutants in GW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Punyapwar
- Applied Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, KK Birla Goa Campus, NH-17-B Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Srikanth Mutnuri
- Applied Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, KK Birla Goa Campus, NH-17-B Bypass Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale, Goa, 403726, India.
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Mukherjee A, Mullick A, Teja R, Vadthya P, Roy A, Moulik S. Performance and energetic analysis of hydrodynamic cavitation and potential integration with existing advanced oxidation processes: A case study for real life greywater treatment. Ultrason Sonochem 2020; 66:105116. [PMID: 32252011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The current work is a "first of a kind" report on the feasibility and efficacy of hydrodynamic cavitation integrated Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP's) towards treatment of a real life greywater stream in form of kitchen wastewater. The work has been carried out in a sequential manner starting with geometry optimization of orifice plate (cavitating device) followed by studying the effects of inlet pressure, pH, effluent dilution ratio on degradation of TOC and COD. Under optimized conditions of pH 3, 4 bar pressure, TOC and COD reduction of 18.23 and 25% were obtained using HC for a period of 120 min. To improve the performance of HC, further studies were carried out by integrating H2O2and O3with HC. Using 5 g/h optimum dosage of H2O2, 87.5% reduction in COD was obtained beyond which it started decreasing. Moreover, integrating O3(57.5% reduction in COD) increased the treatment cost. However, a hybrid process (HC + H2O2 + O3) yielded 76.26 and 98.25% reductions in TOC and COD within60 min.The energetics of all the processes and the treatment costs were studied in detail and it was concluded that combined process of HC + H2O2 + O3surpassed by far the performances of HC + H2O2and HC + O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Mukherjee
- Centre of Excellence in Process Engineering & Intensification (COE-PE&I), Department of Chemical Engineering Goa, BITS Pilani, Goa 403726, India
| | - Aditi Mullick
- Cavitation and Dynamics Lab, Department of Process Engineering & Technology Transfer, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Ravi Teja
- Cavitation and Dynamics Lab, Department of Process Engineering & Technology Transfer, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Pavani Vadthya
- Cavitation and Dynamics Lab, Department of Process Engineering & Technology Transfer, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Anirban Roy
- Centre of Excellence in Process Engineering & Intensification (COE-PE&I), Department of Chemical Engineering Goa, BITS Pilani, Goa 403726, India.
| | - Siddhartha Moulik
- Cavitation and Dynamics Lab, Department of Process Engineering & Technology Transfer, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Craddock HA, Chattopadhyay S, Rjoub Y, Rosen D, Greif J, Lipchin C, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in greywater reuse systems and pond water used for agricultural irrigation in the West Bank, Palestinian Territories. Environ Res 2020; 188:109777. [PMID: 32599390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Treating and reusing greywater for agricultural irrigation is becoming increasingly prevalent in water-scarce regions such as the Middle East. However, the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to be introduced into food systems or the environment via greywater reuse is a potential area of concern. It is known that off-grid treated greywater often has elevated levels of bacteria, however, little is known regarding the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in this water source. To address this knowledge gap, samples (n = 61) of off-grid, household greywater (influent), treated greywater effluent, and irrigation pond water were collected between October 2017 and June 2018 from four farms in the West Bank, Palestinian Territories. Samples were tested for pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and oxidation reduction potential. Standard membrane filtration was used to enumerate presumptive Escherichia coli, and isolates (n = 88) were purified, confirmed using 16S rRNA sequencing, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using microbroth dilution. The majority of influent (76.5%) and effluent (70.6%) samples had detectable presumptive E. coli. Interestingly, the majority of the isolates were confirmed as Klebsiella sp. (n = 37), followed by E. coli (n = 32), and the remainder were classified as other Enterobacteriaceae (n = 19). A higher percentage of effluent isolates were fully susceptible to all tested antibiotics when compared to influent isolates (28.6% vs 18.6%). Resistance was most commonly observed against ampicillin (69.3% of all isolates), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (11.4%), tetracycline (9.1%), and cefazolin (7.9%), and 7.9% of isolates were observed to be multidrug-resistant. While most water quality parameters were within Israeli and Palestinian wastewater reuse requirements, E. coli levels in effluent violated available standards. These findings suggest that, despite observed decreases in bacteria and an overall decrease in isolates expressing antibiotic resistance from influent to effluent, off-grid greywater treatment systems are still a potential source of both susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the agricultural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Craddock
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Younes Rjoub
- Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Ketura, Israel
| | - David Rosen
- Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Ketura, Israel
| | - Jake Greif
- Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Ketura, Israel
| | - Clive Lipchin
- Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, Ketura, Israel
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA.
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Roshan A, Kumar M. Water end-use estimation can support the urban water crisis management: A critical review. J Environ Manage 2020; 268:110663. [PMID: 32383651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study reviews the overall perspectives of end-use studies on urban water crisis management by analysing their beneficial application in water conservation and wastewater recycling. The paper incorporates a critical review of water end-use consumption of 16 major countries from 3 major continents, i.e. Asia, Europe, and Australia. The study reflected a different trend between the water consumption of developed and developing nations, thereby implying a need for separate prospects of end-use results in these countries. Besides, the percentage of greywater generated varies from 54% to 86% of the total indoor household water consumption and thus can be a valuable water resource to solve the urban water crisis. There exists a strong correlation between the amount of greywater generated and the amount of water used for the shower (R2 = 0.69) and laundry (R2 = 0.50). The same, i.e. R2 values, for end-uses of the toilet flushing, dishwashing, and indoor taps with the amount of greywater, were found to be 0.30, 0.26, and 0.04, respectively. Further, except for the end-use pertaining to indoor taps, water consumption of all other end-uses has witnessed an upward spiral in developing countries with time, which may be attributed to the improved accuracy of collected end-use data or increased contribution of 'leaks/others' category. In developed nations like the USA, there is not a single end-use that has shown an absolute increase with time owing to a variety of measures such as increased awareness, education, retrofitting of appliances and several other factors like governmental restrictions. Change in attitude or/and behaviour of people towards water use driven by drought-like experience could also be a valid reason. After this extensive review of the end-use pattern, we proposed specific greywater recycling models that are expected to help engineers, governments, and policymakers in sustainable urban water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Roshan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, 382355, Gujarat, India.
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Zheng T, Li W, Ma Y, Liu J. Sewers induce changes in the chemical characteristics, bacterial communities, and pathogen distribution of sewage and greywater. Environ Res 2020; 187:109628. [PMID: 32438098 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sewers may affect the characteristics and bacterial communities of wastewater, and need be studied as they may impact treatment facilities and recycling operations. In this study, the wastewater characteristics and bacterial communities from the inflow and outflow of two sewers (sewage and greywater) were analyzed. The chemical oxygen demand was significantly reduced in the sewage and greywater sewer and the greywater sewer generated less sulfide and methane. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes as the major phyla in sewage and greywater and sewer biofilms. Sewer conveyance caused changes in the distribution and community interaction of suspended bacteria. Greywater contained abundant water-related pathogenic bacteria (WPB) and some WPB (e.g. Aeromonas, Klebsiella and Shigella) number in greywater were not lower than sewage. Sewers could increase the number of Shigella in sewage and decrease the number of Acinetobacter in greywater. Further treatment or disinfection of greywater collected by sewers was necessary and directly reuse of greywater without treatment should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlong Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Wenkai Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingqun Ma
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Junxin Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 (A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Ziemba C, Larivé O, Reynaert E, Huisman T, Morgenroth E. Linking transformations of organic carbon to post-treatment performance in a biological water recycling system. Sci Total Environ 2020; 721:137489. [PMID: 32172099 PMCID: PMC7237881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone, electrolysis and granular activated carbon (GAC) were examined as potential post-treatments to follow a household-scale biologically activated membrane bioreactor (BAMBi), treating a wash water containing trace urine and feces contamination. Each post-treatment was evaluated for abilities and reaction preferences to remove or transform dissolved organic carbon (DOC), chemical structures that contribute color, and assimilable organic carbon (AOC), which can support bacterial regrowth. Batch treatment with each technology demonstrated an ability to remove ≥95% DOC. Ozone demonstrated a reaction selectivity through increased reaction rates with larger compounds and color-contributing compounds. Electrolysis and GAC demonstrated generally less-selective reactivity. Adding post-treatments to full-scale systems reduced DOC (55-91%), AOC (34-62%), and color (75-98%), without significant reaction selectivity. These reductions in DOC and AOC were not linked to reduction of bacterial concentrations in treated water. Reductions in bacterial concentrations were observed with ozone and electrolysis, but this is credited to oxidation chemicals produced in these systems and not the removal or transformations of organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ziemba
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Odile Larivé
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eva Reynaert
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Theo Huisman
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Shaikh IN, Ahammed MM. Quantity and quality characteristics of greywater: A review. J Environ Manage 2020; 261:110266. [PMID: 32148323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to depletion of water resources and increased water demand, greywater reuse is gaining popularity as a means of water conservation all over the world. Availability of reliable data on greywater generation and quality characteristics is important in deciding the treatment system and the reuse option. This paper summarises quantity and quality characteristics of greywater reported from different parts of the world. Greywater generation from different countries is compared and its variability is discussed. Important pollutants of concern in greywater such as organic content, nutrients, microorganisms, metals and organic micropollutants from different greywater sources such as bathrooms, hand basins, kitchen and laundry are described. The review shows large variations in greywater quality and quantity with respect to time and source, and the selection of a treatment system would largely depend on this variability. The review also shows that at the levels found in greywater, heavy metals and organic micropollutants in recycled greywater generally do not pose a threat to human health if treated properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad N Shaikh
- Civil Engineering Department, SV National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, India
| | - M Mansoor Ahammed
- Civil Engineering Department, SV National Institute of Technology, Surat, 395007, India.
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Patel P, Muteen A, Mondal P. Treatment of greywater using waste biomass derived activated carbons and integrated sand column. Sci Total Environ 2020; 711:134586. [PMID: 31822403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of greywater can reduce water stress if, it is used as an alternative source of water for non-potable use, but it requires careful treatment to remove the contaminants including micropollutants associated with the use of a large number of personal care products. The present paper deals with the batch as well as continuous adsorption study for the treatment of greywater using activated carbons prepared from sawdust, sugarcane bagasse and pine needles. Characterization of adsorbents were done through sophisticated instruments such as FE-SEM, FTIR and BET. The optimum conditions in batch mode for the removal of contaminants are found as pH 7, contact time 240 min. and adsorbent dose 8 g/L with initial COD of greywater as 554 mg/L and BOD as 120 mg/L. For isotherms study, models such as Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin were used whereas for kinetic study pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich models were investigated to validate the experimental data. The column adsorption study has been performed to carry out breakthrough analysis of the column bed with respect to COD and BOD removal. To understand the behaviour of breakthrough curves three models viz. Bohart-Adams, Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models have been tested. Out of these adsorbents, the sawdust activated carbon is found to be more efficient. To maintain the concentration of pollutants in treated water below the permissible limit as per CPCB (Central pollution control board), India, a coupled unit of sand and the adsorbent column was investigated in continuous mode. The present investigation appears to be highly competitive to the published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpraj Patel
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Abdul Muteen
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Prasenjit Mondal
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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Lam SM, Sin JC, Lin H, Li H, Zeng H. Greywater and bacteria removal with synchronized energy production in photocatalytic fuel cell based on anodic TiO 2/ZnO/Zn and cathodic CuO/Cu. Chemosphere 2020; 245:125565. [PMID: 31855765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An approach that can recuperate of energy from wastewater treatment process is highly necessitate and would help to surmount the both environmental pollution and energy crisis issues. A photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) employing an anodic TiO2/ZnO/Zn and a cathodic CuO/Cu has been applied to degrade the raw greywater, which realized advanced organics destruction, bacteria disinfection, and synchronously electricity production. The improved photocatalytic performance has been observed when the cell was incorporated with anodic TiO2/ZnO/Zn under UV and sunlight irradiation due to the enhanced electric field conductivity of the catalysts and heterojunction interface of TiO2. In the constructed UV-activated PFC system, the electricity production capability was observed with the measured voltage and power density of 868 mV and 0.0172 mW cm-2, respectively. Advanced chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of greywater achieved a 100% completion within 60 min of light irradiation. The Escherichia coli (E. coli) colonies decreased significantly and accounted ∼99% disinfection efficiency. Moreover, the photoelectrochemical and photoluminescence (PL) experiments elucidated that the charge carrier separation efficiency were higher when TiO2 was coupled to ZnO. The organic matter elimination principle was assessed by radical trapping experiment, and the findings indicated that the hydroxyl (OH) radical and hole (h+) appeared as major functions in the reaction. The stable cycle operation of the cell has been also obtained owing to the stable and film-type materials of anodic material. This performance was among the highest documented for PFC using real wastewater effluent as the fuel source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Mun Lam
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Jin-Chung Sin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hua Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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Dubowski Y, Alfiya Y, Gilboa Y, Sabach S, Friedler E. Removal of organic micropollutants from biologically treated greywater using continuous-flow vacuum-UV/UVC photo-reactor. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:7578-7587. [PMID: 31885065 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing apprehension regarding the fate of organic micropollutants (MPs) of emerging concern, little attention has been paid to their presence in domestic greywater, where they mainly originate from personal care products. Many MPs are not fully removed in conventional greywater treatments and require additional treatment. Vacuum-UV radiation (VUV) can generate ·OH in situ, via water photolysis, initiating advanced oxidation process (AOP) without any chemical addition. Despite growing interest in VUV-based AOP, its performance in real-life grey- or wastewater matrices has hardly been investigated. The present study investigates the removal of triclosan (TCS) and oxybenzone (BP3), common antibacterial and UV-filter MPs, in deionized water (DIW) and in treated greywater (TGW) using combined UVC/VUV or UVC only radiation in a continuous-flow reactor. Degradation kinetics of these MPs and their transformation products (TPs) were addressed, as well as bacterial growth inhibition of the resulting reactor's effluent. In DIW, MP degradation was much faster under the combined UVC/VUV irradiation. In TGW, the combined radiation successfully removed both MPs but at lower efficiency than in DIW, as particles and dissolved organic matter (DOM) acted as radical scavengers. Filtration and partial DOM removal prior to irradiation improved the process efficiency and reduced energy requirements under the combined radiation (from 1.6 and 167 to 1.1 and 6.0 kWh m-3·ּorder-1 for TCS and BP3, respectively). VUV radiation also reduced TP concentrations in the effluent. As a result, bacterial growth inhibition of triclosan solution irradiated by VUC/VUV was lower than that irradiated by UVC light alone, for UV dose > 120 mJ cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Dubowski
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Yuval Alfiya
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Gilboa
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sara Sabach
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eran Friedler
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Raphael DO, Okunade DA, Ogedengbe K, Adekunle OA. Assessment of a batch-flow free water surface constructed wetland planted with Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton for campus greywater treatment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:4275-4283. [PMID: 31832958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A pilot-scale batch-flow free water surface (FWS) constructed wetland (CW) system planted with Rhynchospora corymbosa (L.) Britton was developed with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2.5 days. The average porosity of the substrate was 0.55 and calculated hydraulic loading rate (HLR) was 3.96 (g BOD/m2-day). Quantitative and qualitative characterization of the greywater were done. The concentrations of pollutants in the greywater before and after it was fed into the FWS CWs were measured using standard sampling and analyses methods. The average daily per capita water use estimated was 162 L, out of which 72.5 L was greywater. The mean removal efficiencies (RE) of the CWs were 81% COD, 85% TN, 82% TK, 10% TP, 0.2% pH, 81% TSS, Zn 91%, 81% Al, 94% Mg, and 90% Fe. It was observed that the FWS with batch-flow configuration tested in the study was slightly different in terms of results reported on the conventional continuous flow system. R. corymbosa as a macrophyte has roots that can provide a surface area for microbial growth and oxygen exchange and can be used as emergent macrophytes in phytoremediation of greywater. The result provided information on the performance and pollutant removal efficiency of a batch-operated FWS CW system planted with R. corymbosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davids O Raphael
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria.
| | - David A Okunade
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Kola Ogedengbe
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Patnaik P, Abbasi SA. Ability of Indian pennywort Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell in the phytoremediation of sewage ( greywater). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:6078-6087. [PMID: 31863386 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The freely and abundantly available amphibious plant Indian pennywort Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell was able to phytoremediate sewage (greywater) quickly and substantially in SHEFROL® ("sheet flow root level") bioreactors, achieving reductions in the levels of several indicator parameters: suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, copper, nickel, and manganese to the extents of about 90%, 76-77%, 80%, 65%, 55%, 56%, 42%, and 41%, respectively at hydraulic retention times of just 6 h. As these indicators of primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments were achieved simultaneously in a single reactor compartment, the system presented in this paper promises to be simple, rapid, and economical, in achieving significant treatment of greywater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Patnaik
- Centre for Pollution Control & Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Chinakalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Shahid Abbas Abbasi
- Centre for Pollution Control & Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Chinakalapet, Puducherry, 605014, India.
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Oteng-Peprah M, de Vries N, Acheampong MA. Households' willingness to adopt greywater treatment technologies in a developing country - Exploring a modified theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model including personal norm. J Environ Manage 2020; 254:109807. [PMID: 31733472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explored willingness of households to adopt a greywater treatment and reuse system using the theory of planned behaviour in its original form and an extended model including personal norms. The study was conducted among 478 household heads in the central region of Ghana. The results indicate the original theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model explained about 54% of the variance in respondents' intentions to adopt this system and the extended model which includes personal norms explained 59% of the intentions. The extended model turned out to be the better model to predict willingness to adopt this household greywater and treatment system. The findings of this study shed more light on the role of personal norms in households' willingness to adopt a greywater treatment and reuse system and may inform interventions aimed at promoting such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oteng-Peprah
- Department of Health Promotion, Peter Debyeplein 1, University of Maastricht, Netherlands; Water and Sanitation Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Coast, 0031617850426, Ghana. http://
| | - N de Vries
- Department of Health Promotion, Peter Debyeplein 1, University of Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - M A Acheampong
- School of Engineering, Kumasi Technical University Kumasi, Ghana.
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Jung J, Menzies DJ, Thissen H, Easton CD, Evans RA, Henry R, Deletic A, McCarthy DT. New prebiotic chemistry inspired filter media for stormwater/ greywater disinfection. J Hazard Mater 2019; 378:120749. [PMID: 31226585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Greywater and stormwater have received significant attention due to increasing water scarcity. Passive filtration such as biofiltration has been a popular treatment method with its low energy input and environmental friendliness. However, pathogen removal capacity needs improvement to achieve safe water quality. In this study, a prebiotic chemistry inspired copolymer based on aminomalononitrile and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzaldehyde (AMNT30) was introduced to develop antimicrobial media for passive filtration. The AMNT30 polymer provided an adhesive coating on zeolite substrates following a spontaneous polymerisation process at room temperature. AMNT30 coated media were investigated for metal loading capacity, surface morphology, E. coli removal and metal leaching after filtration of different water sources (i.e. stormwater, greywater, and deionised water) at low/high conductivity. The coating enhanced metal ion loading on the surface and demonstrated that >8 log reduction of E. coli can be achieved for silver loaded materials compared to a 1 log reduction for copper loaded materials. The coating also increased the stability of the metals on the media irrespective of inflow characteristics. This study provided the first example using AMNT30 to create antimicrobial water purification media. It is expected that this technology will find applications in the water treatment industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jung
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - D J Menzies
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - H Thissen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - C D Easton
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - R A Evans
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Manufacturing, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - R Henry
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - A Deletic
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - D T McCarthy
- Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory (EPHM Lab), Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Tombola R, Buttiglieri G, Auset M, Gonzalez-Olmos R. Recycled corrugated wire hose cover as biological carriers for greywater treatment in a sequential batch biofilm reactor. J Environ Manage 2019; 240:475-484. [PMID: 30965175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Greywater treatment and reuse can be considered a promising option, in particular in water scarcity affected areas. In this work a waste material, namely recycled corrugated wire hose cover, was applied as an alternative and cheap carrier in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for greywater treatment. The bioreactor performance was studied in terms of organic matter, nitrogen and micropollutant removal. Four operational stages were investigated: i) inoculation of the carriers; ii) greywater treatment with suspended biomass; iii) synthetic and iv) real greywater treatment with inoculated carriers in the SBBR. The SBBR could treat real greywater showing high removal efficiencies for COD (86.5 ± 5.8%), ammonium (98.4 ± 1.4%) and total nitrogen (71.4 ± 8.2%). The obtained efficiencies were similar to the ones obtained with commercial carriers and to other treatments such as MBBR or MBR. In terms of micropollutants, 7 out of 13 detected micropollutants were highly removed (efficiency higher than 85%) while 5 of them (ofloxacin, metoprolol acid, venlafaxine, iopromide and hydrochlorothiazide) were found to be highly recalcitrant to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tombola
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Buttiglieri
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Maria Auset
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rafael Gonzalez-Olmos
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain.
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Turner RDR, Warne MSJ, Dawes LA, Thompson K, Will GD. Greywater irrigation as a source of organic micro-pollutants to shallow groundwater and nearby surface water. Sci Total Environ 2019; 669:570-578. [PMID: 30889446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increased water demands due to population growth and increased urbanisation have driven adoption of various water reuse practices. The irrigation of greywater (water from all household uses, except toilets) has been proposed as one potential sustainable practice. Research has clearly identified environmental harm from the presence of micro-pollutants in soils, groundwater and surface water. Greywater contains a range of micro pollutants yet very little is known about their potential environmental fate when greywater is irrigated to soil. Therefore, this study assessed whether organic micro-pollutants in irrigated greywater were transferred to shallow groundwater and an adjacent surface waterway. A total of 22 organic micro-pollutants were detected in greywater. Six of these (acesulfame, caffeine, DEET, paracetamol, salicylic acid and triclosan) were selected as potential tracers of greywater contamination. Three of these chemicals (acesulfame, caffeine, DEET) were detected in the groundwater, while salicylic acid was also detected in adjacent surface water. Caffeine and DEET in surface water were directly attributable to greywater irrigation. Thus the practice of greywater irrigation can act as a source of organic micro-pollutants to shallow groundwater and nearby surface water. The full list of micro-pollutants that could be introduced via greywater and the risk they pose to aquatic ecosystems is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D R Turner
- Water Quality and Investigations, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Science, Science Division, The State of Queensland, Department of Environment and Science, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Michael St J Warne
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom; Water Quality and Investigations, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Science, Science Division, The State of Queensland, Department of Environment and Science, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia; Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Les A Dawes
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, Robertson, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey D Will
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ziemba C, Larivé O, Deck S, Huisman T, Morgenroth E. Comparing the anti-bacterial performance of chlorination and electrolysis post-treatments in a hand washing water recycling system. Water Res X 2019; 2:100020. [PMID: 31119215 PMCID: PMC6510329 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2018.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Innovative solutions are necessary to enable the decentralized recycling of greywater for applications requiring high-quality water, such as hand washing. While physical barriers such as ultrafiltration membranes effectively prevent the passage of bacteria, and chemical and biological treatments can effectively reduce the carbon content of the treated water, there exists a knowledge gap regarding the application of anti-bacterial strategies to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria following treatment. In this study, the effluent water from a household-scale greywater treatment system was fed to seven parallel experimental post-treatment tanks: three receiving direct chlorination with free chlorine residuals of 0.2, 1 or 5 mg Cl2/L, three with chlorine produced through electrolysis at the same residual concentrations, and one control with no chlorine added. For increasing concentrations of direct chlorination, the median total cell count (TCC) values were 9 × 104, 2.9 × 104 and 1.8 × 103 cells/mL, respectively. Electrolysis treatment produced very similar TCC concentrations, 8.8 × 104, 1.1 × 104 and 2.3 × 103 cells/mL. The TCC concentrations were lower than the concentration of the water entering each tank (∼3 × 105 cells/mL). Intact cell count (ICC) measurements indicated that the viable cell concentrations, were less than 10% of the TCC values. Though electrolysis treatment can produce powerful oxidants, such as hydroxyl radical, there was no evidence that electrolysis in this system provided additional benefits beyond chlorine production for control of total or intact cell counts. Oxidation of bacteria by chlorine was the dominant anti-bacterial mechanism in our system. Monitoring of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and assimilable organic carbon (AOC) did not suggest that carbon-limitation significantly impacted cell counts when chlorination or electrolysis treatment was applied. This work demonstrates that either direct chlorination or electrolysis treatment are able to reduce bacteria concentrations over long-term operation of a hand washing water treatment system. We recommend selecting chlorine residual targets such that a chlorine residual is maintained during periods of challenging operating conditions. We observed that a target residual of 1 mg Cl2/L, in our system, maintained the TCC below the concentration found in Zurich drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ziemba
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Odile Larivé
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Deck
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Theo Huisman
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eberhard Morgenroth
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Truu M, Oopkaup K, Krustok I, Kõiv-Vainik M, Nõlvak H, Truu J. Bacterial community activity and dynamics in the biofilm of an experimental hybrid wetland system treating greywater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:4013-4026. [PMID: 30554320 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3940-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the biofilm microbial activity and bacterial community structure and successions in greywater treatment filters and to relate the treatment efficiency to the bacterial community parameters. This 10-month study was performed in a newly established experimental system for domestic greywater treatment that consisted of three parallel vertical flow filters (VFs) followed by a horizontal flow filter (HF). A rapid increase in the bacterial community abundance occurred during the first 85 days of filter operations, followed by a short-term decrease and the stabilization of the 16S rRNA gene copy numbers at average levels of 1.2 × 109 and 3.2 × 108 copies/g dw in VFs and HF, respectively, until the end of the experiment. The dominant bacterial phyla and genera differed between the VFs and HF. The temporal variation in the bacterial community structure was primarily related to the species replacement, and it was significantly affected by the influent organic carbon and nitrogen compounds in the VFs and the ammonia and organic carbon in the HF filters. Despite the differences in the community structure and assembly mechanisms, the temporal dynamics of the bacterial community showed high congruence between the filter types. The treatment efficiency was related to the biofilm bacterial community diversity and abundance and the abundance of certain bacterial genera in the VF filters. The results suggest that the dominant pathway of nitrogen removal by greywater treatment VFs occurs via coupled heterotrophic nitrification and denitrification, while the contribution of aerobic denitrification is temporally variable in these filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Truu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Oopkaup
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ivo Krustok
- Department of Environmental Management, Ministry of the Environment, Narva St. 7a, 15172, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Margit Kõiv-Vainik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hiie Nõlvak
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Truu
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
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Laaffat J, Aziz F, Ouazzani N, Mandi L. Biotechnological approach of greywater treatment and reuse for landscape irrigation in small communities. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:83-90. [PMID: 30622410 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A level of water quality intended for human consumption does not seem necessary for domestic uses such as irrigation of green spaces. Alternative water supplies like the use of greywater (GW) can thus be considered. However, GW contains pathogenic microorganisms and organic compounds which can cause environmental and health risks. As the risks related to recycling are unknown, GW treatment is necessary before reusing. To describe the risks related to GW reuses, the scientific approach performed in this study was to characterize domestic GW in order to select an appropriate treatment. The biotechnology chosen is a Horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland reactor. In order to minimize health risks, an optimization step based on UV disinfection was performed. The treatment performances were then determined. The treated GW produced in this study reached the threshold values expected by the Moroccan regulation for irrigation of green spaces with treated wastewater. Indeed, the COD and the TSS obtained in treated GW without disinfection are respectively 16.6 mg O2 L−1 and 0.40 mg L−1. The horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland (HSSF CW) reactor has been used to treat 1.2 m3/d of GW for 100 days. Three lawn plots have been irrigated respectively with raw GW, treated GW and tap water as a reference. Contrary to the lawn plot irrigated with raw GW, the risk analysis performed in this study has shown no significant difference between the law plots irrigated with treated GW combined with UV disinfection and the one irrigated with tap water. Overall, UV disinfection treated GW produced from the HSSF CW reactor developed in this experiment is thought to be an effective and feasible alternative for agricultural reuse.
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