1
|
Ishizaki Y, Kurisu F, Furumai H, Kasuga I. Autotrophic growth activity of complete ammonia oxidizers in an upflow biological contact filter for drinking water treatment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2023; 76:ovad105. [PMID: 37679291 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Biological filters effectively remove ammonium from drinking water via nitrification. In a pilot-scale upflow biological contact filter (U-BCF), complete ammonia oxidizers (comammox), which are capable of oxidizing ammonia to nitrate in one cell, were more abundant than ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). However, little information is available on the contribution of comammox to nitrification. In this study, we evaluated the autotrophic growth activity of comammox associated with biological activated carbon (BAC) in a U-BCF by DNA-stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP). BAC samples collected from the U-BCF were continuously fed mineral medium containing 0.14 mg N L-1 ammonium and 12C- or 13C-labeled bicarbonate for 20 days. DNA-SIP analysis revealed that comammox (clades A and B) as well as AOA assimilated bicarbonate after 10 days of incubation, proving that dominant comammox could contribute to nitrification. Contrarily, AOB remained inactive throughout the observation period. Amplicon sequencing of the 13C-labeled DNA fractions of comammox revealed that specific genotypes other than the most dominant genotype in the original sample were more enriched under the incubation condition for the DNA-SIP experiment. Thus, dominant genotypes of comammox in a U-BCF might utilize organic nitrogen to fuel nitrification in ammonia-limited environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ishizaki
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahmatika I, Kurisu F, Furumai H, Kasuga I. Dynamics of the Microbial Community and Opportunistic Pathogens after Water Stagnation in the Premise Plumbing of a Building. Microbes Environ 2022; 37. [PMID: 35321996 PMCID: PMC8958293 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In premise plumbing, microbial water quality may deteriorate under certain conditions, such as stagnation. Stagnation results in a loss of disinfectant residual, which may lead to the regrowth of microorganisms, including opportunistic pathogens. In the present study, microbial regrowth was investigated at eight faucets in a building over four seasons in one year. Water samples were obtained before and after 24 h of stagnation. In the first 100 mL after stagnation, total cell counts measured by flow cytometry increased 14- to 220-fold with a simultaneous decrease in free chlorine from 0.17–0.36 mg L–1 to <0.02 mg L–1. After stagnation, total cell counts were not significantly different among seasons; however, the composition of the microbial community varied seasonally. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas spp. was dominant in winter, whereas Sphingomonas spp. were dominant in most faucets after stagnation in other seasons. Opportunistic pathogens, such as Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acanthamoeba spp., were below the quantification limit for real-time quantitative PCR in all samples. However, sequences related to other opportunistic pathogens, including L. feeleii, L. maceachernii, L. micdadei, M. paragordonae, M. gordonae, and M. haemophilum, were detected. These results indicate that health risks may increase after stagnation due to the regrowth of opportunistic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iftita Rahmatika
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar M, Kuroda K, Barcelo D, Furumai H. Monsoon dilutes the concurrence but increases the correlation of viruses and Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the urban waters of Guwahati, India: The context of pandemic viruses. Sci Total Environ 2022; 813:152282. [PMID: 34902398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pathogenic viruses, metals and microbial pollution along with their seasonal variations in the water environment are overarching in the context of existing pandemic, especially for tropical countries. The present study focuses on the seasonal influence on the vulnerability of urban water in Guwahati, the largest city in North-eastern India, through examining the concurrence of seven PPCPs, five viruses, faecal bacteria and nine metals in surface waters during monsoon (Summer-July 2017) and pre-monsoon (Winter-March 2018). Surface water sampling was carried out at different locations of the Brahmaputra River, its tributary Bharalu River (an unlined urban drain), and Dipor Bill Lake (Ramsar-recognized wetland). Both PPCPs and viruses were at high concentrations (e.g. up to 970 ng L-1 caffeine, 2.5 × 103 copies mL-1 pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) at the confluence points of urban drains and the river, while they were mostly undetectable at both upstream and downstream locations, implying strong self-purification ability of the river. All the analysed PPCPs and viruses were at much higher concentrations during pre-monsoon i.e., winter than during monsoon, implying heavy dilution and temperature effect during the monsoon. Overall, PPCPs and viruses were more correlated in monsoon but the risk quotient in the urban tributary was higher in pre-monsoon (e.g. 5061 in pre-monsoon and 1515 in monsoon for caffeine). PMMoV was found to be an excellent faecal pollution indicator due to its prevalence, detectability and specificity in all seasons. Overall, the seasonal fluctuations of the non-enveloped viruses monitored in this study is likely to be relevant for SARS-CoV-2. We contribute to address the literature scarcity pertaining to seasonal variations in the prevalence of viruses and their concurrences with contaminants of emerging concern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India.
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Japan
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (OCRA-CERCA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Phan HV, Kurisu F, Kiba K, Furumai H. Optimized Cultivation and Syntrophic Relationship of Anaerobic Benzene-Degrading Enrichment Cultures under Methanogenic Conditions. Microbes Environ 2021; 36. [PMID: 34433738 PMCID: PMC8446749 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me21028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current challenges in the anaerobic bioremediation of benzene are the lack of capable cultures and limited knowledge on the biodegradation pathway. Under methanogenic conditions, benzene may be mineralized by syntrophic interactions between microorganisms, which are poorly understood. The present study developed an optimized formula for anoxic medium to successfully promote the growth of the putative benzene degrader Deltaproteobacterium Hasda-A and enhance the benzene degradation activity of methanogenic enrichment cultures. Within 70 d of incubation, the benzene degradation activity and relative abundance of Hasda-A in cultures in the new defined medium increased from 0.5 to >3 mg L–1 d–1 and from 2.5% to >17%, respectively. Together with Hasda-A, we found a strong positive relationship between the abundances of superphylum OD1 bacteria, three methanogens (Methanoregula, Methanolinea, and Methanosaeta) and benzene degradation activity. The syntrophic relationship between these microbial taxa and Hasda-A was then demonstrated in a correlation analysis of longitudinal data. The involvement of methanogenesis in anaerobic benzene mineralization was confirmed by inhibition experiments. The high benzene degradation activity and growth of Hasda-A were quickly recovered in successive dilutions of enrichment cultures, proving the feasibility of using the medium developed in the present study to produce highly capable cultures. The present results will facilitate practical applications in bioremediation and research on the molecular mechanisms underlying benzene activation and syntrophic interactions in benzene mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hop V Phan
- JSPS International Research Fellow, Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo
| | - Koichiro Kiba
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ekhlas D, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Cernava T, Berg G, Liu M, Furumai H. Identification of new eligible indicator organisms for combined sewer overflow via 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in Kanda River, Tokyo. J Environ Manage 2021; 284:112059. [PMID: 33556826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) are commonly used to evaluate the pollution impact of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in urban rivers. Although water quality assessment with FIB has a long tradition, recent studies demonstrated that FIB have a low correlation with pathogens and therefore are not accurate enough for the assessment of potential human hazards in water. Consequently, new eligible and more specific indicators have to be identified, which was done in this study via sequencing of genetic markers from total community DNA. To identify potential microbiome-based indicators, microbial communities in samples from an urban river in Tokyo under different climatic conditions (dry and rainy) were compared with the influent and effluent of three domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by analyzing 16 S rRNA gene amplicon libraries. In the first part of this study, physicochemical parameters and FIB quantification with selective culture techniques facilitated the identification of samples contaminated with CSO, sewage, or both. This allowed the grouping of samples into CSO-contaminated and non-contaminated samples, an essential step prior to the microbiome comparison between samples. Increased turbidity, ammonia concentrations, and E. coli [up to (9.37 ± 0.95) × 102 CFU/mL after 11.5 mm of rainfall] were observed in CSO-contaminated river samples. Comparison of dry weather (including WWTP samples) and rainy weather samples showed a reduction in microbial diversity in CSO-contaminated samples. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest Bacteroides spp. as a novel indicator of sewage pollution in surface waters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ekhlas
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria; Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar M, Mazumder P, Mohapatra S, Kumar Thakur A, Dhangar K, Taki K, Mukherjee S, Kumar Patel A, Bhattacharya P, Mohapatra P, Rinklebe J, Kitajima M, Hai FI, Khursheed A, Furumai H, Sonne C, Kuroda K. A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Seasonality, environmental fate, transport, inactivation, and antiviral drug resistance. J Hazard Mater 2021; 405:124043. [PMID: 33268203 PMCID: PMC7536132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the environmental perspectives of the viruses and antiviral drugs related to SARS-CoV-2. The present review paper discusses occurrence, fate, transport, susceptibility, and inactivation mechanisms of viruses in the environment as well as environmental occurrence and fate of antiviral drugs, and prospects (prevalence and occurrence) of antiviral drug resistance (both antiviral drug resistant viruses and antiviral resistance in the human). During winter, the number of viral disease cases and environmental occurrence of antiviral drug surge due to various biotic and abiotic factors such as transmission pathways, human behaviour, susceptibility, and immunity as well as cold climatic conditions. Adsorption and persistence critically determine the fate and transport of viruses in the environment. Inactivation and disinfection of virus include UV, alcohol, and other chemical-base methods but the susceptibility of virus against these methods varies. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are major reserviors of antiviral drugs and their metabolites and transformation products. Ecotoxicity of antiviral drug residues against aquatic organisms have been reported, however more threatening is the development of antiviral resistance, both in humans and in wild animal reservoirs. In particular, emergence of antiviral drug-resistant viruses via exposure of wild animals to high loads of antiviral residues during the current pandemic needs further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India.
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- Environmnetal Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Alok Kumar Thakur
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Kiran Dhangar
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Kaling Taki
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Arbind Kumar Patel
- Discipline of Earth Science, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Prosun Bhattacharya
- Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 10B, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pranab Mohapatra
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 355, India
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal 42285, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, University of Sejong, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Faisal I Hai
- Wollongong, Strategic Water Infrastructure Laboratory, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Anwar Khursheed
- Department of Civil Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama 9390398, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Torii S, Furumai H, Katayama H. Applicability of polyethylene glycol precipitation followed by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from municipal wastewater. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:143067. [PMID: 33131851 PMCID: PMC7568484 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The primary concentration and molecular process are critical to implement wastewater-based epidemiology for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the previously developed methods were optimized for nonenveloped viruses. Few studies evaluated if the methods are applicable to the efficient recovery of enveloped viruses from various types of raw sewage. This study aims (1) to compare the whole process recovery of Pseudomonas phage φ6, a surrogate for enveloped viruses, among combinations of primary concentration [ultrafiltration (UF), electronegative membrane vortex (EMV), and polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG)] and RNA extraction methods (spin column-based method using QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit and acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction using TRIzol reagent) for three types of raw sewage and (2) to test the applicability of the method providing the highest φ6 recovery to the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Among the tested combinations, PEG+TRIzol provided the highest φ6 recovery ratio of 29.8% to 49.8% (geometric mean). UF + QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit provided the second highest φ6 recovery of 6.4% to 35.8%. The comparable φ6 recovery was observed for UF + TRIzol (13.8-30.0%). PEG + QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit provided only 1.4% to 3.0% of φ6 recovery, while coliphage MS2, a surrogate for nonenveloped viruses, was recovered comparably with PEG + TRIzol. This indicated that the nonenveloped surrogate (MS2) did not necessarily validate the efficient recovery for enveloped viruses. EMV + QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit provided significantly different φ6 recovery (1.6-21%) among the types of raw sewage. Then, the applicability of modified PEG + TRIzol was examined for the raw sewage collected in Tokyo, Japan. Of the 12 grab samples, 4 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 CDC N1 and N3 assay. Consequently, PEG + TRIzol provided the highest φ6 recovery and allowed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from raw sewage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Canh VD, Torii S, Furumai H, Katayama H. Application of Capsid Integrity (RT-)qPCR to Assessing Occurrence of Intact Viruses in Surface Water and Tap Water in Japan. Water Res 2021; 189:116674. [PMID: 33279831 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR has recently been developed to discriminate between intact forms from inactivated forms of viruses, but its applicability to identifying integrity of viruses in drinking water has remained limited. In this study, we investigated the application of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR using cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP) with sodium deoxycholate (SD) pretreatment (SD-CDDP-(RT-)qPCR) to detect intact viruses in surface water and tap water. A total of 63 water samples (surface water, n = 20; tap water, n = 43) were collected in the Kanto region in Japan and quantified by conventional (RT)-qPCR and SD-CDDP-(RT-)qPCR for pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and seven other viruses pathogenic to humans (Aichivirus (AiV), noroviruses of genotypes I and II, enterovirus, adenovirus type 40 and 41, and JC and BK polyomaviruses). In surface water, PMMoV (100%) was more frequently detected than other human pathogenic viruses (30%-60%), as determined by conventional (RT-)qPCR. SD-CDDP-(RT-)qPCR also revealed that intact PMMoV (95%) was more common than intact human pathogenic viruses (20%-45%). In the tap water samples, most of the target viruses were not detected by conventional (RT-)qPCR, except for PMMoV (9%) and AiV (5%). PMMoV remained positive (5%), whereas no AiV was detected when tested by SD-CDDP-(RT-)qPCR, indicating that some PMMoV had an intact capsid, whereas AiV had damaged capsids. The presence of AiV in the absence of PMMoV in tap water produced from groundwater may demonstrate the limitation of PMMoV as a viral indicator in groundwater. In addition to being abundant in surface water, PMMoV was detected in tap water, including PMMoV with intact capsids. Thus, the absence of intact PMMoV may be used to guarantee the viral safety of tap water produced from surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Duc Canh
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Poopipattana C, Suzuki M, Furumai H. Impact of long-duration CSO events under different tidal change conditions on distribution of microbial indicators and PPCPs in Sumida river estuary of Tokyo Bay, Japan. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:7212-7225. [PMID: 33029770 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Sumida river estuary of Tokyo bay is often affected by fecal contamination from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). This study monitored the surface water quality from the upstream of the Sumida river to the estuary in October 2017, June 2018, and July 2018 after three long-duration rainfall events. Several types of sewage markers, including fecal bacteria and two types of bacteriophages as microbial markers, and five pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as chemical markers were used to evaluate fecal contamination. CSO discharge was estimated separately from pumping stations and overflow chambers. The dominant contribution from overflow chambers was estimated to be as high as 86 - 91% of total discharge volume indicating their significance in controlling CSO pollution. High concentrations of sewage marker were observed in a wide area due to CSO discharge of more than 30 h in all 3 events. Escherichia coli was found to be as high as 4.00 - 4.57 log10 (CFU/100 mL). Meanwhile, caffeine showed the highest concentration of 2105 ng/L among PPCPs. It was found to be a useful indicator of recent contamination that captured a unique spatial distribution tendency. On the other hand, crotamiton, a conservative PPCP, was found to be highly diluted and might not be appropriate for tracking pollutants under heavy rainfall events. The effect of CSO discharge pattern and tidal change on the distribution of sewage markers, including dispersion degree and pollutants travel time, was described. CSO pollutants were found to accumulate in the river mouth areas during high tide before being discharged into the estuary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chomphunut Poopipattana
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Motoaki Suzuki
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Phatthalung WN, Suttinun O, Phungsai P, Kasuga I, Kurisu F, Furumai H, Musikavong C. Non-target screening of dissolved organic matter in raw water, coagulated water, and chlorinated water by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2021; 264:128437. [PMID: 33045510 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to classify the possible molecular formulas of precursors for disinfection by-products (DBPs) in raw, coagulated, and chlorinated water samples from the U-Tapao Canal, Songkhla, Thailand. The molecular formulas of DBPs in chlorinated water were investigated. Polyaluminum chloride (PACl) was employed as a coagulant. Orbitrap Fourier transform-mass spectrometry was able to estimate the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) with the carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) elements contained and DBPs at the molecular level. The molecular formulas of the DOM in the raw water primarily consisted of CHO and CHON when extracted by lichrolut EN. The CHO and CHON species were rich in lignin-, tannin-, and condensed aromatic-like substances. The DOM with high-molecular-weight from 300 to 500 Da were preferentially removed by coagulation. The PACl coagulation decreased the abundances of lignin-, tannin-, and condensed aromatic-like substances in the CHO formulas, while lignin- and condensed aromatic-like substances in the CHON formulas remained. The remaining precursors corresponded to CHON molecules in the coagulated water, which may result in the formation of some chlorine (Cl)-containing molecules. Several DBPs among the CHOCl and CHONCl species were produced in the chlorinated water through the addition reaction of chlorine. New chlorinated N-DBPs of 21 formulas were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warangkana Na Phatthalung
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Oramas Suttinun
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Charongpun Musikavong
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Phungsai P, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Changes in dissolved organic matter during water treatment by sequential solid-phase extraction and unknown screening analysis. Chemosphere 2021; 263:128278. [PMID: 33297222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of complex dissolved organic matter (DOM) from environmental water is a major challenge for unknown screening analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry. In this study, DOM in process water during advanced drinking water treatment was fractionated sequentially by three solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges based on the polarity and charge of DOM molecules. By sequential SPE with unknown screening analysis, over 3000 DOM features were found in raw water, whereas around 2000 were obtained by a single SPE. The hydrophobic neutral (HPON) fraction contained CHO features with highest averaged molecular weight followed by hydrophobic acid (HPOA) and then hydrophilic acid (HPIA). The average degree of carbon double bond equivalents and carbon oxidation states indicated that the HPON fraction contained molecules that were more unsaturated and less oxidized than those of the HPOA and HPIA fractions. Ozone selectively decomposed (1) more unsaturated and less oxidized HPON features, (2) more unsaturated HPOA compounds, and (3) less oxidized HPIA molecules. Oxidation by-products were mostly HPON and HPIA compounds that were more oxidized than the decomposed molecules. During biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration, less oxidized HPON were preferentially removed, whereas HPOA were removed without selectivity. HPON and HPIA molecules with more oxidized character were found to be refractory to BAC treatment. HPON with more unsaturated and HPIA with more oxidized characters were decomposed by chlorine. Many types of HPIA decomposed during chlorination were the oxidation by-products of ozonation that were refractory to BAC treatment. Sequential SPE with unknown screening analysis provided previously unknown details of the molecular characteristics of DOM and its changes during advanced water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ishii Y, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Competition for growth substrates in river water between Escherichia coli and indigenous bacteria illustrated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:133-140. [PMID: 32671859 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli normally cannot grow in the environment. One environmental stress that prevents E. coli growth may be the competition for growth substrates with co-existing micro-organisms. In this study, the growth substrates of E. coli were screened by high-resolution mass spectrometry and compared with those of indigenous bacteria in river water. In an incubation experiment, E. coli multiplied in sterilized river water, but did not multiply when indigenous micro-organisms were present in the water. By analysing dissolved organic matter in the river water before and after E. coli growth, 35 compounds were identified as putative growth substrates of E. coli. Among them, 33 compounds were also identified as putative growth substrates of indigenous bacteria. These results indicate that E. coli and indigenous bacteria compete for organic substrates in river water, which could suppress the growth of E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Master Program of Environmental Engineering, Vietnam Japan University, Nam Tu Liem, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - H Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jantarakasem C, Kasuga I, Kurisu F, Furumai H. Temperature-Dependent Ammonium Removal Capacity of Biological Activated Carbon Used in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:13257-13263. [PMID: 32969636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification is a key function of biological activated carbon (BAC) filters for drinking water treatment. It is empirically known that the nitrification activity of BAC filters depends on water temperature, potentially resulting in the leakage of ammonium from BAC filters when the water temperature decreases. However, the ammonium removal capacity of BAC filters and factors governing the capacity remain unknown. This study employed a bench-scale column assay to determine the volumetric ammonium removal rate (VARR) of BAC collected from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. VARR was determined at a fixed loading rate under different conditions. Seasonal variations of the VARR as well as impacts of the water matrix and water temperature on ammonium removal were quantitatively analyzed. While the VARR in an inorganic medium at 25 °C was maintained even during low water temperature periods and during breakpoint chlorination periods, the water matrix factor reduced the VARR in ozonated water at 25 °C by 33% on average. The VARR in ozonated water was dependent on water temperature, indicating that the microbial activity of BAC did not adapt to low water temperature. The Arrhenius equation was applied to reveal the relationship between VARR and water temperature. The actual ammonium removal performance of a full-scale BAC filter was predicted. VARR is useful for water engineers to reexamine the loading and filter depth of BAC filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chotiwat Jantarakasem
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kasuga I, Suzuki M, Kurisu F, Furumai H. Molecular-level characterization of biodegradable organic matter causing microbial regrowth in drinking water by non-target screening using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Water Res 2020; 184:116130. [PMID: 32731039 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Miyu Suzuki
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumar M, Furumai H, Kasuga I, Kurisu F. Metal partitioning and leaching vulnerability in soil, soakaway sediments, and road dust in the urban area of Japan. Chemosphere 2020; 252:126605. [PMID: 32443273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isotope dilution techniques (IDT) and sequential extraction procedures (SEPs) were compared to apprehend the differences between two techniques in determining metal exchangeability and vulnerability to pollute the urban groundwater. For this purpose, soil (n = 2), "soakaway" sediment deposited in the artificial infiltration facilities (AIF) (n = 4), and road dust (n = 2) were sampled from Tokyo metropolitan. Sorption coefficients of four metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) were assessed through isotopic exchangeability (E-value) and potential mobile pool i.e. addition of exchangeable, reducible and oxidizable fraction obtained by Community Bureau of Reference (BCR)-procedures. The E-value for the three samples were found smaller than the potential mobile pool but were higher than BCR-exchangeable fractions. The use of strong extractants are likely to play an active role in the disagreement between SEPs and IDT. IDT accounts for the isotopic exchangeability while BCR provides information of vulnerability of metals associated with different fractions that can leach under different environmental conditions. Sorption coefficients measured in soakaway sediment was found comparable to soil thus likely to retain metals. However, as variability in environmental conditions is likely to affect Kd, the soakaway sediment may become an active metal source in future rather than acting as the permanent sink. The study concludes that there is the possibility of errors while predicting metal vulnerability to groundwater with both techniques and thus a model compliance integrating the virtue of both techniques will be a way forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382355, India.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Inoue K, Asami T, Shibata T, Furumai H, Katayama H. Spatial and temporal profiles of enteric viruses in the coastal waters of Tokyo Bay during and after a series of rainfall events. Sci Total Environ 2020; 727:138502. [PMID: 32335450 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Recreational activities in coastal waters that are polluted by enteric viruses can result in gastroenteritis etc. In this study, the pollution profiles of enteric viruses were examined in the coastal area of Tokyo Bay, Japan, by collecting 57 water samples from three different depths (0.5 m, 3.0 m, and 5.0 m) during and after a series of heavy rainfall events. Vertically spatial and temporal changes in the concentrations of NoV genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Aichi virus (AiV) were determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, while those of the bacterial indicator, Escherichia coli, and F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNA phages) were monitored using culture methods. PMMoV was highly abundant (1.4 × 104-6.8 × 106 genome copies/L), whereas the concentrations of the other enteric viruses were relatively low (AiV, 1.3 × 102-2.9 × 104; GI, 2.9 × 10-5.6 × 103; GII, 2.5 × 10-1.2 × 104 genome copies/L). All of the viruses showed lower fluctuations in concentration than E. coli, which increased up to 460-fold after the rainfall event and then decreased over the subsequent two weeks. The maximum vertical difference in E. coli concentration was observed immediately after the rainfall. The E. coli reached the surface and then gradually spread down, whereas the virus concentrations exhibited few fluctuations due to the remaining effects of the previous combined sewer overflows. These findings indicate that viruses have a relatively long retention period over fecal indicator bacteria in this coastal area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Asami
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Shibata
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sangsanont J, Kurisu F, Furumai H, Katayama H. Ozone disinfection kinetics of poliovirus 1 determined by cell culture assay, RT-qPCR and ethidium monoazide qPCR reduction in a continuous quench-flow reactor. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:1530-1540. [PMID: 32681543 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A continuous quench-flow (CQF) reactor was developed to collect samples at the reaction times of less than one second. The reactor is applied to determine ozone disinfection kinetics of poliovirus and to study whether EMA-qPCR can assess the viral infectivity after ozone disinfection. METHODS Ozone disinfection of poliovirus was conducted in the developed CQF, and the disinfection kinetics were tested in the range of 0·7-5·0 s at ozone concentration of 0·08 and 0·25 mg l-1 . Inactivation, damage on viral genome and damage on capsid integrity were determined by plaque assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and ethidium monoazide treatment coupled with RT-qPCR (EMA-qPCR), respectively. RESULTS By using CQF, 2·18 and 2·76 log10 reductions were observed at the reaction time of 0·7 s and ozone concentration of 0·08 and 0·25 mg l-1 , respectively, followed by tailing. Ozone disinfection kinetics of poliovirus 1 were better fit by the efficiency factor Hom model than by the Chick-Watson model, or the modified Chick-Watson model. Kinetics observed were similar between RT-qPCR and EMA-qPCR assays at the reaction times of <2·0 s and ozone concentrations of 0·08 and 0·25 mg l-1 . At reaction times > 5 s, viral concentration evaluated by EMA-qPCR was reduced in comparison to stable RT-qPCR results. Both assays still underestimated the virus inactivation. CONCLUSION The simple developed reactor can be used to investigate viral ozone disinfection kinetics and to elucidate inactivation characteristics or mechanisms at very short exposure times. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The developed CQF reactor is beneficial for better understanding of virus inactivation by ozone, and the reactor can be used to better elucidate disinfection kinetics and mechanisms for future research. This work constitutes an important contribution to the existing knowledge of the application and limitation of the EMA/PMA-qPCR to assess virus infectivity after ozone disinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sangsanont
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - F Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hata A, Furumai H, Katayama H. Sequential treatment using a hydrophobic resin and gel filtration to improve viral gene quantification from highly complex environmental concentrates. Water Res 2020; 174:115652. [PMID: 32135428 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Assays based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are widely applied to quantify enteric viruses in aquatic environments to study their fates and potential infection risks. However, inhibitory substances enriched by virus concentration processes can result in inaccurate quantification. This study aimed to find a method for improving virus quantification by mitigating the effects of inhibitory environmental concentrates, using previous knowledge of the properties of the inhibitory substances. Performances of anion exchange resins, gel filtration, and a hydrophobic resin (DAX-8) were comparatively evaluated using poliovirus and its extracted RNA spiked into humic acid solutions. These solutions served as good representatives of the inhibitory environmental concentrates. A sequential treatment using DAX-8 resin and gel filtration produced the most favorable results, i.e., low virus losses that were stable and a reduced inhibitory effect. Furthermore, the sequential treatment was applied to another set of 15 environmental concentrates. Without the sequential treatment, serious underestimation (>4.0 log10 to 1.1 log10) of a molecular process control (murine norovirus) was measured for eight samples. With the treatment, the control was detected with <1.0 log10 underestimation for all samples. The treatment improved the quantification of seven types of indigenous viruses. In summary, the sequential treatment is effective in improving the viral quantification in various of environmental concentrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu-shi, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Torii S, Hashimoto T, Do AT, Furumai H, Katayama H. Repeated pressurization as a potential cause of deterioration in virus removal by aged reverse osmosis membrane used in households. Sci Total Environ 2019; 695:133814. [PMID: 31421339 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane is widely used for household water treatment in areas with limited access to safe drinking water; however, some studies documented deterioration in the quality of RO permeate. Repeated pressurization from intermittent operation in households is suspected to have an adverse effect on RO. This study aimed to evaluate virus removal by RO used in actual households as well as the water quality of permeate, and to elucidate the main cause of RO deterioration. We conducted a survey in households in Hanoi, Vietnam, to collect 27 membranes along with their usage history, where virus removal was investigated in laboratory. Of the used RO membranes, 22% did not show the protective level, >3 log10 (99.9%) virus removal, recommended by World Health Organization. The differences in virus removal among Aichi virus, MS2 and φX-174 were <0.5 log10. All membranes with estimated pressurization times of <4000 showed >3 log10 virus removal, while 17% of membranes used for <3years, the manufacturers' warranty period, did not achieve the criterion. Therefore, virus removal performance may not be assured even if the users replace the membrane following the warranty period. Furthermore, more pressurized membranes exhibited significantly lower virus removal than less pressurized ones, suggesting a major role of repeated pressurization in the deterioration of RO. Coliforms were detected from 44% of the permeate of the point-of-use devices applying RO (RO-POU), raising concerns on the extrinsic contamination and regrowth of bacteria. Consequently, RO in households may deteriorate more rapidly than the manufactures' expectation due to repeated pressurization. RO in households should be replaced based on not only membrane age but also total pressurized times (i.e., 4000 times) to keep the protective level of virus removal. The deteriorated bacterial quality in RO permeate suggested the need for installing post-treatment, such as UV irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - An Thuan Do
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, Thuy Loi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kumar M, Ram B, Honda R, Poopipattana C, Canh VD, Chaminda T, Furumai H. Concurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), viruses, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in ambient waters of Guwahati, India: Urban vulnerability and resilience perspective. Sci Total Environ 2019; 693:133640. [PMID: 31377355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant microbes, pathogenic viruses, metals, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water has become the crux of urban sustainability issues. However, vulnerability due to pollutant concurrences, source apportionment, and identification of better faecal indicators needs to be better understood. The present study focuses on the vulnerability of urban Guwahati, the largest city in Northeastern India, through analyzing the concurrence of PPCPs, enteric viruses, antibiotic resistant bacteria, metal, and faecal contamination in water. The study strives to identify a relevant marker of anthropogenic pollution for the Indian scenario. Samples from the Brahmaputra River (n = 4), tributary Bharalu River (an unlined urban drain; n = 3), and Ramsar recognized Lake (Dipor Bil; n = 1) indicate caffeine > acetaminophen > theophylline > carbamazepine > crotamiton for PPCPs and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) > aichi > hepatitis A > norovirus GII > norovirus GI for enteric viruses. PMMoV was the better indicator of faecal pollution due to its prevalence, specificity and ease of detection. Antibiotic resistance was neither correlated with the prevalence of PPCPs nor E. coli. As, Co and Mn appear to be inducing antibiotic resistance in E. coli. While the risk quotient of the urban drain (Bharalu River) indicates one order higher magnitude than reported for other Indian rivers, the Lake exhibited the least pollution and better resilience. The concurrence of pollutants and multi-drug resistant E. coli, owing to the complete absence of wastewater treatment, puts the city in a highly vulnerable state. Pollution is being regulated only by the dilution capability of the Brahmaputra River, which needs to be further researched for seasonal variation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
| | - Bhagwana Ram
- Discipline of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Ryo Honda
- Faculty of Environmental Design, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Vu Duc Canh
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tushara Chaminda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Phungsai P, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Molecular characteristics of dissolved organic matter transformed by O 3 and O 3/H 2O 2 treatments and the effects on formation of unknown disinfection by-products. Water Res 2019; 159:214-222. [PMID: 31100575 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigated semiquantitative changes in almost 1000 dissolved organic matter (DOM) features during oxidation with 1 mg of O3 per liter (mg O3/L), 4 mg O3/L, or 4 mg O3/L + 2.5 mg of H2O2 per liter (advanced oxidation process, AOP) by unknown screening analysis with Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The consequential effects on formation of unknown disinfection by-products (DBPs) by chlorination were evaluated in laboratory-scale experiments. Several hundred unsaturated DOM features with positive oxygen-subtracted double bond equivalents per carbon ((DBE-O)/C) were decomposed by the ozone-only treatment and AOP. The AOP decomposed some saturated (negative (DBE-O)/C)) and reduced molecules, which had negative carbon oxidation states (Cos). Several hundred saturated oxidation by-products were detected after ozonation and the AOP. After chlorination, the samples pre-treated with ozone alone resulted in higher formation of unknown DBPs than the AOP pre-treated sample or the sample without oxidation. Over half of the DBP precursors, estimated by electrophilic substitution, were not totally decomposed by any oxidation process, but they were increased after the ozone-only process and AOP. DBP precursors produced by the ozone-only process or AOP formed unique unknown DBPs. Therefore, post-treatment processes after oxidation and before chlorination are important to minimize formation of unknown DBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phanwatt Phungsai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khanal R, Furumai H, Nakajima F, Yoshimura C. Impact of holding time on toxicity change of urban road dust during runoff process. Sci Total Environ 2019; 668:1267-1276. [PMID: 31018466 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During runoff process, the urban road dust (URD) passes through the road-side gutters and detention tanks, where it gets hold for a certain period of time, hours to weeks, before making its way into the water bodies. A part of the water-exchangeable toxicants are leached by the water, and some strongly bound toxicants remain attached to the URD. Toxicity of urban runoff is dependent on holding time, water volume, and the type and composition of the wet road dust (WeRD) and leachate. However, there are no studies that have elucidated the manner in which toxicities of the WeRD and leachate vary during prolonged holding in the runoff processes. The main objectives of this research were to, i) identify the distribution of toxicants in the WeRD and leachate, and ii) evaluate the change in toxicity during prolonged holding. The URD samples that were collected from residential road, arterial road and highways in Tokyo, Japan, were mixed with moderately hard water in varying ratios (1:2 to 1:16) and were held for a certain time (1h to 5days) before centrifuging into the WeRD and leachate. Toxicity test was conducted with ostracod Heterocypris incongruens direct contact test. Toxicity of both the WeRD and leachate from residential area was not significantly greater than the 20% lethal limit. Toxicity of the WeRD from other stations initially decreased, further reached a minimum corresponding to the critical holding time, and it subsequently increased again. Toxicity of the arterial leachate gradually increased, whereas that of the highway leachate gradually decreased during 5days holding. Unionized ammonia and zinc were confirmed as one of the possible toxicants. This study proposes and verifies a model for the toxicity change of the WeRD during prolonged holding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Khanal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Nakajima
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Canh VD, Kasuga I, Furumai H, Katayama H. Viability RT-qPCR Combined with Sodium Deoxycholate Pre-treatment for Selective Quantification of Infectious Viruses in Drinking Water Samples. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:40-51. [PMID: 30680674 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pathogenic viruses in drinking water is a major public health concern. Although viability RT-qPCR methods were developed to quantify infectious viruses, they may not always reflect viral infectivity, therefore leading to false-positive results. In this study, sodium deoxycholate (SD) pre-treatment was used to improve the efficiency of viability RT-qPCR methods with respect to exclusive quantification of infectious viruses. The ability of SD pre-treatment to enhance the penetration of three viability markers, namely, ethidium monoazide (EMA, 100 µM), propidium monoazide (PMA, 100 µM), and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (CDDP, 1000 µM), into heat-treated (90 °C for 1 min) Aichi virus at various concentrations (0.01-0.5%) was evaluated. The optimal SD concentration was found to be 0.1% for all markers. EMA/PMA/CDDP-RT-qPCR with 0.1% SD pre-treatment was significantly more effective than without SD pre-treatment in determining AiV inactivation after heat (50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C for 1 min) or chlorine treatment (1 mgCl2/L for 1, 2, 5, or 10 min). Among the viability RT-qPCR methods tested, CDDP-RT-qPCR with SD pre-treatment (SD-CDDP-RT-qPCR) was the most effective in reflecting viral infectivity. Performance testing of SD-CDDP-RT-qPCR in concentrated drinking water samples did not reveal any significant effects of SD-CDDP treatment. Thus, SD-CDDP-RT-qPCR could be a useful tool for monitoring infectious virus presence in drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Duc Canh
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khanal R, Furumai H, Nakajima F, Yoshimura C. Carcinogenic profile, toxicity and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated from urban road dust in Tokyo, Japan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 165:440-449. [PMID: 30218967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in urban environments. Urban road dust (URD) generated by traffic is an important PAH accumulator. Twelve priority PAHs in < 2000 µm fraction of ten URD samples from Tokyo, Japan were characterized based on profile distributions, carcinogenicity, toxicity, and source apportionment by cluster analysis, biplot and diagnostic ratios. PAH concentrations (mg/kg dry weight) in arterial roads, highways, highway parking, highway drainage pit and residential area URD samples were 2.06-4.24, 0.25-3.37, 3.44, 4.94, and 5.26 respectively, dominated by the ∑4 rings (average 46%) and ∑5 + 6 rings (average 41%) PAHs. Biplot analysis revealed that the antecedent dry weather period, vehicle frequency and organic matter content were the dominant environmental factors governing PAH profiles of different road types. The total amount of carcinogenic PAHs in the residential URD (2.12 mg/kg) was higher than those in the arterial road (0.60-2.00 mg/kg) and highway (0.10-1.84 mg/kg) URD. Toxic equivalent concentrations (TECs) of residential, arterial road and highway URD were 0.54, (0.12-0.57), and (0.02-0.51) mg/kg, respectively. The dominant PAH sources were found to be petrogenic combustion in arterial road and highway URD, and pyrogenic combustion consisting of a mix of biomass, petroleum and traffic-related sources in the residential and highway drainage pit samples. This is also the first study to find that TEC-based toxicity should not be taken as a measure of URD toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Khanal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan; Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Nakajima
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-4, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Due to increasing stringency of water legislation and extreme consequences that failure to detect some contaminants in water can involve, there has been a strong interest in developing electrochemical biosensors for algal toxin detection during the past decade, evidenced by literature increasing from 2 journal papers pre-2009 to 24 between 2009 and 2018. In this context, this review has summarized recent progress of successful algal toxin detection in water using electrochemical biosensing techniques. Satisfactory detection recoveries using real environmental water samples and good sensor repeatability and reproducibility have been achieved, along with some excellent limit-of-detection (LOD) reported. Recent electrochemical biosensor literature in algal toxin detection is compared and discussed to cover three major design components: (1) biorecognition elements, (2) electrochemical read-out techniques, and (3) sensor electrodes and signal amplification strategy. The recent development of electrochemical biosensors has provided one more step further toward quick in situ detection of algal toxins in the contamination point of the water source. In the end, we have also critically reviewed the current challenges and research opportunities regarding electrochemical biosensors for algal toxin detection that need to be addressed before they attain commercial viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, Wales SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christopher Saint
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Kar Seng Teng
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, Wales SA1 8EN, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Centre for Water Environment Technology, Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kato R, Asami T, Utagawa E, Furumai H, Katayama H. Pepper mild mottle virus as a process indicator at drinking water treatment plants employing coagulation-sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, ozonation, and biological activated carbon treatments in Japan. Water Res 2018; 132:61-70. [PMID: 29306700 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the potential of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as a viral process indicator, its reduction through coagulation-sedimentation (CS) and rapid sand filtration (RSF) were compared with those of Escherichia coli, previously used viral indicators, and norovirus genotype II (NoV GII; enteric virus reference pathogen) in a bench-scale experiment. PMMoV log10 reductions in CS (1.96 ± 0.30) and RSF (0.26 ± 0.38) were similar to those of NoV GII (1.86 ± 0.61 and 0.28 ± 0.46). PMMoV, the most abundant viruses in the raw water, was also determined during CS, RSF, and advanced treatment processes at two full-scale drinking water treatment plants under strict turbidity management over a 13-month period. PMMoV was concentrated from large-volume water samples (10-614 L) and quantified by Taqman-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The PMMoV log10 reduction in CS (2.38 ± 0.74, n = 13 and 2.63 ± 0.76, n = 10 each for Plant A and B) and in ozonation (1.91 ± 1.18, n = 5, Plant A) greatly contributed to the overall log10 reduction. Our results suggest that PMMoV can act as a useful treatment process indicator of enteric viruses and can be used to monitor the log10 reduction of individual treatment processes at drinking water treatment plants due to its high and consistent copy numbers in source water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kato
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Asami
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Etsuko Utagawa
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Vietnam - Japan University, Luu Huu Phuoc Str., My Dinh I Ward, Nam Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Phungsai P, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Changes in Dissolved Organic Matter Composition and Disinfection Byproduct Precursors in Advanced Drinking Water Treatment Processes. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:3392-3401. [PMID: 29463082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) from treatment processes at two drinking water treatment plants in Japan were investigated using unknown screening analysis by Orbitrap mass spectrometry. DOM formulas with carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO-DOM) were the most abundant class in water samples, and over half of them were commonly found at both plants. Among the treatment processes, ozonation induced the most drastic changes to DOM. Mass peak intensities of less saturated CHO-DOM (positive (oxygen subtracted double bond equivalent per carbon (DBE-O)/C)) decreased by ozonation, while more saturated oxidation byproducts (negative (DBE-O)/C) increased and new oxidation byproducts (OBPs) were detected. By Kendrick mass analysis, ozone reactions preferred less saturated CHO-DOM in the same alkylation families and produced more saturated alkylation families of OBPs. Following ozonation, biological activated carbon filtration effectively removed <300 Da CHO-DOM, including OBPs. Following chlorination, over 50 chlorinated formulas of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were found in chlorinated water samples where at least half were unknown. Putative precursors of these DBPs were determined based on electrophilic substitutions and addition reactions. Ozonation demonstrated better decomposition of addition reaction-type precursors than electrophilic substitution-type precursors; over half of both precursor types decreased during biological activated carbon filtration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phanwatt Phungsai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Research Center for Environmental and Hazardous Substance Management , Khon Kaen University , Khon Kaen 40002 , Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hata A, Inaba M, Katayama H, Furumai H. Characterization of Natural Organic Substances Potentially Hindering RT-PCR-Based Virus Detection in Large Volumes of Environmental Water. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:13568-13579. [PMID: 29165998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative detection of pathogenic viruses in the environmental water is essential for the assessment of water safety. It is known that some of natural organic substances interfere with virus detection processes, i.e., nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription-PCR. Such substances are carried over into a sample after virus concentration. In this study, inhibitory substances in coastal water samples were characterized in view of their effects on efficiency of virus detection and property as organic matters. Among 81 samples tested, 77 (95%) showed low recoveries (<10%) of spiked murine norovirus. These recovery rates were correlated with the levels of organic matter present in virus concentrates as measured by ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (r = -0.70 - -0.71, p < 0.01). High-performance gel chromatography and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy revealed that organic fractions in the 10-100 kDa size range, which were not dominant in the original samples, and those possessing humic acid-like fluorescence properties were dominant in virus concentrates. The inhibitory effect was more pronounced during summer. Substances originating from seawater seemed to cause a more pronounced effect than those originating from wastewater. Our data highlight the previously unknown characteristics of natural inhibitory substances and are helpful in establishing an effective sample purification technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University , 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Manami Inaba
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University , North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Campisano A, Butler D, Ward S, Burns MJ, Friedler E, DeBusk K, Fisher-Jeffes LN, Ghisi E, Rahman A, Furumai H, Han M. Corrigendum to "Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives" [Water Res. 115 (2017) 195-209]. Water Res 2017; 121:386. [PMID: 28606673 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Campisano
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - David Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Sarah Ward
- Waterway Ecosystem Research Group, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Burnley, Australia
| | - Matthew J Burns
- Waterway Ecosystem Research Group, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Burnley, Australia
| | - Eran Friedler
- Department of Environmental, Water & Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, TechnioneIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Kathy DeBusk
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Longwood University, 201 High Street, Farmville, VA 23909, USA
| | - Lloyd N Fisher-Jeffes
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Enedir Ghisi
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Florian_opoli, SC, Brazil
| | - Ataur Rahman
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mooyoung Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Campisano A, Butler D, Ward S, Burns MJ, Friedler E, DeBusk K, Fisher-Jeffes LN, Ghisi E, Rahman A, Furumai H, Han M. Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives. Water Res 2017; 115:195-209. [PMID: 28279940 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
While the practice of rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be traced back millennia, the degree of its modern implementation varies greatly across the world, often with systems that do not maximize potential benefits. With a global focus, the pertinent practical, theoretical and social aspects of RWH are reviewed in order to ascertain the state of the art. Avenues for future research are also identified. A major finding is that the degree of RWH systems implementation and the technology selection are strongly influenced by economic constraints and local regulations. Moreover, despite design protocols having been set up in many countries, recommendations are still often organized only with the objective of conserving water without considering other potential benefits associated with the multiple-purpose nature of RWH. It is suggested that future work on RWH addresses three priority challenges. Firstly, more empirical data on system operation is needed to allow improved modelling by taking into account multiple objectives of RWH systems. Secondly, maintenance aspects and how they may impact the quality of collected rainwater should be explored in the future as a way to increase confidence on rainwater use. Finally, research should be devoted to the understanding of how institutional and socio-political support can be best targeted to improve system efficacy and community acceptance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Campisano
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - David Butler
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Sarah Ward
- Centre for Water Systems, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Matthew J Burns
- Waterway Ecosystem Research Group, School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Burnley, Australia
| | - Eran Friedler
- Department of Environmental, Water & Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Kathy DeBusk
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lloyd N Fisher-Jeffes
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Enedir Ghisi
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Department of Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Florianópoli, SC, Brazil
| | - Ataur Rahman
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mooyoung Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Noguchi M, Kurisu F, Sekiguchi Y, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Microbial community structure of methanogenic benzene-degrading cultures enriched from five different sediments. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 62:266-271. [PMID: 27600356 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Noguchi
- Faculty of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sangsanont J, The Dan D, Thi Viet Nga T, Katayama H, Furumai H. Detection of pepper mild mottle virus as an indicator for drinking water quality in Hanoi, Vietnam, in large volume of water after household treatment. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2016; 51:1100-1106. [PMID: 27419274 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1199650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the removal of bacteria and viruses by household point-of-use (POU) treatments and to apply a previously developed large-volume virus concentration method (∼20 L). First, the removal of microbes by household POU treatment was investigated in the laboratory. Second, the prevalence of viruses in drinking water sources for households and the removal efficiency of microbes by POU treatments in two suburban communities in Hanoi, Vietnam, were investigated. Indigenous pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) was used as the main target together with adenovirus, Aichi virus, enterovirus, F-specific bacteriophage genogroup 1, and Escherichia coli to investigate the removal efficiency of household treatments. The results from laboratory and field survey were compared. From the laboratory study, ceramic membranes were not effective for removing viruses and bacteria from water; pathogen reduction was less than 1.5 log10. By contrast, reverse osmosis (RO) devices reduced microbes by 3 to > 5 log10. In a field study, PMMoV was found to be the most prevalent waterborne virus. Household sand filtration was ineffective for removing E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV; the reduction was less than 1 order of magnitude. Boiling the water and then filtering it with a ceramic membrane reduced E. coli by 3 orders of magnitude, but this was not effective for removing PMMoV. RO filtration was one of the promising methods for removing E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV to below their detection limits in most of the samples studied. The removal of E. coli, total coliforms and PMMoV was >2.3, >4 and >3 log10, respectively. The laboratory results of virus removal efficiency by POU devices agreed with the field study. Due to the prevalence and characteristics of PMMoV, it is a strong candidate for an indigenous indicator to investigate the viral removal efficiency of household POU treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatuwat Sangsanont
- a Graduate Program in Sustainability Science-Global Leadership Initiative , Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Chiba , Japan
| | - Dang The Dan
- b Department of Urban Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tran Thi Viet Nga
- c Department of Environmental Engineering , National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE) , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- b Department of Urban Engineering , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- d Research Center for Water Environment Technology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Asami T, Katayama H, Torrey JR, Visvanathan C, Furumai H. Evaluation of virus removal efficiency of coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration processes in a drinking water treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand. Water Res 2016; 101:84-94. [PMID: 27258619 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to properly assess and manage the risk of infection by enteric viruses in tap water, virus removal efficiency should be evaluated quantitatively for individual processes in actual drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); however, there have been only a few studies due to technical difficulties in quantifying low virus concentration in water samples. In this study, the removal efficiency of indigenous viruses was evaluated for coagulation-sedimentation (CS) and rapid sand filtration (RSF) processes in a DWTP in Bangkok, Thailand by measuring the concentration of viruses before and after treatment processes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Water samples were collected and concentrated from raw source water, after CS, and after RSF, and inhibitory substances in water samples were reduced by use of a hydrophobic resin (DAX-8). Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and JC polyomavirus (JC PyV) were found to be highly prevalent in raw waters, with concentrations of 10(2.88 ± 0.35) and 10(3.06 ± 0.42) copies/L (geometric mean ± S.D.), respectively. Step-wise removal efficiencies were calculated for individual processes, with some variation observed between wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, PMMoV was removed less by CS and more by RSF on average (0.40 log10 vs 1.26 log10, respectively), while the reverse was true for JC PyV (1.91 log10 vs 0.49 log10, respectively). Both viruses were removed similarly during the dry season, with CS removing the most virus (PMMoV, 1.61 log10 and 0.78 log10; JC PyV, 1.70 log10, and 0.59 log10; CS and RSF, respectively). These differences between seasons were potentially due to variations in raw water quality and the characteristics of the viruses themselves. These results suggest that PMMoV and JC PyV, which are more prevalent in environmental waters than the other enteric viruses evaluated in this study, could be useful in determining viral fate for the risk management of viruses in water treatment processes in actual full-scale DWTPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Asami
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Jason Robert Torrey
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chettiyappan Visvanathan
- Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Phungsai P, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Molecular characterization of low molecular weight dissolved organic matter in water reclamation processes using Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Water Res 2016; 100:526-536. [PMID: 27235773 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water has recently become an important water source for urban use, but the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed water has rarely been characterized at the compound level because of its complexity. In this study, the transformation and changes in composition of low molecular weight DOM in water reclamation processes, where secondary effluent of the municipal wastewater treatment plant was further treated by biofiltration, ozonation and chlorination, were investigated by "unknown" screening analysis using Orbitrap mass spectrometry (Orbitrap MS). The intense ions were detected over an m/z range from 100 to 450. In total, 2412 formulae with various heteroatoms were assigned, and formulae with carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) only and C, H, O and sulfur (S) were the most abundant species. During biofiltration, CHO-only compounds with relatively high hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio or with saturated structure were preferentially removed, while CHOS compounds were mostly removed. Ozonation induced the greatest changes in DOM composition. CHOS compounds were mostly decreased after ozonation while ozone selectively removed CHO compounds with relatively unsaturated structure and produced compounds that were more saturated and with a higher degree of oxidation. After chlorination, 168 chlorine-containing formulae, chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs), were additionally detected. Candidate DBP precursors were determined by tracking chlorinated DBPs formed via electrophilic substitution, half of which were generated during the ozonation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phanwatt Phungsai
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ikuro Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim W, Furumai H. Characterization of Washoff Behavior of In-Sewer Deposits in Combined Sewer Systems. Water Environ Res 2016; 88:557-565. [PMID: 27225785 DOI: 10.2175/106143016x14504669768930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In-sewer deposits in combined sewer systems (CSSs) are closely related with the behavior of first foul flush and combined sewer overflows. The artificial flushing experiment separating the washoff of in-sewer deposits from the inflow of surface pollutants was carried out to simulate first foul flush in a CSS. The washoff behaviors of each pollutant including chemical pollutants, bacterial indicators, and enteric viruses were intensively investigated. By using several morphological analyses, some of which were suggested through this study, the characteristics of first foul flush were examined. As a result, the washoff behaviors of each pollutant were characterized according to their (i) event load ratios (ELRs), (ii) time-series concentration and load curves, (iii) concentration vs. flow rate curves, and (iv) dimensionless runoff concentrations (DRCs). The first foul flush patterns of each parameter were categorized into 3 typical groups: the strong-, partial-, and no first foul flush group. The order of these groups signifies their different physicochemical properties of in-sewer deposits in CSSs, their strength of first foul flush phenomena, and the washoff priority as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WeonJae Kim
- Environmental and Plant Engineering Research Institute, Korea Institute of Construction Engineering and Building Technology, 283, Goyangdae-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 411-712, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Honda R, Watanabe T, Sawaittayotin V, Masago Y, Chulasak R, Tanong K, Chaminda GT, Wongsila K, Sienglum C, Sunthonwatthanaphong V, Poonnotok A, Chiemchaisri W, Chiemchaisri C, Furumai H, Yamamoto K. Impacts of urbanization on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the Chaophraya River and its tributaries. Water Sci Technol 2016; 73:362-374. [PMID: 26819392 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
River water samples were taken from 32 locations around the basin of Chaophraya River and its four major tributaries in Thailand to investigate resistance ratios of Escherichia coli isolates to eight antibiotic agents of amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tetracycline, doxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Principal component analysis was performed to characterize resistance patterns of the samples. Relevancy of the obtained principal components with urban land use and fecal contamination of the river were examined. The ratio of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is likely to increase when urban land use near the sampling site exceeds a certain ratio. The resistance ratio to fluoroquinolones tends to be high in a highly populated area. Meanwhile, no significant contribution of fecal contamination was found to increase the resistance ratio. These results suggest that an antibiotic-resistance ratio is dependent on conditions of local urbanization rather than the upstream conditions, and that the major sources of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the Chaophraya River basin are possibly point sources located in the urban area which contains a high ratio of resistant bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Honda
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan E-mail:
| | - Toru Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan
| | - Variga Sawaittayotin
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, 5-53-70, Jingumae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan
| | - Rungnapa Chulasak
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kulchaya Tanong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Phaholyothin Rd, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Krison Wongsila
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chawala Sienglum
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Varisara Sunthonwatthanaphong
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anupong Poonnotok
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Technopolis, Khlong 5, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wilai Chiemchaisri
- Department of Environmental Engineering/Center of Advanced Studies in Industrial Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Phaholyothin Rd, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chart Chiemchaisri
- Department of Environmental Engineering/Center of Advanced Studies in Industrial Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, 50 Phaholyothin Rd, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
An KJ, Lam YF, Hao S, Morakinyo TE, Furumai H. Multi-purpose rainwater harvesting for water resource recovery and the cooling effect. Water Res 2015; 86:116-121. [PMID: 26253864 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of rainwater harvesting in conjunction with miscellaneous water supplies and a rooftop garden with rainwater harvesting facility for temperature reduction have been evaluated in this study for Hong Kong. Various water applications such as toilet flushing and areal climate controls have been systematically considered depending on the availability of seawater toilet flushing using the Geographic Information System (GIS). For water supplies, the district Area Precipitation per Demand Ratio (APDR) has been calculated to quantify the rainwater utilization potential of each administrative district in Hong Kong. Districts with freshwater toilet flushing prove to have higher potential for rainwater harvest and utilization compared to the areas with seawater toilet flushing. Furthermore, the effectiveness of using rainwater harvesting for miscellaneous water supplies in Hong Kong and Tokyo has been analyzed and compared; this revives serious consideration of diurnal and seasonal patterns of rainfall in applying such technology. In terms of the cooling effect, the implementation of a rooftop rainwater harvesting garden has been evaluated using the ENVI-met model. Our results show that a temperature drop of 1.3 °C has been observed due to the rainwater layer in the rain garden. This study provides valuable insight into the applicability of the rainwater harvesting for sustainable water management practice in a highly urbanized city.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin An
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yun Fat Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Song Hao
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tobi Eniolu Morakinyo
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Hao
- Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, China.
| | | | - Guanghao Chen
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Khanal R, Furumai H, Nakajima F. Characterization of toxicants in urban road dust by Toxicity Identification Evaluation using ostracod Heterocypris incongruens direct contact test. Sci Total Environ 2015; 530-531:96-102. [PMID: 26026413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study involves characterization of organic compounds, heavy metals, and ammonia as potential toxicants in one arterial road (St. 3) and two highway (St. 7 and 8) urban road dust (URD) collected in Tokyo, Japan. URD toxicity was evaluated by Toxicity Identification Evaluation using the ostracod Heterocypris incongruens direct contact test. URDs were treated with resins (10% XAD-4, 20% SIR-300 and 20% SIR-600) to determine the reduction in mortality after treatment. The mortality of ostracods exposed to St. 3 URD (baseline 80%) was significantly (p<0.05) reduced to 0% and 47% after XAD-4 and SIR-300 treatment respectively. This reduction led us to suspect hydrophobic organic compounds and heavy metals as potential toxicants. Subsequent elution of the recovered XAD-4 with polar (methanol, acetone) and non-polar (dichloromethane) solvents confirmed the dominance of relatively polar hydrophobic organic toxicants. The dissolved concentration of Cu and Zn after SIR-300 treatment exceeded the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) for ostracods, which led us to suspect Cu and Zn as other probable toxicants. The concentration of Zn in a SIR-300 acidic elutriate, recovered after the termination of toxicity test, confirmed Zn as one of the toxicants in St. 3. The baseline mortality (100%) of St. 7 was significantly reduced (23%) by SIR-300 treatment. This indicated the presence of heavy metals as the probable toxicant. However, the concentration of dissolved heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the overlying water was below previously reported LC50 values for each metal in St. 7. Recovery of Zn concentrations exceeding the LC50 in the St. 7 SIR-300 elutriate led us to suspect a dietary exposure route of Zn to the ostracod during the direct contact test. The overall results indicate that the toxicant types can vary widely depending on the road sampled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Khanal
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Fumiyuki Nakajima
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kurisu F, Zang K, Kasuga I, Furumai H, Yagi O. Identification of estrone-degrading Betaproteobacteria in activated sludge by microautoradiography fluorescent in situ
hybridization. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:28-35. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - K. Zang
- Department of Urban Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - I. Kasuga
- Department of Urban Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - H. Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - O. Yagi
- College of Industrial Technology; Nihon University; Chiba Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sangsanont J, Katayama H, Kurisu F, Furumai H. Capsid-Damaging Effects of UV Irradiation as Measured by Quantitative PCR Coupled with Ethidium Monoazide Treatment. Food Environ Virol 2014; 6:269-75. [PMID: 25106777 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The damage to a viral capsid after low-pressure (LP) and medium-pressure (MP) UV irradiation was assessed, using the quantitative or quantitative reverse transcription PCR coupled with ethidium monoazide treatment (EMA-PCR). After UV irradiation, adenovirus 5 (Ad5) and poliovirus 1 (PV1) were subjected to a plaque assay, PCR, and EMA-PCR to investigate the effect of UV irradiation on viral infectivity, genome damage, and capsid damage, respectively. The effectiveness of UV wavelengths in a viral genome and capsid damage of both PV1 and Ad5 was also further investigated using a band-pass filter. It was found that an MPUV lamp was more effective than an LPUV lamp in inactivating Ad5, whereas there was no difference in the case of PV1. The results of viral reduction determined by PCR and EMA-PCR indicated that MP UV irradiation damaged Ad5 capsid. The damage to PV1 and Ad5 capsid was also not observed after LP UV irradiation. The investigation of effects of UV wavelengths suggested that UV wavelengths at 230-245 nm have greater effects on adenovirus capsid in addition to viral genome than UV wavelengths beyond 245 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Sangsanont
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - H Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - F Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - H Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Noguchi M, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Time-resolved DNA stable isotope probing links Desulfobacterales- and Coriobacteriaceae-related bacteria to anaerobic degradation of benzene under methanogenic conditions. Microbes Environ 2014; 29:191-9. [PMID: 24909708 PMCID: PMC4103526 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the microorganisms involved in benzene degradation, DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) with 13C-benzene was applied to a methanogenic benzene-degrading enrichment culture. Pyrosequencing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences revealed that the community structure was highly complex in spite of a 3-year incubation only with benzene. The culture degraded 98% of approximately 1 mM 13C-benzene and mineralized 72% of that within 63 d. The terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiles of the buoyant density fractions revealed the incorporation of 13C into two phylotypes after 64 d. These two phylotypes were determined to be Desulfobacterales- and Coriobacteriaceae-related bacteria by cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene in the 13C-labeled DNA abundant fraction. Comparative pyrosequencing analysis of the buoyant density fractions of 12C- and 13C-labeled samples indicated the incorporation of 13C into three bacterial and one archaeal OTUs related to Desulfobacterales, Coriobacteriales, Rhodocyclaceae, and Methanosarcinales. The first two OTUs included the bacteria detected by T-RFLP-cloning-sequencing analysis. Furthermore, time-resolved SIP analysis confirmed that the activity of all these microbes appeared at the earliest stage of degradation. In this methanogenic culture, Desulfobacterales- and Coriobacteriaceae-related bacteria were most likely to be the major benzene degraders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mana Noguchi
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hata A, Katayama H, Kojima K, Sano S, Kasuga I, Kitajima M, Furumai H. Effects of rainfall events on the occurrence and detection efficiency of viruses in river water impacted by combined sewer overflows. Sci Total Environ 2014; 468-469:757-63. [PMID: 24064345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall events can introduce large amount of microbial contaminants including human enteric viruses into surface water by intermittent discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of rainfall events on viral loads in surface waters impacted by CSO and the reliability of molecular methods for detection of enteric viruses. The reliability of virus detection in the samples was assessed by using process controls for virus concentration, nucleic acid extraction and reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative PCR (qPCR) steps, which allowed accurate estimation of virus detection efficiencies. Recovery efficiencies of poliovirus in river water samples collected during rainfall events (<10%) were lower than those during dry weather conditions (>10%). The log10-transformed virus concentration efficiency was negatively correlated with suspended solid concentration (r(2)=0.86) that increased significantly during rainfall events. Efficiencies of DNA extraction and qPCR steps determined with adenovirus type 5 and a primer sharing control, respectively, were lower in dry weather. However, no clear relationship was observed between organic water quality parameters and efficiencies of these two steps. Observed concentrations of indigenous enteric adenoviruses, GII-noroviruses, enteroviruses, and Aichi viruses increased during rainfall events even though the virus concentration efficiency was presumed to be lower than in dry weather. The present study highlights the importance of using appropriate process controls to evaluate accurately the concentration of water borne enteric viruses in natural waters impacted by wastewater discharge, stormwater, and CSOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Khanal R, Furumai H, Nakajima F. Toxicity assessment of size-fractionated urban road dust using ostracod Heterocypris incongruens direct contact test. J Hazard Mater 2014; 264:53-64. [PMID: 24275471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Urban road dusts (URDs, n=10) were collected from arterial, residential, parking area in highway and highway roads in and around Tokyo, Japan, to characterize toxicity of size-fractions by the ostracod Heterocypris incongruens direct contact test. The URDs were collected with vacuum cleaner and highway sweeping vehicles, dried and size-fractionated before conducting toxicity test. The LC20 and LC50 of URDs varied (v/v) from 1.6 to 49%, and 3.8 to 67% respectively. Cluster analysis of URDs based on the concentration of heavy metal and PAHs standardized with the organic matter content was able to differentiate URDs into two groups, one group of higher toxicity and the other group of medium and lower toxicity. Mortality of ostracod decreased for some of the URDs when holding time of URD-water mixture was changed from 1h to 24h prior to the toxicity test. Fraction of fine particles was not always more toxic than the other fractions of coarse and medium particles. Site specific differences in toxicity of size-fractionated URDs indicated the complexity in defining URD toxicity as there could be co-existence of various non-targeted toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Khanal
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Fumiyuki Nakajima
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shibata T, Kojima K, Lee SA, Furumai H. Model evaluation of faecal contamination in coastal areas affected by urban rivers receiving combined sewer overflows. Water Sci Technol 2014; 70:430-436. [PMID: 25098871 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Odaiba seaside park is one of the most popular waterfronts in Tokyo Bay, but is easily affected by wet weather pollutant loads through combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The monitoring data of Escherichia coli clearly showed high faecal contamination after a rainfall event on 9-11 November 2007. We estimated the amounts of discharge volume and E. coli pollutant loads of urban rivers receiving CSO from rainfall chambers as well as pumping stations and primary effluent discharge. The result suggested that Sumida River and Meguro River were more influential to the Odaiba coastal area than other sources including the nearest wastewater treatment plant. Subsequently, we simulated the dynamic behaviour of E. coli by a three-dimensional (3D) hydro-dynamic and water quality model. The model simulation reproduced that E. coli concentration after the rainfall event increased rapidly at first and later gradually decreased. The simulations with and without inflow pollutant loads from urban rivers suggested that the E. coli concentration can be influenced by the Meguro River just after the rainfall event and Sumida River about 1 week later. From the spatial and temporal distribution of surface E. coli concentration, after at least 6 days from the rainfall event, high faecal contamination spread to the whole of the coastal area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Shibata
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan E-mail:
| | - K Kojima
- Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, 3-4-17 Etchujima, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8530, Japan
| | - S A Lee
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan E-mail:
| | - H Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nagano Y, Teraguchi T, Lieu PK, Furumai H. Characterization of water pollution in drainage networks using continuous monitoring data in the Citadel area of Hue City, Vietnam. Water Sci Technol 2014; 70:612-619. [PMID: 25116489 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the Citadel area of Hue City, drainage systems that include canals and ponds are considerable sources of fecal contaminants to inundated water during the rainy season because canals and ponds receive untreated wastewater. It is important to investigate the characteristics of hydraulics and water pollution in canals and ponds. At the canals and ponds, water sampling was conducted during dry and wet weather periods in order to evaluate fecal contamination and to investigate changes in water pollution caused by runoff inflow. Inundated water was also collected from streets during heavy rainfall. At the canals and ponds, concentrations of Escherichia coli and total coliform exceeded the Vietnamese regulation values for surface water in 23 and 24 out of 27 samples (85 and 89%), respectively. The water samples were categorized based on the characteristics of water pollution using cluster analysis. In the rainy season, continuous monitoring was conducted at the canals and ponds using water depth and electrical conductivity (EC) sensors to investigate the dynamic relationship between water level and water pollution. It is suggested that in the canals, high EC meant water stagnation and low EC signified river water inflow. Therefore, EC might be a good indicator of water flow change in canals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagano
- Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
| | - T Teraguchi
- Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
| | - P K Lieu
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Sciences, Hue University, 77 Nguyen Hue Street, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - H Furumai
- Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Niu J, Kasuga I, Kurisu F, Furumai H, Shigeeda T. Evaluation of autotrophic growth of ammonia-oxidizers associated with granular activated carbon used for drinking water purification by DNA-stable isotope probing. Water Res 2013; 47:7053-7065. [PMID: 24200001 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification is an important biological function of granular activated carbon (GAC) used in advanced drinking water purification processes. Newly discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) have challenged the traditional understanding of ammonia oxidation, which considered ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) as the sole ammonia-oxidizers. Previous studies demonstrated the predominance of AOA on GAC, but the contributions of AOA and AOB to ammonia oxidation remain unclear. In the present study, DNA-stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) was used to investigate the autotrophic growth of AOA and AOB associated with GAC at two different ammonium concentrations (0.14 mg N/L and 1.4 mg N/L). GAC samples collected from three full-scale drinking water purification plants in Tokyo, Japan, had different abundance of AOA and AOB. These samples were fed continuously with ammonium and (13)C-bicarbonate for 14 days. The DNA-SIP analysis demonstrated that only AOA assimilated (13)C-bicarbonate at low ammonium concentration, whereas AOA and AOB exhibited autotrophic growth at high ammonium concentration. This indicates that a lower ammonium concentration is preferable for AOA growth. Since AOA could not grow without ammonium, their autotrophic growth was coupled with ammonia oxidation. Overall, our results point towards an important role of AOA in nitrification in GAC filters treating low concentration of ammonium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Niu
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tourlousse DM, Kurisu F, Tobino T, Furumai H. Sensitive and substrate-specific detection of metabolically active microorganisms in natural microbial consortia using community isotope arrays. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 342:70-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter M. Tourlousse
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Futoshi Kurisu
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tobino
- Environmental Science Center; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology; Graduate School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo; Tokyo; Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Watanabe H, Nakajima F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Application of whole sediment toxicity identification evaluation procedures to road dust using a benthic ostracod Heterocypris incongruens. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013; 89:245-251. [PMID: 23294638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Road dust is considered to be an important source of sediment contamination in receiving water bodies; however, few studies have evaluated the toxicity of road dust to benthic organisms. This study evaluated the toxicity of road dust to a benthic ostracod, Heterocypris incongruens, using a six-day direct exposure experiment. We applied whole sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) methods to identify the primary group of toxicants in road dust. Three road dust samples from Tokyo caused high ostracod mortality. The addition of hydrophobic adsorbents, Ambersorb and XAD, eliminated toxicity in all samples, suggesting that hydrophobic compounds were the main toxicants in road dust samples. A cation exchange resin, Chelex, also reduced the toxicity of two samples, although the measured concentrations of dissolved heavy metals in the test solution did not exceed the LC(50) values in the literature. In addition, the sum of toxic unit (TU=measured concentration/LC(50)) of each individual metal which predicts the toxicity of the metal mixtures did not exceed 1.0 in all samples, suggesting that heavy metal mixtures did not have additive effects. We hypothesized that the toxicity reduction by XAD and Chelex was due to the removal of hydrophobic compounds, rather than heavy metals. Thus, a toxicity test was conducted on fractions eluted with organic solvents from the XAD and Chelex recovered from one of the road dust samples. Methanol-eluted fractions of XAD and Chelex showed 100 percent ostracod mortality, indicating that the hydrophobic organic compounds removed by these adsorbents were the principal toxicants in the road dust sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Watanabe
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Thayanukul P, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H. Evaluation of microbial regrowth potential by assimilable organic carbon in various reclaimed water and distribution systems. Water Res 2013; 47:225-32. [PMID: 23134741 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microbial regrowth introduces several problems to the use of reclaimed water, such as health concerns, aesthetic deterioration, and biofouling. This study evaluated assimilable organic carbon (AOC), which is a part of the biodegradable organic matter promoting microbial growth, in water reclamation systems in Japan. The AOC concentration in the reclaimed water from various treatment processes ranged between 36 and 446 μg C/L (median 316 μg C/L). The AOC concentration in the reclaimed water from the plants equipped with ozonation was significantly higher - more than two times - than that in the reclaimed water from plants equipped with other processes. UV and chlorine also changed the AOC concentration slightly. Moreover, reverse osmosis produced reclaimed water with the lowest AOC content. Processes equipped with membrane filtration were effective in removing seed microorganisms that enter the distribution system. Microbial growth in reclaimed water distribution systems occurred when the total and free residual chlorine was lower than 0.36 and 0.09 mg/L, respectively. The AOC reduction occurred simultaneously with regrowth, which suggests that AOC could support microbial growth in reclaimed-water-distribution systems. As the residual chlorine is often depleted during distribution and storage, it is essential to control the AOC to suppress microbial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parinda Thayanukul
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|