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Wang Y, Slotsbo S, Sørensen PB, Holmstrup M. Low soil Moisture Slows Uptake and Elimination Rates of Phenanthrene in Springtails. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 112:25. [PMID: 38280922 PMCID: PMC10821838 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-024-03854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of soil water status on the toxicokinetics of phenanthrene in the springtail Folsomia candida allowing estimation of uptake and elimination rates at two contrasting soil water potentials. Fitting a three-phase model to the observations showed that uptake rate (ku) was almost two times higher in moist soil (-2 kPa) than in dry soil (-360 kPa). During the first days of the exposure, elimination rate (ke) was not significantly different in moist and dry soil, but after eight days ke had increased significantly more in moist soil than in dry soil. Our results confirm the general notion that the exposure route via soil pore water is important. Understanding the significance of soil moisture in exposure and effects of contaminants on soil invertebrates is crucial for assessing the ecological risks associated with soil pollution in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter B Sørensen
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, Aarhus C, 8000, Denmark.
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2
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Wang M, Hou J, Deng R. Co-exposure of environmental contaminants with unfavorable temperature or humidity/moisture: Joint hazards and underlying mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115432. [PMID: 37660530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global climate change, organisms in their natural habitats usually suffer from unfavorable climatic conditions together with environmental pollution. Temperature and humidity (or moisture) are two central climatic factors, while their relationships with the toxicity of contaminants are not well understood. This review provides a synthesis of existing knowledge on important interactions between contaminant toxicity and climatic conditions of unfavorable temperature, soil moisture, and air humidity. Both high temperature and low moisture can extensively pose severe combined hazards with organic pollutants, heavy metal ions, nanoparticles, or microplastics. There is more information on the combined effects on animalia than on other kingdoms. Prevalent mechanisms underlying their joint effects include the increased bioavailability and bioaccumulation of contaminants, modified biotransformation of contaminants, enhanced induction of oxidative stress, accelerated energy consumption, interference with cell membranes, and depletion of bodily fluids. However, the interactions of contaminants with low temperature or high humidity/moisture, particularly on plants and microorganisms, are relatively vague and need to be further revealed. This work emphasizes that the co-exposure of chemical and physical stressors results in detrimental effects generally greater than those caused by either stressor. It is necessary to take this into consideration in the ecological risk assessment of both environmental contamination and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Deng
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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3
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Grunst ML, Grunst AS, Grémillet D, Fort J. Combined threats of climate change and contaminant exposure through the lens of bioenergetics. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5139-5168. [PMID: 37381110 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Organisms face energetic challenges of climate change in combination with suites of natural and anthropogenic stressors. In particular, chemical contaminant exposure has neurotoxic, endocrine-disrupting, and behavioral effects which may additively or interactively combine with challenges associated with climate change. We used a literature review across animal taxa and contaminant classes, but focused on Arctic endotherms and contaminants important in Arctic ecosystems, to demonstrate potential for interactive effects across five bioenergetic domains: (1) energy supply, (2) energy demand, (3) energy storage, (4) energy allocation tradeoffs, and (5) energy management strategies; and involving four climate change-sensitive environmental stressors: changes in resource availability, temperature, predation risk, and parasitism. Identified examples included relatively equal numbers of synergistic and antagonistic interactions. Synergies are often suggested to be particularly problematic, since they magnify biological effects. However, we emphasize that antagonistic effects on bioenergetic traits can be equally problematic, since they can reflect dampening of beneficial responses and result in negative synergistic effects on fitness. Our review also highlights that empirical demonstrations remain limited, especially in endotherms. Elucidating the nature of climate change-by-contaminant interactive effects on bioenergetic traits will build toward determining overall outcomes for energy balance and fitness. Progressing to determine critical species, life stages, and target areas in which transformative effects arise will aid in forecasting broad-scale bioenergetic outcomes under global change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Grunst
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Andrea S Grunst
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - David Grémillet
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jérôme Fort
- Littoral, Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
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Dai W, Slotsbo S, Xie L, Wang Y, Damgaard C, Holmstrup M. Increased daily temperature fluctuations exacerbate the toxicity of phenanthrene in Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162403. [PMID: 36841403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Temperature variability in soils is expected to increase due to the more frequent occurrence of heat waves, putting species under thermal stress. In addition, organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are released into the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Both stressors negatively impact terrestrial organisms and may interact with each other. Here, we subjected the soil living enchytraeid, Enchytraeus albidus, to combined exposure to phenanthrene (PHE; 0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg kg-1 dry soil) and a range of temperature treatments (constant temperature (CT): 10, 15 and 20 °C; different mean temperature with the same daily temperature fluctuation (DTF-5): 10 ± 5, 15 ± 5 and 20 ± 5 °C; daily temperature fluctuation with the same mean, but different amplitudes (DTF-A): 20, 20 ± 2, 20 ± 5 and 20 ± 7 °C). We measured internal PHE concentration in adults and found that an increase in mean temperature significantly increased the internal PHE concentration. The production of juveniles was measured using a standardized test. We found a synergistic interaction between the temperature amplitude (DTF-A treatments) and PHE on the reproduction of E. albidus. The EC50 of reproduction decreased with increasing amplitude. These results show that the negative effects of PHE on E. albidus can be magnified if stressful temperatures are reached (although briefly) during diurnal fluctuations of soil temperature. Our results highlight the importance and inclusion of extreme thermal events in the risk assessment of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Liyan Xie
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yang Wang
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Damgaard
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Dai W, Slotsbo S, Holmstrup M, van Gestel CAM. Evaluation of life-history traits in Folsomia candida exposed to combined repeated mild heat shocks with phenanthrene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55132-55142. [PMID: 36884179 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. In nature, organisms are often exposed to climatic stressors and contaminants simultaneously, and the effects of contaminants may be modified by climate change and vice versa. Here, the effects of repeated mild heat shocks (0-5 times, 30 °C for 6 h), alone or combined with phenanthrene (PHE) (80 mg kg-1 dry soil), on life-history traits of the springtail Folsomia candida were investigated. The survival, growth, maturation, and reproduction of single juvenile springtails were assessed over a period of 37 days. Increasing number of heat bouts or PHE exposure did not have significant negative effects on overall survival at the termination of the experiment, but the interaction between the two stressors led to complex interactions for the dynamics of survival during the test. Neither body growth nor time to first oviposition was influenced by heat or PHE, but a reduction of egg production with increasing number of heat bouts was observed, and there was an interaction between the two stressors. Further, a trade-off between the number of eggs produced and egg size was observed, indicating that females invested the same amount of energy in reproduction despite exposure to stressful temperature and PHE. These results indicate that egg production (in terms of the number of eggs) was a more sensitive indicator of the combined effects of mild heat shocks and PHE than growth, and there was a trade-off between survival and egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Slotsbo S, Damgaard CF, Holmstrup M. Influence of Soil Moisture on Bioaccumulation, Growth, and Recruitment of Folsomia candida Exposed to Phenanthrene-Polluted Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3085-3094. [PMID: 36790897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has resulted in an increased occurrence of summer droughts in large parts of the world. Low soil moisture has marked impacts on the physiology of soil invertebrates and lowers degradation rates of organic contaminants in soil. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hydrophobic contaminants that readily accumulate in the lipids of soil organisms. Here, we exposed springtails (Collembola, small soil living arthropods) to phenanthrene (a common PAH) in combination with a range of soil water contents to investigate the combined effects of these factors on the bioaccumulation, survival, recruitment, and body growth in a full factorial experiment. The results showed that phenanthrene up to 60 mg/kg dry soil had moderate effects on survival (<20%), whereas dry soil (4% soil water content) caused approximately 60% mortality. The bioaccumulation of phenanthrene increased almost 3-fold when soil water content decreased from 22 to 4%. We observed a joint effect of low soil water content and phenanthrene on recruitment, suggesting a synergistic interaction. The recruitment EC50 values of phenanthrene decreased from approximately 40 mg/kg dry soil at 22% soil water content to approximately 10 mg/kg dry soil at 12% soil water content. Our results show that the effects of phenanthrene are more pronounced in dry soil partly because bioaccumulation is enhanced when soils become dry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Frølund Damgaard
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section for Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Building 1120, C.F. Møllers Allé 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Dai W, Holmstrup M, Slotsbo S, Bakker R, Damgaard C, van Gestel CAM. Heat stress delays detoxification of phenanthrene in the springtail Folsomia candida. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137119. [PMID: 36334742 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has intensified the occurrence of heat waves, resulting in organisms being exposed to thermal and chemical stress at the same time. The effects of mild heat shock combined with sublethal concentrations of phenanthrene (PHE) on defense mechanisms in springtails Folsomia candida were investigated. The transcription of Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) was significantly upregulated by heat shock but tended to reach the control levels after 42 h of recovery. The transcription of cytochrome P450 3A13 (CYP3A13) was upregulated 3-13 fold by PHE but suppressed by heat shock. The suppression by heat shock might contribute to the reduced detoxification of PHE during high-temperature exposure. In line with this, we found that the internal PHE concentration was approximately 70% higher in heat-shocked springtails than in animals kept at control temperature. In general, the transcription of genes encoding enzymes of detoxification phase Ⅱ (glutathione S-transferase 3) and phase Ⅲ (ABC transporter 1) and the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) were less influenced than genes encoding phase I detoxification mechanisms (CYP3A13). These results indicate that heat shock delays the detoxification of PHE in springtails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ruben Bakker
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Damgaard
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle 4-6, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Hennig TB, Lopes Alves PR, Schiehl A, de Araújo RS, da Costa Cabrera L, Morelato RR, Baretta D. Can the increase in atmospheric temperature enhance the toxicity and risk of fipronil for collembolans in tropical soils? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27104-27114. [PMID: 34981395 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the toxicity and risk (via toxicity exposure ratio approach - TER) of the insecticide fipronil to collembolan's growth and reproduction in three tropical soils, under increasing atmospheric temperatures. Chronic toxicity tests were performed with Folsomia candida in tropical artificial soil (TAS), oxisol, and entisol spiked with increasing concentrations of fipronil, at three room temperature scenarios: a standard (20 ± 2 °C), a tropical condition (25 ± 2 °C) and a global warming simulation (27 ± 2 °C). Temperatures influenced the fipronil effects on the species reproduction differently between soil types. In TAS and oxisol the highest toxicities (EC50-based) were found at 27 °C (EC50 TAS = 0.81, 0.70, 0.31 mg kg-1; EC50 OXISOL = 0.52, 0.54, 0.40 mg kg-1; at 20, 25, and 27 °C, respectively). In entisol, the toxicity at 27 °C was lower compared to 25 and 20 °C (EC50 ENTISOL = 0.33, 0.24, 0.12 mg kg-1, respectively). Fipronil concentrations also increased the proportion of small juveniles (growth reduction) in all tested soils. However, this effect was greater (EC10-based) at higher temperatures (25 and/or 27 °C), regardless of the soil type. TER approach revealed a significant risk of fipronil in entisol, regardless of the tested temperature, while in other soils the risk was found significant only at the higher temperatures (25 and 27 °C for TAS, and 27 °C for oxisol). These results indicate that exposures to fipronil at high temperatures (e.g., those resulting from climate change) can threaten F. candida populations, depending on the soil type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuanne Braúlio Hennig
- Department of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roger Lopes Alves
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado, No. 108-E, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, 89802-112, Brazil.
| | - Aline Schiehl
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado, No. 108-E, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, 89802-112, Brazil
| | - Rafael Soares de Araújo
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado, No. 108-E, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, 89802-112, Brazil
| | - Liziara da Costa Cabrera
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal, 1580, Cerro Largo, RS, 97900000, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Roberta Morelato
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal, 1580, Cerro Largo, RS, 97900000, Brazil
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Department of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
- Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Santa Catarina State University, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, Chapecó, SC, 89815-630, Brazil
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Dai W, Slotsbo S, van Gestel CAM, Holmstrup M. Temperature-Dependent Toxicokinetics of Phenanthrene in Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1876-1884. [PMID: 33448851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicokinetics of organic pollutants in soil invertebrates under optimal and constant temperature has been widely reported, their uptake, elimination, and bioaccumulation under suboptimal temperatures, and especially daily fluctuating temperature (FT) regimes have received only little research attention. In this study, the uptake, elimination, and bioaccumulation of phenanthrene (PHE) in Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta) under different constant temperatures, and an FT regime were investigated in a natural soil. In general, the PHE concentrations in worm tissues reached steady state within 14 days at different temperatures. The uptake (ku) and elimination (ke) rate constants and the bioaccumulation increased with increasing temperature likely because of an increased diffusivity of PHE into the worms and an increased metabolic rate. Interestingly, the bioaccumulation factor of PHE in E. albidus showed a positive relationship with temperature because the slope of the ku-temperature relationship was larger than that of the ke-temperature relationship. Further, the uptake and elimination rate constants were larger under the FT regime than at the constant average of the fluctuating temperature. These findings suggest that, climatic conditions, especially daily fluctuating temperatures, should be considered for the assessment of the toxicokinetics of organic pollutants in terrestrial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Dai
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
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Bandeira FO, Lopes Alves PR, Hennig TB, Toniolo T, Natal-da-Luz T, Baretta D. Effect of temperature on the toxicity of imidacloprid to Eisenia andrei and Folsomia candida in tropical soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115565. [PMID: 33254719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The influence of temperature on the chronic toxicity and risk of imidacloprid to soil non-target species was assessed in tropical soils. Earthworms Eisenia andrei and collembolans Folsomia candida were exposed to a tropical artificial soil (TAS) and two natural tropical soils from Brazil (Entisol and Oxisol) with increasing concentrations of imidacloprid under atmospheric temperatures of 20, 25 and 28 °C. The effect of temperature on the reproduction of both species was assessed through the number of juveniles and earthworm's growth, and the risk associated was estimated through the Toxicity-Exposure Ratio (TER). Toxicity of imidacloprid increased with temperature in all tested soils, being generally lower in TAS soil (EC50s of 1.48, 0.66 and 0.40 mg kg-1 for E. andrei and 0.3, 0.2 and 0.06 mg kg-1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) compared to Entisol (EC50s of 0.19, 0.03 and 0.14 mg kg-1 for E. andrei and 0.04, 0.02, 0.01 mg kg-1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) and Oxisol (EC50s of 0.21, 0.07, 0.06 mg kg-1 for E. andrei and 0.16, 0.09, 0.06 mg kg-1 for F. candida at 20, 25 and 28 °C, respectively) within each temperature for both species. These values indicate that properties of TAS may not be representative of natural/local soils to adequately estimate the toxicity of pesticides to non-target soil species. At higher temperatures, the variability of imidacloprid toxicity between soils was lower, which suggests that the influence of soil properties on imidacloprid toxicity was overshadowed by temperature. TER values revealed that risk is also greater at higher temperatures. Data reported enforce the need for the inclusion of more realistic conditions in single-species tests in prospective risk assessment of pesticides to avoid underestimation of risk to non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ogliari Bandeira
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, 88520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roger Lopes Alves
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, 89802112, Chapecó, SC, Brazil.
| | - Thuanne Braúlio Hennig
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, 88520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Tânia Toniolo
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, 89802112, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Tiago Natal-da-Luz
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dilmar Baretta
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, 88520-000, Lages, SC, Brazil; Centro de Educação Superior Do Oeste, Santa Catarina State University, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, 89815-630, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
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