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Zeng Y, Dai Y, Yin L, Huang J, Hoffmann MR. Rethinking alternatives to fluorinated pops in aqueous environment and corresponding destructive treatment strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174200. [PMID: 38936705 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Alternatives are being developed to replace fluorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed in the Stockholm Convention, bypass environmental regulations, and overcome environmental risks. However, the extensive usage of fluorinated POPs alternatives has revealed potential risks such as high exposure levels, long-range transport properties, and physiological toxicity. Therefore, it is imperative to rethink the alternatives and their treatment technologies. This review aims to consider the existing destructive technologies for completely eliminating fluorinated POPs alternatives from the earth based on the updated classification and risks overview. Herein, the types of common alternatives were renewed and categorized, and their risks to the environment and organisms were concluded. The efficiency, effectiveness, energy utilization, sustainability, and cost of various degradation technologies in the treatment of fluorinated POPs alternatives were reviewed and evaluated. Meanwhile, the reaction mechanisms of different fluorinated POPs alternatives are systematically generalized, and the correlation between the structure of alternatives and the degradation characteristics was discussed, providing mechanistic insights for their removal from the environment. Overall, the review supplies a theoretical foundation and reference for the control and treatment of fluorinated POPs alternatives pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yunrong Dai
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Lifeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Jun Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, POPs Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, United States.
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2
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Vardy S, Baddiley B, Braun C, Limpus C, Limpus DJ, Du Plessis M, Nilsson S, Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Beale D. Partitioning of PFAS to serum, tissues, eggs, and hatchlings of an Australian freshwater turtle. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133885. [PMID: 38484658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Turtles are a potential sentinel species of aquatic ecosystem health as they inhabit aquatic ecosystems, are long lived, and potentially have high exposure to anthropogenic chemicals via food and water. This study investigated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) tissue partitioning in female Emydura macquarii macquarii turtle, and the maternal offloading of (PFAS) into eggs and then hatchlings as well as the accumulation of PFAS in male and female Emydura macquarii macquarii serum. Significantly higher levels of perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were measured in the male serum compared to the female turtle serum, whereas perfluoroalkane sulfonamides (FASAs) were significantly higher in the female turtle serum. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFAS in the turtles whereas PFHxA was the predominant PFAS found in the surrounding water. PFHxA was not reported in any turtle tissue or the serum. The short-chain PFSAs and FASAs appeared to be highly associated with blood; long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs were more likely to be associated with tissue. Half of the PFHxS and all the long-chain PFSAs and PFCAs reported in the yolks were transferred into the hatchlings (by mass), suggesting a potential intergenerational effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Vardy
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Australia; Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Brenda Baddiley
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Australia
| | - Christoph Braun
- Water Quality and Investigations, Science Division, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Australia
| | - Col Limpus
- Aquatic Threatened Species, Wildlife and Threatened Species Operations, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Australia
| | - Duncan J Limpus
- Aquatic Threatened Species, Wildlife and Threatened Species Operations, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Australia
| | - Martha Du Plessis
- Organic Chemistry, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Australia
| | - Sandra Nilsson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - David Beale
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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3
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Heimstad ES, Nygård T, Moe B, Herzke D. New insights from an eight-year study on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an urban terrestrial ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123735. [PMID: 38458514 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analysed in a high number of terrestrial samples of soil, earthworm, bird eggs and liver from red fox and brown rat in an urban area in Norway from 2013 to 2020. PFOS and the long chain PFCAs were the most dominating compounds in all samples, proving their ubiquitous distribution. Other less studied compounds such as 6:2 FTS were first and foremost detected in earthworm. 8:2 FTS was found in many samples of fieldfare egg, sparrowhawk egg and earthworm, where the eggs had highest concentrations. Highest concentrations for both 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS were detected at present and former industry areas. FOSA was detected in many samples of the species with highest concentrations in red fox liver and brown rat liver of 3.3 and 5.5 ng/g ww. PFAS concentrations from the urban area were significantly higher than from background areas indicating that some of the species can be suitable as markers for PFAS emissions in an urban environment. Fieldfare eggs had surprisingly high concentrations of PFOS and PFCA concentrations from areas known to be or have been influenced by industry. Biota-soil-accumulation factor and magnification calculations indicate accumulation and magnification potential for several PFAS. Earthworm and fieldfare egg had average concentrations above the Canadian and European thresholds in diet for avian wildlife and predators. For earthworms, 18 % of the samples exceeded the European threshold (33 ng/g ww) of PFOS in prey for predators, and for fieldfare eggs, 35 % of the samples were above the same threshold. None of the soil samples exceeded a proposed PNEC of PFOS for soil living organisms of 373 ng/g dw.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torgeir Nygård
- NINA-Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Børge Moe
- NINA-Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dorte Herzke
- NILU, The Fram Centre, P. box 6606 Stakkevollan, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway; NIPH-Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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4
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Yi S, Wang J, Wang R, Liu M, Zhong W, Zhu L, Jiang G. Structure-Related Thyroid Disrupting Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonate-like Substances in Zebrafish Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:182-193. [PMID: 38156633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), hydrogenated polyfluorooctane ether sulfonate (6:2 H-PFESA), and chlorinated polyfluorooctanesulfonate (Cl-PFOS) share structural similarities with the regulated perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), but their toxic potential is rarely known. Here, the thyroid disrupting potential of these four compounds in zebrafish larvae has been comparably investigated. PFOS, Cl-PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA were accumulated in the larvae at similar levels, approximately 1.3-1.6 times higher than 6:2 H-PFESA. Additionally, PFOS, Cl-PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA exhibited stronger disruption than 6:2 H-PFESA on genetic regulation, particularly concerning thyroid hormone (TH) activation and action and on TH homeostasis in both free and total forms of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). These results indicate that chlorination or oxygen insertion does not substantially alter the thyrotoxicity of PFOS, but hydrogenation mitigates it. Molecular docking analysis and the luciferase reporter gene assay provided mechanistic perspectives that the PFOS-like substances could competitively replace THs to bind with TH plasma and membrane transporters, thereby disrupting TH transport and action, respectively. Moreover, they are also potent to disrupt TH synthesis and activation through Na+/K+-dependent transport of I- or competitive binding to the sites of deiodinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Rouyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Nilsen E, Muensterman D, Carini L, Waite I, Payne S, Field JA, Peterson J, Hafley D, Farrer D, Jones GD. Target and suspect per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in fish from an AFFF-impacted waterway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167798. [PMID: 37838049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
A major source of toxic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used in firefighting and training at airports and military installations, however, PFAS have many additional sources in consumer products and industrial processes. A field study was conducted on fish tissues from three reaches of the Columbia Slough, located near Portland International Airport, OR, that are affected by AFFF and other PFAS sources. Fishes including largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were collected in 2019 and 2020. Fish blood, liver, and fillet (muscle) were analyzed for target and suspect PFAS by liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Data were analyzed for patterns by fish species, tissue type, and river reach. Thirty-three out of 50 target PFAS and additional suspect compounds were detected at least once during the study, at concentrations up to 856 ng/g. Seven carboxylic acids (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUdA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA), three sulfonates (PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS), three electrofluorination-based compounds (FBSA, FHxSA, FOSA), and two fluorotelomer-based compounds (8:2 FTS, 10:2 FTS) were the most frequently detected compounds in all tissue types. The C6 (PFHxS) to C10 (PFDS) homologs were detected with PFOS and FHxSA at concentrations 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than the other PFAS detected. This is the first report of Cl-PFOS, FPeSA, and FHpSA detected in fish tissue. In all fish samples, fillet concentrations of PFAS were the lowest, followed by liver, and blood concentrations of PFAS were the highest. Differences in PFAS concentrations were driven primarily by tissue types and to a lesser extent fish species, but weakly by river reach. The Oregon Health Authority modified an existing fish consumption advisory on the Columbia Slough to recommend no whole-body consumption of most fish to avoid elevated levels of PFOS in fish liver. Measured PFAS concentrations in fish tissues indicate the potential for adverse ecological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Nilsen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Derek Muensterman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lya Carini
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ian Waite
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sean Payne
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Water Science Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer A Field
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Daniel Hafley
- Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, OR, USA
| | - David Farrer
- Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon Street, Suite 640, Portland, OR 97232, USA
| | - Gerrad D Jones
- Department of Biological & Ecological Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Capozzi SL, Xia C, Shuwal M, Zaharias Miller G, Gearhart J, Bloom E, Gehrenkemper L, Venier M. From watersheds to dinner plates: Evaluating PFAS exposure through fish consumption in Southeast Michigan. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140454. [PMID: 37839751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Muscle tissue and organ samples of six different fish species were collected from ten locations in Southeast Michigan's Huron and Rouge watersheds. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in 36 samples comprising filets, liver, gut, and eggs using targeted analysis and the direct total oxidizable precursor (dTOP) assay on a subset of six samples. The median concentrations of the ∑PFAS in filets from the Huron and Rouge watersheds were 13 and 6.3 ng/g wet weight (w.w.), respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most detected and abundant compound in fish organs, with the liver having the largest overall burden of PFAS. The highest percent increase in targeted PFAS after the dTOP assay was observed in the Catfish filet (552%) while the smallest increase was in the Catfish liver (32%) accounting for 1.3 and 8.1 nMole F/g dry weight (d.w.), respectively. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis revealed three distinct PFAS sources, of which the one attributed to PFOS explained 73% of the data. Results from this work have important implications for fish consumption in Michigan waterways. Among the filet samples analyzed, the calculated daily consumption limit of total PFOS was exceeded in approximately 82% and 91% of samples for adults and children over the age of seven years old, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Capozzi
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
| | - Chunjie Xia
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Matthew Shuwal
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | | | | | - Erica Bloom
- Ecology Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, United States
| | - Lennart Gehrenkemper
- Inorganic Trace Analysis, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-WillstätterStraße 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
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7
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Wang Q, Ruan Y, Jin L, Tao LSR, Lai H, Li G, Yeung LWY, Leung KMY, Lam PKS. Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in a Subtropical Marine Food Web: Suspect Screening, Isomer Profile, and Identification of Analytical Interference. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37220884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ban/elimination of legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) has led to a dramatic increase in the production and use of various emerging PFASs over the past decade. However, trophodynamics of many emerging PFASs in aquatic food webs remain poorly understood. In this study, samples of seawaters and marine organisms including 15 fish species, 21 crustacean species, and two cetacean species were collected from the northern South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the trophic biomagnification potential of legacy and emerging PFASs. Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide was found in seawater via suspect screening (concentration up to 1.50 ng/L) but not in the biota, indicating its negligible bioaccumulation potential. A chlorinated perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) analytical interfering compound was identified with a predicted formula of C14H23O5SCl6- (most abundant at m/z = 514.9373). Significant trophic magnification was observed for 22 PFASs, and the trophic magnification factors of cis- and trans-perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate isomers (1.92 and 2.25, respectively) were reported for the first time. Perfluorohexanoic acid was trophic-magnified, possibly attributed to the PFAS precursor degradation. The hazard index of PFOS was close to 1, implying a potential human health risk via dietary exposure to PFASs in seafood on the premise of continuous PFAS discharge to the SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Linjie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Lily S R Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Han Lai
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Guifeng Li
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
| | - Leo W Y Yeung
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Örebro SE-70182, Sweden
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Good Shepherd Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
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8
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Nilsson S, Thompson J, Mueller JF, Bräunig J. Apparent Half-Lives of Chlorinated-Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Isomers in Aviation Firefighters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17052-17060. [PMID: 36367310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and elevated detection frequency of chloro-substituted PFOS have been reported in Australian firefighters with historical exposure to aqueous-film forming foam (AFFF). The aim of this study is to estimate the apparent half-lives of Cl-PFOS and PFOS isomers in firefighters following the end of exposure to 3M-AFFF. Paired serum samples from 120 firefighters, collected approximately five years apart, were analyzed for 8-Cl-PFOS (8-chloroperfluoro-1-octanesulfonic acid) and PFOS isomers via targeted LC-MS/MS. Apparent half-life was estimated by assuming a first order-elimination model. Cl-PFOS was detected in 93% of all initial serum samples (<LOQ-1.09 ng/mL). The average half-life of Cl-PFOS among the firefighters was 5.0 years. Branched PFOS isomers made up 55% of the total isomer concentration at the initial sampling timepoint. Five years later, the proportion of branched PFOS isomers was greater (65%). The longest average half-life (11.5 years) was estimated for "1m-PFOS". Other isomers had average half-lives ranging from 4.0 to 7.5 years. Marked differences in half-lives between PFOS isomers suggest that the elimination rate of "total PFOS" (sum of all PFOS isomers) is non-linear. This is the first study to report the serum concentrations and apparent half-life of Cl-PFOS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nilsson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland4102, Australia
| | - Jack Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland4102, Australia
- Organic Chemistry, Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland4102, Australia
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland4102, Australia
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9
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Gkotsis G, Nika MC, Nikolopoulou V, Alygizakis N, Bizani E, Aalizadeh R, Badry A, Chadwick E, Cincinelli A, Claßen D, Danielsson S, Dekker R, Duke G, Drost W, Glowacka N, Göckener B, Jansman HAH, Juergens M, Knopf B, Koschorreck J, Krone O, Martellini T, Movalli P, Persson S, Potter ED, Rohner S, Roos A, O' Rourke E, Siebert U, Treu G, van den Brink NW, Walker LA, Williams R, Slobodnik J, Thomaidis NS. Assessment of contaminants of emerging concern in European apex predators and their prey by LC-QToF MS wide-scope target analysis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107623. [PMID: 36379200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Apex predators are good indicators of environmental pollution since they are relatively long-lived and their high trophic position and spatiotemporal exposure to chemicals provides insights into the persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties of chemicals. Although monitoring data from apex predators can considerably support chemicals' management, there is a lack of pan-European studies, and longer-term monitoring of chemicals in organisms from higher trophic levels. The present study investigated the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in 67 freshwater, marine and terrestrial apex predators and in freshwater and marine prey, gathered from four European countries. Generic sample preparation protocols for the extraction of CECs with a broad range of physicochemical properties and the purification of the extracts were used. The analysis was performed utilizing liquid (LC) chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), while the acquired chromatograms were screened for the presence of more than 2,200 CECs through wide-scope target analysis. In total, 145 CECs were determined in the apex predator and their prey samples belonging in different categories, such as pharmaceuticals, plant protection products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, their metabolites and transformation products. Higher concentration levels were measured in predators compared to prey, suggesting that biomagnification of chemicals through the food chain occurs. The compounds were prioritized for further regulatory risk assessment based on their frequency of detection and their concentration levels. The majority of the prioritized CECs were lipophilic, although the presence of more polar contaminants should not be neglected. This indicates that holistic analytical approaches are required to fully characterize the chemical universe of biota samples. Therefore, the present survey is an attempt to systematically investigate the presence of thousands of chemicals at a European level, aiming to use these data for better chemicals management and contribute to EU Zero Pollution Ambition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Gkotsis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Nika
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Varvara Nikolopoulou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Erasmia Bizani
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Badry
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Chadwick
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Postal Code: CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Daniela Claßen
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Sara Danielsson
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - René Dekker
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Guy Duke
- Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, University of Oxford, 3 S Parks Rd, OX1 3QY Oxford, United Kingdom; UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Drost
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Natalia Glowacka
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Hugh A H Jansman
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen Environmental Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3-3 A, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monika Juergens
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Burkhard Knopf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Oliver Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania Martellini
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Paola Movalli
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Sara Persson
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elaine D Potter
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Rohner
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Roos
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emily O' Rourke
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Postal Code: CF10 3AX Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ursula Siebert
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriele Treu
- German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Wörlitzer Pl. 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Wageningen University & Research, Division of Toxicology, Stippeneng 4, 6700EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lee A Walker
- Center for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, LA1 4AP Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Williams
- Zoological Society of London, Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, NW1 4RY London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaroslav Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute, s.r.o., Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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10
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Shojaei M, Kumar N, Guelfo JL. An Integrated Approach for Determination of Total Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14517-14527. [PMID: 36197695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are difficult to analyze in environmental media due challenges such as extraction recovery and lack of analytical standards. The total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay and suspect screening analysis coupled with semiquantitative (SQ) concentration estimates are two approaches to assess total PFAS in environmental media, but studies are needed to optimize workstreams for total PFAS analysis. This study applied two soil extraction methods, TOP assay, and SQ analysis to three aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and three AFFF-impacted soils. In soils, the total PFAS estimated with results from an extraction method utilizing sequential acidic and basic solvents led to a 35% increase in precursors during TOP assay relative to results from a basic solvent only extraction in one of three soils tested, but concentrations did not increase significantly in remaining soils. Furthermore, sample-specific dilution schemes were required to overcome matrix effects caused by the acidic extraction step that influenced estimates of total PFAS by SQ analysis. The results highlight that there is not an advantage to routine application of an acid extraction step in PFAS-impacted soils. In three AFFFs, suspect screening of post-TOP samples identified eight classes of PFAS present after oxidation. Concentrations of three classes increased, suggesting they are new TOP end points. Concentrations of the remaining five classes either remained constant after TOP or exhibited slight decreases. As a result, combined TOP and SQ workstreams may yield the most representative assessment of total PFAS composition and concentration. The eight classes of PFAS present after TOP did not degrade in harsh conditions. Some are structurally similar to PFCAs and PFSAs and are known to occur in the environment, suggesting a similar degree of persistence and a need for more routine monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Shojaei
- Department of Civil, Environmental, & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas79409, United States
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas79409, United States
| | - Jennifer L Guelfo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, & Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas79409, United States
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11
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Xia C, Diamond ML, Peaslee GF, Peng H, Blum A, Wang Z, Shalin A, Whitehead HD, Green M, Schwartz-Narbonne H, Yang D, Venier M. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North American School Uniforms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13845-13857. [PMID: 36129192 PMCID: PMC9535897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed 72 children's textile products marketed as stain-resistant from US and Canadian stores, particularly school uniforms, to assess if clothing represents a significant route of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Products were first screened for total fluorine (total F) using particle-induced γ-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy (n = 72), followed by targeted analysis of 49 neutral and ionic PFAS (n = 57). PFAS were detected in all products from both markets, with the most abundant compound being 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH). Total targeted PFAS concentrations for all products collected from both countries ranged from 0.250 to 153 000 ng/g with a median of 117 ng/g (0.0281-38 100 μg/m2, median: 24.0 μg/m2). Total targeted PFAS levels in school uniforms were significantly higher than in other items such as bibs, hats, stroller covers, and swimsuits, but comparable to outdoor wear. Higher total targeted PFAS concentrations were found in school uniforms made of 100% cotton than synthetic blends. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) precursors were abundant in school uniforms based on the results of hydrolysis and total oxidizable precursor assay. The estimated median potential children's exposure to PFAS via dermal exposure through school uniforms was 1.03 ng/kg bw/day. Substance flow analysis estimated that ∼3 tonnes/year (ranging from 0.05 to 33 tonnes/year) of PFAS are used in US children's uniforms, mostly of polymeric PFAS but with ∼0.1 tonne/year of mobile, nonpolymeric PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Xia
- Paul
H O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- School
of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Graham F. Peaslee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Hui Peng
- School
of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E8, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science
Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Technology and Society Laboratory, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute
of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Shalin
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Heather D. Whitehead
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Megan Green
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | | | - Diwen Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marta Venier
- Paul
H O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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12
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Szabo D, Moodie D, Green MP, Mulder RA, Clarke BO. Field-Based Distribution and Bioaccumulation Factors for Cyclic and Aliphatic Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in an Urban Sedentary Waterbird Population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:8231-8244. [PMID: 35678721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The field-based distribution and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined in residential Black Swans (Cygnus atratus) from an urban lake (Melbourne, Australia). The concentrations of 46 aliphatic and cyclic PFASs were determined by HPLC-MS/MS in serum and excrement from swans, and water, sediment, aquatic macrophytes, soil, and grass samples in and around the lake. Elevated concentrations of ∑46PFASs were detected in serum (120 ng mL-1) and excrement (110 ng g-1 dw) were strongly related indicating a potential noninvasive sampling methodology. Environmental concentrations of PFASs were consistent with a highly impacted ecosystem and notably high concentrations of perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS, 67584-42-3; C8HF15SO3) were detected in water (27 ng L-1) and swan serum (16 ng mL-1). In the absence of credible putative alternative sources of PFECHS input to the lake, we propose that the use of high-performance motorsport vehicles is a likely source of contamination to this ecosystem. The BAF of perfluorocarboxylic acids increased with each additional CF2 moiety from PFOA (15.7 L kg-1 ww) to PFDoDA (3615 L kg-1 ww). The BAF of PFECHS was estimated as 593 L kg-1 ww, which is lower compared with that of PFOS (1097 L kg-1 ww).
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Szabo
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - Damien Moodie
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
- School of Science, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia 3001
| | - Mark P Green
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - Raoul A Mulder
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Australian Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3010
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13
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Jouanneau W, Léandri-Breton DJ, Corbeau A, Herzke D, Moe B, Nikiforov VA, Gabrielsen GW, Chastel O. A Bad Start in Life? Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Emerging Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances to Eggs in an Arctic Seabird. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6091-6102. [PMID: 34874166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In birds, maternal transfer is a major exposure route for several contaminants, including poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Little is known, however, about the extent of the transfer of the different PFAS compounds to the eggs, especially for alternative fluorinated compounds. In the present study, we measured legacy and emerging PFAS, including Gen-X, ADONA, and F-53B, in the plasma of prelaying black-legged kittiwake females breeding in Svalbard and the yolk of their eggs. We aimed to (1) describe the contaminant levels and patterns in both females and eggs, and (2) investigate the maternal transfer, that is, biological variables and the relationship between the females and their eggs for each compound. Contamination of both females and eggs were dominated by linPFOS then PFUnA or PFTriA. We notably found 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid─a precursor of long-chain carboxylates─in 84% of the egg yolks, and provide the first documented finding of ADONA in wildlife. Emerging compounds were all below the detection limit in female plasma. There was a linear association between females and eggs for most of the PFAS. Analyses of maternal transfer ratios in females and eggs suggest that the transfer is increasing with PFAS carbon chain length, therefore the longest chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were preferentially transferred to the eggs. The mean ∑PFAS in the second-laid eggs was 73% of that in the first-laid eggs. Additional effort on assessing the outcome of maternal transfers on avian development physiology is essential, especially for PFCAs and emerging fluorinated compounds which are under-represented in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Jouanneau
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 17031 La Rochelle, France
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Don-Jean Léandri-Breton
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 17031 La Rochelle, France
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3 V9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Corbeau
- ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution), UMR 6553 CNRS - Université de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Dorte Herzke
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Børge Moe
- NINA - Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, NO-7485 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vladimir A Nikiforov
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Fram Centre, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Olivier Chastel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS - La Rochelle Université, 17031 La Rochelle, France
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14
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Kaboré HA, Goeury K, Desrosiers M, Vo Duy S, Liu J, Cabana G, Munoz G, Sauvé S. Novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in freshwater sporting fish from background and firefighting foam impacted ecosystems in Eastern Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151563. [PMID: 34762942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging PFAS were recently reported at sites impacted by aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and near major manufacturing centers; however, few studies have evaluated whether these can occur far from release sites. Here, newly identified PFAS were investigated in wild sporting fish from boreal freshwater ecosystems (background sites, 2013-2014 summer seasons), compared to fish impacted by a major AFFF release (summer 2013 and autumn 2014). Different freshwater wild sporting fish species (Esox lucius, Esox masquinongy, Micropterus dolomieu, Sander vitreus, Perca flavescens, and Semotilus corporalis, n = 74) were collected from 13 ecosystems (lakes, reservoirs, and rivers) across Eastern Canada. Of 29 quantitative PFAS, 15 compounds were detected in fish from background sites, including perfluorocarboxylates (C6,8-14), perfluoroalkane sulfonates (C6,8,10), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTSA), 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (7:3 FTCA), and a zwitterionic PFAS-perfluorooctane sulfonamidoalkyl betaine (PFOSB). To our knowledge, this is the first report of PFOSB in biota. It is also one of the first reports of anionic fluorotelomers (6:2 FTSA, 7:3 FTCA, 9:3 FTCA) in wildlife from background sites. Long-chain fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaines (e.g., 8:2 and 10:2 FTAB), fluorotelomer betaines (e.g., 9:3 and 9:1:2 FTB), and fluorotelomer sulfone propanoic acids (e.g., 8:2 FT(SO2)-PA, 10:2 FT(SO2)-PA)) were solely prevalent (up to 97% of summed suspect PFAS) in Smallmouth Bass (M. dolomieu) from the AFFF-impacted site. Perfluorobutane sulfonamide (FBSA), perfluorohexane sulfonamide (FHxSA), 6:2 FTSA and 7:3 FTCA were detected in at least one Smallmouth Bass sample both at the AFFF-impacted and background sites. According to the estimated chronic daily intake and current tolerable daily intake suggested by national agencies, the observed PFOS levels would not pose a health risk to anglers who might consume these wild-caught fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann A Kaboré
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ken Goeury
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec (CEAEQ), Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jinxia Liu
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Gilbert Cabana
- Département des Sciences de l'Environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Munoz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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15
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Liao YF, Zhou MH, Zhang Y, Peng YY, Jian JX, Lu F, Tong QX. Facile synthesis and marked pH-responsive behavior of novel foaming agents based on amide- and ester-linked morpholine fluorosurfactants. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Zheng G, Schreder E, Dempsey JC, Uding N, Chu V, Andres G, Sathyanarayana S, Salamova A. Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Breast Milk: Concerning Trends for Current-Use PFAS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:7510-7520. [PMID: 33982557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study in the last 15 years to analyze per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in breast milk collected from mothers (n = 50) in the United States, and our findings indicate that both legacy and current-use PFAS now contaminate breast milk, exposing nursing infants. Breast milk was analyzed for 39 PFAS, including 9 short-chain and 30 long-chain compounds, and 16 of these PFAS were detected in 4-100% of the samples. The ∑PFAS concentration in breast milk ranged from 52.0 to 1850 pg/mL with a median concentration of 121 pg/mL. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most abundant PFAS in these samples (medians 30.4 and 13.9 pg/mL, respectively). Two short-chain PFAS, including perfluoro-n-hexanoic acid (PFHxA, C6) and perfluoro-n-heptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7), were detected in most of the samples with median concentrations of 9.69 and 6.10 pg/mL, respectively. Analysis of the available breast milk PFAS data from around the world over the period of 1996-2019 showed that while the levels of the phased-out PFOS and PFOA have been declining with halving times of 8.1 and 17 years, respectively, the detection frequencies of current-use short-chain PFAS have been increasing with a doubling time of 4.1 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Erika Schreder
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | | | - Nancy Uding
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Valerie Chu
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Gabriel Andres
- Toxic-Free Future, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington/Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 91807, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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17
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Dykstra CR, Route WT, Williams KA. Trends and Patterns of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Blood Plasma Samples of Bald Eagle Nestlings in Wisconsin and Minnesota, USA. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:754-766. [PMID: 32866326 PMCID: PMC7984356 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed concentrations and trends of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in blood plasma samples of bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nestlings at 6 study areas in the upper Midwest of the United States, 2006 to 2015, and long-term trends at 2 Lake Superior (USA/Canada) sites, 1995 to 2015. Nestling blood plasma concentrations of the sum of 15 PFAS analytes (∑PFAS) differed among study areas and were highest at the 3 industrialized river sites: pools 3 and 4 of the Mississippi River (pools 3 + 4; geometric mean [GM] = 754 μg/L; range = 633-2930), the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (GM = 687 μg/L; range = 24-7371), and the lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (GM = 546 μg/L; range = 20-2400). Temporal trends in ∑PFAS in nestling plasma differed among study areas; concentrations decreased at pools 3 + 4, Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, and lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway, but not at the most remote sites, the upper St. Croix River and Lake Superior. Overall, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant analyte at all study areas, and perfluorodecanesulfonate (PFDS) the second most abundant at industrialized river sites although not at Lake Superior; concentrations of both these analytes declined from 2006 to 2015 over the study area. In addition, nestling age significantly influenced plasma concentrations of ∑PFAS and 7 of the 12 analytes. For these analytes, concentrations increased by 1 to 2%/d as nestlings grew, indicating that age should be considered when using nestling plasma to assess PFAS. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:754-766. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William T. Route
- US National Park Service, Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring NetworkAshlandWisconsinUSA
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18
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YE T, CHEN Y, FU J, ZHANG A, FU J. [Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in eggs: analytical methods and their application as pollutant bioindicator]. Se Pu 2021; 39:184-196. [PMID: 34227351 PMCID: PMC9274833 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.09023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) are environmentally persistent and biomagnified along food chains. They have been widely detected globally, even in the human body, and their potential toxicity has attracted great attention. Eggs are the origin of new life of ovipara and are rich in nutrients, thus they serve as one of the main protein sources for humans. Therefore, the level of pollutants in eggs can affect the reproduction of ovipara, and it is also related to human health by food intake. In recent years, poultry egg samples have been widely used in the assessment of biological and ecological pollution as a non-invasive biota matrix. At the same time, recent studies have used eggs to evaluate the developmental toxicity and associated health risks based on the pollutant levels in egg samples. In this study, the methods of sample pretreatment and instrumental detection of PFASs for egg samples are summarized. In addition, the application of eggs as a pollutants bioindicator of PFASs contamination has been discussed.
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19
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Wang Q, Ruan Y, Jin L, Zhang X, Li J, He Y, Wei S, Lam JCW, Lam PKS. Target, Nontarget, and Suspect Screening and Temporal Trends of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals from the South China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1045-1056. [PMID: 33395277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been manufactured and widely used for over 60 years. Currently, there are thousands of marketed PFASs, but only dozens of them are routinely monitored. This work involved target, nontarget, and suspect screening of PFASs in the liver of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), two resident marine mammals in the South China Sea, stranded between 2012 and 2018. Among the 21 target PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA) predominated in the samples, accounting for 46 and 30% of the total PFASs, respectively. Significantly higher total target PFAS concentrations (p < 0.05) were found in dolphin liver samples [3.23 × 103 ± 2.63 × 103 ng/g dry weight (dw)] than in porpoise liver samples (2.63 × 103 ± 1.10 × 103 ng/g dw). Significant increasing temporal trends (p < 0.05) were found in the concentrations of two emerging PFASs, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-propanoate in porpoises, indicating increasing pollution by these emerging PFASs. Forty-four PFASs from 9 classes were additionally identified by nontarget and suspect screening, among which 15 compounds were reported for the first time in marine mammals. A primary risk assessment showed that the emerging PFAS 6:2 Cl-PFESA could have possible adverse effects in terms of reproductive injury potential on most of the investigated cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- Department of Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Linjie Jin
- Department of Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- Department of Chemistry; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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20
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Wu Y, Miller GZ, Gearhart J, Peaslee G, Venier M. Side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers in children car seats. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115477. [PMID: 33221613 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fabric and foam samples from popular children car seats marketed in the United States during 2018 were tested for fluorine content by particle-included gamma ray emission spectroscopy (PIGE, n = 93) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, n = 36), as well as for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by liquid and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS and GC/MS, n = 36). PFAS were detected in 97% of the car seat samples analyzed with MS, with total concentrations of 43 PFAS (∑PFAS) up to 268 ng/g. Fabric samples generally had greater ∑PFAS levels than foam and laminated composites of foam and fabric. The three fabric samples with the highest total fluorine content as represented by the highest PIGE signal were also subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. Results from these treatments, as well as the much higher organofluorine levels measured by PIGE compared to LC/MS and GC/MS, suggested the presence of side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers (FTPs), which have the potential to readily degrade into perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) under UV light. Furthermore, fluorotelomer (meth)acrylates were found to be indicators for the presence of (meth)acrylate-linked FTPs in consumer products, and thus confirmed that at least half of the tested car seats had FTP-treated fabrics. Finally, extraction of selected samples with synthetic sweat showed that ionic PFAS, particularly those with fluorinated carbons ≤8, can migrate from fabric to sweat, suggesting a potential dermal route of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | | | | | - Graham Peaslee
- University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States.
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21
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Göckener B, Eichhorn M, Lämmer R, Kotthoff M, Kowalczyk J, Numata J, Schafft H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Bücking M. Transfer of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Feed into the Eggs of Laying Hens. Part 1: Analytical Results Including a Modified Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12527-12538. [PMID: 33121246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The group of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) comprises thousands of chemicals, which are used in various industrial applications and consumer products. In this study, a feeding experiment with laying hens and feed grown on a contamination site was conducted, and PFAS were analyzed in the feed and eggs to assess the transfer of PFAS into eggs. A targeted analysis of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and different sulfonamides was performed. Additionally, the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay was modified by fully oxidizing small amounts of the samples instead of oxidizing their extracts in order to overcome potential losses during extraction. Targeted analysis showed the presence of known PFAAs and four sulfonamides in the feed and egg yolk samples. In the plant-based feed, short-chain PFAAs, methyl and ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (Me- and EtFOSAA), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) were the most abundant PFAS. In the eggs, PFOS, FOSAA, and its alkylated homologues showed the highest concentrations. The TOP assay revealed the presence of substantial amounts of precursors with different chain lengths from C4 to C8. The highest relative increase of PFOA after oxidation was observed in egg yolk from the end of the exposure period (828%). The results of this study demonstrate the transfer of PFAAs and their precursors into hens' eggs and emphasize the contribution of (known and unidentified) precursors to the overall PFAS burden in edible products. The modified TOP assay approach was shown to be a powerful tool to better assess the total burden of samples with PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Göckener
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Maria Eichhorn
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - René Lämmer
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kotthoff
- Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Department 2, Marker Allee 76-78, 59063 Hamm, Germany
| | - Janine Kowalczyk
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schafft
- BfR-Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mark Bücking
- Department Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 13 Rainforest Walk, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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22
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de Wit CA, Bossi R, Dietz R, Dreyer A, Faxneld S, Garbus SE, Hellström P, Koschorreck J, Lohmann N, Roos A, Sellström U, Sonne C, Treu G, Vorkamp K, Yuan B, Eulaers I. Organohalogen compounds of emerging concern in Baltic Sea biota: Levels, biomagnification potential and comparisons with legacy contaminants. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106037. [PMID: 32835922 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While new chemicals have replaced major toxic legacy contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), knowledge of their current levels and biomagnification potential in Baltic Sea biota is lacking. Therefore, a suite of chemicals of emerging concern, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), short-chain, medium-chain and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), were analysed in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), viviparous eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), common eider (Somateria mollissima), common guillemot (Uria aalge) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) from the Baltic Proper, sampled between 2006 and 2016. Results were benchmarked with existing data for legacy contaminants. The mean concentrations for ΣOPEs ranged from 57 to 550 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), for ΣCPs from 110 to 640 ng g-1 lw for ΣHFRs from 0.42 to 80 ng g-1 lw, and for ΣPFAS from 1.1 to 450 ng g-1 wet weight. Perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) was detected in most species. Levels of OPEs, CPs and HFRs were generally similar or higher than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). OPE, CP and HFR concentrations were also similar to PCBs and DDTs in blue mussel, viviparous eelpout and Atlantic herring. In marine mammals and birds, PCB and DDT concentrations remained orders of magnitude higher than those of OPEs, CPs, HFRs and PFAS. Predator-prey ratios for individual OPEs (0.28-3.9) and CPs (0.40-5.0) were similar or somewhat lower than those seen for BDE-47 (5.0-29) and HBCDD (2.4-13). Ratios for individual HFRs (0.010-37) and PFAS (0.15-47) were, however, of the same order of magnitude as seen for p,p'-DDE (4.7-66) and CB-153 (31-190), indicating biomagnification potential for many of the emerging contaminants. Lack of toxicity data, including for complex mixtures, makes it difficult to assess the risks emerging contaminants pose. Their occurence and biomagnification potential should trigger risk management measures, particularly for MCCPs, HFRs and PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rossana Bossi
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Rune Dietz
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | - Suzanne Faxneld
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Svend Erik Garbus
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Peter Hellström
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jan Koschorreck
- Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Bismarckplatz 1, DE-14139 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nina Lohmann
- Eurofins GfA Lab Service GmbH, Neuländer Kamp 1a, DE-21079 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Roos
- Department of Environmental Research and Monitoring, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Sellström
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Gabriele Treu
- Umweltbundesamt (UBA), Section Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, DE-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany.
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusvägen 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Igor Eulaers
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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23
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Kwiatkowski CF, Andrews DQ, Birnbaum LS, Bruton TA, DeWitt JC, Knappe DRU, Maffini MV, Miller MF, Pelch KE, Reade A, Soehl A, Trier X, Venier M, Wagner CC, Wang Z, Blum A. Scientific Basis for Managing PFAS as a Chemical Class. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:532-543. [PMID: 34307722 PMCID: PMC8297807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This commentary presents a scientific basis for managing as one chemical class the thousands of chemicals known as PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances). The class includes perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluoroalkylether acids, and their precursors; fluoropolymers and perfluoropolyethers; and other PFAS. The basis for the class approach is presented in relation to their physicochemical, environmental, and toxicological properties. Specifically, the high persistence, accumulation potential, and/or hazards (known and potential) of PFAS studied to date warrant treating all PFAS as a single class. Examples are provided of how some PFAS are being regulated and how some businesses are avoiding all PFAS in their products and purchasing decisions. We conclude with options for how governments and industry can apply the class-based approach, emphasizing the importance of eliminating non-essential uses of PFAS, and further developing safer alternatives and methods to remove existing PFAS from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol F. Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David Q. Andrews
- Environmental Working Group, Washington, D.C. 20009, United States
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Thomas A. Bruton
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Jamie C. DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Detlef R. U. Knappe
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | | | - Mark F. Miller
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and U.S. Public Health Service, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Katherine E. Pelch
- School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76126, United States
| | - Anna Reade
- Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Anna Soehl
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Xenia Trier
- European Environment Agency, DK-1050 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Venier
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401, United States
| | - Charlotte C. Wagner
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Chair of Ecological Systems Design, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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24
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McDonough CA, Choyke S, Ferguson PL, DeWitt JC, Higgins CP. Bioaccumulation of Novel Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Mice Dosed with an Aqueous Film-Forming Foam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5700-5709. [PMID: 32248687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread in the blood of the general human population, and their bioaccumulation is of considerable scientific and regulatory interest. PFAS exposure resulting from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) ingestion is poorly understood due to the complexity of AFFF mixtures and the presence of polyfluorinated substances that may undergo metabolic transformation. C57BL/6 mice were dosed with an AFFF primarily containing electrochemically fluorinated PFASs for 10 days, followed by a 6 day depuration. Urine was collected throughout the study and serum was collected post-depuration. Samples were analyzed via high-resolution mass spectrometry. Relative to the dosing solution, C6 and C7 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) were enriched in dosed mouse serum, suggesting in vivo transformation of sulfonamide precursors. Some substituted C8 PFSAs [keto-perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), hydrogen-PFOS, and unsaturated PFOS] appeared to be more bioaccumulative than linear PFOS, or were formed in vivo from unidentified precursors. A series of seven peaks in dosed mouse serum was tentatively identified as sulfonimide dimers that were either a minor component of the AFFF or were formed via metabolism of other AFFF components. This work highlights the importance of sulfonamide precursors in contributing to bioaccumulation of AFFF-associated PFSAs and identifies several classes of potentially bioaccumulative novel PFASs that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A McDonough
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Sarah Choyke
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jamie C DeWitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, United States
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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