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Golomazou E, Mamedova S, Eslahi AV, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium and agriculture: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170057. [PMID: 38242460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant contributor to global foodborne and waterborne disease burden. It is a widespread cause of diarrheal diseases that affect humans and animals worldwide. Agricultural environments can become a source of contamination with Cryptosporidium species through faecal material derived from humans and animals. This review aims to report the main findings of scientific research on Cryptosporidium species related to various agricultural sectors, and highlights the risks of cryptosporidiosis in agricultural production, the contamination sources, the importance of animal production in transmission, and the role of farmed animals as hosts of the parasites. Agricultural contamination sources can cause water pollution in groundwater and different surface waters used for drinking, recreational purposes, and irrigation. The application of contaminated manure, faecal sludge management, and irrigation with inadequately treated water are the main concerns associated with foodborne and waterborne cryptosporidiosis related to agricultural activities. The review emphasizes the public health implications of agriculture concerning the transmission risk of Cryptosporidium parasites and the urgent need for a new concept in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, the findings of this review provide valuable information for developing appropriate measures and monitoring strategies to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Simuzer Mamedova
- Institute of Zoology, Ministry of Science and Education Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan & Department of Life Sciences, Khazar University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, 2408 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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2
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Mamawal DRD, Calayo JDV, Gandola KP, Nacario MAG, Vejano MRA, Dela Peña LBRO, Rivera WL. Genotypic detection of β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates obtained from Seven Crater Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1518-1529. [PMID: 37902206 PMCID: wh_2023_157 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is becoming a global public health concern. More comprehensive surveillance of β-lactam resistance in E. coli would improve monitoring strategies and control resistance transmission in contaminated environments. This study investigated the prevalence of β-lactamase genes in E. coli isolated from the Seven Crater Lakes in San Pablo, Laguna, Philippines. Water samples from lakes were collected for the isolation of E. coli (n = 846) and molecular characterization by detecting the presence of the uidA gene. The isolates were then tested for the presence of β-lactamase genes using PCR. Among the screened genes, blaAmpC was the most dominant (91%). Other β-lactamase genes such as blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTXM were also detected with percentage occurrence of 34, 5, and 1%, respectively. Multiple genes within individual isolates were also observed, wherein blaTEM/AmpC was the most prevalent gene combination. Moreover, a significant negative correlation between blaAmpC with blaSHV and blaCTXM was depicted in this study. Overall, these findings demonstrate the presence of β-lactamase genes in E. coli in the Seven Crater Lakes of San Pablo and can be used in developing effective strategies to control antibiotic resistance in environmental waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rose D Mamawal
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines E-mail:
| | - Jonah David V Calayo
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Kherson P Gandola
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Mae Ashley G Nacario
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Mark Raymond A Vejano
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O Dela Peña
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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Mayerberger EA, Yazdanparast Tafti S, Jedlicka SS, Jellison KL. Effect of Glycosaminoglycans on Cryptosporidium Oocyst Attachment and Excystation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0173722. [PMID: 36790186 PMCID: PMC10056967 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01737-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium causes severe gastrointestinal disease resulting from the ingestion of oocysts, followed by oocyst excystation in the small intestine and the release of infective sporozoites. An understudied strategy for Cryptosporidium inactivation is purposeful oocyst excystation, as sporozoites do not survive long in the environment. This study showed that C. parvum oocyst excystation was induced by direct contact with various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including heparin (Hep), chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), and hyaluronan (HA), assembled on polydopamine (PD)-functionalized surfaces. PD surfaces elicited 97.9 ± 3.6% oocyst attachment, with some of the attached oocysts partially (7.3 ± 1.3%) or fully (4.0 ± 0.6%) excysted after 4 days. The PD-GAG surfaces (GAG concentration = 2 mg/mL) elicited similarly high attachment (>97%) and higher oocyst excystation efficiencies after 4 days. The PD-Hep surfaces elicited the highest number of attached excysted oocysts (11.8 ± 0.63% partially excysted; 11.9 ± 0.49% fully excysted), and the PD-HA surfaces elicited the lowest (8.8 ± 2.1% partially excysted; 7.8 ± 1.2% fully excysted). Surface characterization revealed that the addition of GAGs to the PD surface changed both the surface roughness as well as the surface wettability. Treatment of oocysts with an enzyme that degraded the surface glycocalyx markedly reduced excystation (to <2%) of the oocysts attached to the PD and PD-GAG surfaces. These findings suggest that GAGs provide an important local signal for the excystation of C. parvum oocysts and that certain surface-expressed oocyst receptors are necessary for efficient excystation. These oocyst-receptor relationships may be useful in the design of functionalized surfaces for the purposeful inactivation of oocysts in the environment or in water treatment systems. IMPORTANCE Polydopamine surfaces functionalized with glycosaminoglycans were shown to facilitate the attachment and excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Our findings suggest that a surface-expressed receptor on the oocyst wall plays a key role in excystation, with glycosaminoglycans serving as ligands that trigger the initiation of the process. Future technologies and treatment strategies designed to promote premature excystation of oocysts will minimize the ingestion of sporozoites that initiate infection. Therefore, the results from this study have important implications for the protection of public health from waterborne cryptosporidiosis and may serve as a foundation for engineered surfaces designed to remove oocysts from surface waters or inactivate oocysts in water treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A. Mayerberger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sabrina S. Jedlicka
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristen L. Jellison
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
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Masangkay FR, Milanez GD, Dionisio JD, Ormita LAGL, Alvarez AV, Karanis P. Well water sources simultaneous contamination with Cryptosporidium and Acanthamoeba in East-Southeast Asia and Acanthamoeba spp. in biofilms in the Philippines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155752. [PMID: 35533862 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is the leading agent of waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks and is the second leading cause of infant mortality due to diarrhoea worldwide. Acanthamoeba spp. causes Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) and a life-threatening condition known as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The present study aimed to assess the water quality of an indigenous and a rural community for waterborne parasitic protozoan contamination. Aquatic samples (n = 22) were processed by filtration of 500 mL portion through a 1.2 μm pore size glass microfiber filter and eluted for light microscopy, culture in non-nutrient agar, and PCR analysis. Overall, 36% (8/22) of the investigated aquatic samples were positive for either Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts (13%; 3/22) or Acanthamoeba spp., (36%; 8/22) or both (13%; 3/22). Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 27% (3/11) of wet season samples only while Acanthamoeba spp. were detected in 18% (2/11) and 55% (6/11) of wet and dry season samples, respectively. Subsequently, molecular detection for Acanthamoeba species identified A. lenticulata and A. hatchetti with 98-99% BLAST similarity. This is the first report on the simultaneous contamination of Cryptosporidium and Acanthamoeba in well water sources in East-Southeast Asia, the first detection of Acanthamoeba spp. in biofilms in the Philippines, and the longest viability demonstrated for A. lenticulata in two-year-old water samples stored at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick R Masangkay
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines.
| | - Giovanni D Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Joseph D Dionisio
- Department of Medical Technology, Far Eastern University-Manila, Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Luzelle Anne G-L Ormita
- Department of Psychology, Far Eastern University-Manila, Manila 1015, Philippines; Community Extension Services, Far Eastern University-Manila, Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Abel V Alvarez
- Community Extension Services, Far Eastern University-Manila, Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medical and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne 50923, Germany; Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Science, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, 2417, Cyprus.
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5
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Milanez GD, Masangkay FR, Martin I GL, Hapan MFZ, Manahan EP, Castillo J, Karanis P. Epidemiology of free-living amoebae in the Philippines: a review and update. Pathog Glob Health 2022; 116:331-340. [PMID: 35112656 PMCID: PMC9387320 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2035626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are considered environmental pathogens and thus pose a public health threat. Their ubiquity in natural sources may magnify the potential severity of health outcomes in the future. However, less attention was given despite several probable public health risks that arise from the presence of pathogenic strains in the environment. Here, we provide epidemiological data based on investigations involving the distribution and occurrence of free-living amoebae in the Republic of the Philippines. This aims to connect data of fragmented studies of these organisms and provide potential roadmaps in FLA research in the country. The majority of the reviewed articles (n = 19) focused on characterization studies (36.8%; 7/19) while environmental isolation and isolation from biological samples had an equal frequency of 31.6% (6/19) each. There is a great disparity between the established ubiquity in environmental sources and the number of cases of FLA infections in the country. FLA-related research in the Philippines is still in its inceptive stage with several gaps to fill, which can be used to formulate policy briefs in the future regarding its isolation, identification, diagnosis, therapeutic management, and control of FLA infections in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D. Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines,CONTACTGiovanni D. Milanez Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila1015, Philippines
| | - Frederick R. Masangkay
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Gregorio L. Martin I
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ma. Frieda Z Hapan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Edilberto P. Manahan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany,Department of Basic and Clinical Science, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
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6
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Qin Z, Zhao Z, Xia L, Ohore OE. Research trends and hotspots of aquatic biofilms in freshwater environment during the last three decades: a critical review and bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:47915-47930. [PMID: 35522418 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater periphytic biofilms (FPBs), existing widely in various aquatic environments, have attracted extensive attention for many years. In the present study, a bibliometric analysis based on Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was used to understand the research progress, trends, and hot topics of FPBs qualitatively and quantitatively. The results indicated that publications on FPBs have increased from 1991 to 2020 rapidly, and researchers have focused more on the areas of environmental sciences, microbiology, and marine freshwater biology. The most influential countries were mainly the USA, Spain, France, and Germany. Cooperation network analysis reflected that the USA and its affiliated institutions played crucial roles in the research of FPB cooperation, but the collaboration between core author groups still fell short. Based on the analysis of top 20 high-cited FPB documents over the last 30 years, research hotspots mainly included micro-observation and assembly mechanisms of FPBs; interactions of FPBs and pollutants including heavy metals, antibiotic resistance genes, pathogens, organic pollutants, and nanoparticles; and the role of FPBs for biogeochemical cycling, especially nitrogen cycling. Additionally, future research directions were proposed. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of FPBs, which is useful for research development and researchers who are interested in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Qin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Liling Xia
- Nanjing Institute of Industry Technology, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
- Organization of African Academic Doctors, Off Kamiti Road, P.O. Box 25305-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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7
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Upconversion fluorescence-based paper disc for multiplex point-of-care testing in water quality monitoring. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Ma JY, Li MY, Qi ZZ, Fu M, Sun TF, Elsheikha HM, Cong W. Waterborne protozoan outbreaks: An update on the global, regional, and national prevalence from 2017 to 2020 and sources of contamination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150562. [PMID: 34852432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to identify the worldwide trend of waterborne protozoan outbreaks and how it varies between geographic regions during the period from 2017 to 2020. Data about waterborne protozoan outbreaks were gathered and stratified by continent, country, water source, and protozoan species associated with the outbreak. The highest prevalence of waterborne protozoan outbreaks was reported in developed countries. Out of 251 outbreaks reported worldwide during the studied period, 141, 51 and 24 outbreaks were recorded in the USA, UK, and New Zealand, respectively. These outbreaks were mainly associated with Cryptosporidium (192 outbreaks) and Giardia (48 outbreaks). Cyclospora cayetanensis, Dientamoebafragilis and Toxoplasma gondii were associated with 7 outbreaks. One outbreak was associated with each of Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba histolytica, Microsporidia or Naegleria fowleri. This data suggests large discrepancies in the number of outbreaks reported between geographic regions, with most outbreaks recorded in developed countries. Differences in the prevalence of outbreaks between countries are likely attributed to the availability of diagnostic capabilities and surveillance programs to monitor water contamination with pathogenic protozoa. More attention and concerted efforts are required to improve water safety and to alleviate the impact of waterborne protozoan infections. Appropriate surveillance of water contamination with protozoa can enable public health officials to identify source of contamination and implement the necessary measures to limit transmission and prevent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yang Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Man-Yao Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Ze-Zheng Qi
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Ming Fu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Tian-Feng Sun
- School of Translation Studies, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
| | - Wei Cong
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China.
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Golomazou E, Malandrakis EE, Panagiotaki P, Karanis P. Cryptosporidium in fish: Implications for aquaculture and beyond. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117357. [PMID: 34147739 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture industries are expanding worldwide and control of Cryptosporidium is of great importance. Cryptosporidiosis is a serious waterborne/foodborne disease, responsible for infectious outbreaks globally. Current knowledge on the Cryptosporidium species in the aquatic environment and their occurrence in piscine hosts is steadily increasing since the Cryptosporidium species have been detected in marine, freshwater, cultured, captive and ornamental fish in a wide range of geographical regions. The zoonotic potential of these parasites and their pathological impact on piscine hosts have been increasingly reported and the fishborne zoonotic risk from Cryptosporidium spp. is of major importance from a public health point of view. Zoonotic subtypes in fish have been described in various studies and are probably related to water contamination from animal and human wastes. This review critically evaluated existing scientific data, related to Cryptosporidium species in piscine hosts, emphasizing transmission routes and the potential impact of piscine cryptosporidiosis in aquaculture. This knowledge will facilitate consumers, authorities and water industries such as fisheries and aquaculture, the prevention and control of waterborne and fishborne cryptosporidiosis in fish products.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Golomazou
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - E E Malandrakis
- Department of Animal Science - Laboratory of Applied Hydrobiology, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos str., 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - P Panagiotaki
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment - Aquaculture Laboratory, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytokou str., 38446, Volos, Greece
| | - P Karanis
- University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, 50931 Cologne, Germany; University of Nicosia Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Institute, 2408, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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10
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The risk factors for intestinal Giardia spp infection: Global systematic review and meta-analysis and meta-regression. Acta Trop 2021; 220:105968. [PMID: 34029531 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are a public health concern as they can cause aggression, growth retardation, weight loss, anemia, and other health problems. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to find an association between the probable social-environmental risk factors including lack of safe drinking water, no hand washing, sex, age, no access to education, no access to toilet, and Giardia spp infection. We conducted literature research among international databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane from1 January 1995 to March 15, 2020, including 23 articles with 102 studies while the odds ratio (OR) was calculated using 2 × 2 tables or extracted. The pooled effect size with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was estimated using a random or fixed-effects model. The results show a significant association between intestinal Giardia spp infection risk and lack of safe drinking water (OR: 1.14; 95%CI: 1.02-1.25); no access to toilet (OR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.07-1.37); and age (2-10 vs 10-30 year) (OR: 1.42; 95%CI: 1.09-1.78). An insignificant association was observed between intestinal Giardia spp infection risk and age (<2 vs 2-10 year) (OR: 0.89; 95%CI: 0.75-1.02); no access to education (OR: 1.10; 95%CI: 0.80-1.40); Sex (male vs female) (OR: 1.04; 95%CI: 0.74-1.34); and no handwashing (OR: 1.18; 95%CI: 0.87-1.49). The results of meta-regression also indicate that intestinal Giardia spp infection has decreased over time (C= -0.024, p-value = 0.03) significantly, and also by growth of human development index (HDI) (C= - 0.42, p-value = 0.29) insignificantly. Improvement of personal hygiene, sanitation and raising public awareness can be effective in reducing Giardia spp infections.
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Dela Peña LBRO, Vejano MRA, Rivera WL. Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. for microbial source tracking of fecal contamination in Laguna Lake, Philippines. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2021; 19:534-544. [PMID: 34152304 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2021.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water quality deterioration in source waters poses increased health, environmental, and economic risks. Here, we genotyped Cryptosporidium spp. obtained from water samples of Laguna Lake, Philippines, and its tributaries for the purpose of source-tracking fecal contamination. A total of 104 surface water samples were collected over a 1-year period (March 2018 to April 2019). Detection of Cryptosporidium was carried out using genus-specific primers targeting a fragment of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. The study revealed 8 (14%) tributary samples and 1 (2.77%) lake sample positive for contamination. The species were determined to be C. parvum (n = 4), C. muris (n = 2), C. hominis (n = 1), C. galli (n = 1), C. baileyi (n = 1), C. suis (n = 1), as well as rat genotype IV (n = 1). Two species were detected in duck (C. baileyi) and cattle (C. parvum) fecal samples. The data presented suggest that Cryptosporidium contamination is likely to come from sewage or human feces as well as various agricultural sources (i.e. cattle, swine, and poultry). This information reveals the importance of mitigating fecal pollution in the lake system and minimizing health risks due to exposure to zoonotic Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O Dela Peña
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines E-mail:
| | - Mark Raymond A Vejano
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines E-mail:
| | - Windell L Rivera
- Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines E-mail:
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12
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Boni W, Parrish K, Patil S, Fahrenfeld NL. Total coliform and Escherichia coli in microplastic biofilms grown in wastewater and inactivation by peracetic acid. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:334-342. [PMID: 32779310 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) have been proposed as a vector for pathogenic microorganisms in the freshwater environment. The objectives of this study were (a) to compare the fecal indicator growth in biofilms on MP and material control microparticles incubated in different wastewater fractions and (b) to compare MP biofilm, natural microparticle biofilm, and planktonic cell susceptibility to disinfection by peracetic acid (PAA). Biofilms were grown on high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, polypropylene MP, or wood chips (as a material control) and incubated in either wastewater influent or pre-disinfection secondary effluent. Reactors were disinfected with PAA, biofilms were dislodged, and total coliform and Escherichia coli were cultivated. Fecal indicators were quantifiable in both MP and wood biofilms incubated in the wastewater influent but only on the wood biofilms incubated in secondary wastewater effluent. More total coliform grew in the wood biofilms than MP biofilms, and the biofilms grown on MP and woodchips were more resistant to disinfection than planktonic bacteria. Thus, it may be possible to refer to the disinfection literature for fecal indicators in biofilm on other particles to predict behavior on MP. Treatments that remove particles in general would help reduce the potential for fecal indicator bypass of disinfection. PRACTITIONER POINTS: MP biofilm had lower concentrations of fecal indicators than wood biofilm Biofilm on MP was not more resistant to disinfection than wood biofilm Biofilms, regardless of substrate, were more resistant to disinfection than planktonic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Boni
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Kathleen Parrish
- Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Shreya Patil
- Bioenvironmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Nicole L Fahrenfeld
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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Sammarro Silva KJ, Sabogal-Paz LP. Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts as target-organisms in sanitation and environmental monitoring: A review in microscopy-based viability assays. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116590. [PMID: 33166919 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysts and (oo)cysts are the infective forms of parasitic protozoa, as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which are widespread and associated to worldwide waterborne diseases outbreaks. These microorganisms pose a challenge to public health, as they are resistant to conventional disinfection methods, which make them important parameters when evaluating inactivation efficiency. However, when (oo)cysts are targets, it is challenging to infer inactivation efficacy, as it may require infectivity tests that are not often an option for laboratory routine analysis. In this scene, (oo)cyst viability based on induced excystation, membrane integrity and enzyme activity evaluated by dye inclusion and/or exclusion, as well as fluorescence reduction consist on microscopy-based techniques that may be options to estimate inactivation in the environmental context. This scoping review presents applications, advantages and limitations of these methodologies for viability assessment, in order to shed light on the (oo)cyst viability topic and provide insight strategies for choosing protocols in the environmental and sanitation field, in laboratory applications and novel research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lyda Patricia Sabogal-Paz
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-carlense 400, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13566-590, Brazil.
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Abstract
Biofilms are increasingly implicated as playing a major role in waterborne cryptosporidiosis. This review aims to synthesize all currently available data on interactions between Cryptosporidium oocysts and biofilms. Initially described following a waterborne outbreak, the integration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in biofilm has been well demonstrated. Biofilms appear important in the dissemination/protection of oocysts in the environment. Consequently, it has been suggested that substrate-associated biofilms should be systematically considered in oocyst water quality assessment. The influence of physicochemical parameters has been studied on oocyst biofilm retention. Biofilm surface roughness, ionic concentration (especially Ca2+), laminar/turbulent flow, shear stress, and electrostatic repulsion forces appear important to consider regarding oocyst release from biofilm. However, data analysis carried out during this review also revealed important gaps in biological interactions within biofilms, offering many perspectives for future work.
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Mphephu MG, Ekwanzala MD, Momba MNB. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in river water and riverbed sediment using next-generation sequencing. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:339-351. [PMID: 33421439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study uncovered the prevalence, harboured species, and subtype diversity of Cryptosporidium species in river water and its sediment from the Apies River in South Africa. Cryptosporidium spp. concentrations in freshwater and its sediment were determined using Ziehl-Neelsen staining and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) techniques. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) targeting the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene of Cryptosporidium spp. was performed to reveal the species, subtype families and subtypes harboured in freshwater and its sediment. Although the results revealed that water samples had a higher prevalence (30%) compared with sediment (28%), the number of observable Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in sediment samples (ranging from 4.90 to 5.81 log10 oocysts per 1 Liter) was higher than that of river water samples (ranging from 4.60 to 5.58 log10 oocysts per 1 L) using Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene copy of Cryptosporidium in riverbed sediments ranged from 6.03 to 7.65 log10, whereas in river water, it was found to be between 4.20 and 6.79 log10. Subtyping results showed that in riverbed sediments, Cryptosporidium parvum accounted for 40.72% of sequences, followed by Cryptosporidium hominis with 23.64%, Cryptosporidium cuniculus with 7.10%, Cryptosporidium meleagridis with 4.44% and the least was Cryptosporidium wrairi with 2.59%. A considerable percentage of reads in riverbed sediment (21.25%) was not assigned to any subtype. River water samples had 45.63% of sequences assigned to C. parvum, followed by 30.32% to C. hominis, 17.99% to C. meleagridis and 5.88% to C. cuniculus. The data obtained are concerning, as Cryptosporidium spp. have intrinsic resistance to water treatment processes and low infectious doses, which can pose a risk to human health due to the various uses of water (for human consumption, leisure, and reuse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muofhe Grace Mphephu
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Mutshiene Deogratias Ekwanzala
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Private BagX680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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