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Christophe S, Pentieva K, Botsaris G. Knowledge and Practices of Cypriot Bovine Farmers towards Effective and Safe Manure Management. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040293. [PMID: 37104447 PMCID: PMC10146322 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Manure from bovine farms is commonly used as an organic fertiliser. However, if not properly managed, it can spread significant biological and chemical hazards, threatening both human and animal health. The effectiveness of risk control hugely relies on farmers' knowledge regarding safe manure management and on the application of suitable management practices. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge and practices of Cypriot bovine farmers towards safer manure management, from its generation to its final use, in line with the One Health approach. Factors affecting farmers' knowledge and applied practices are also investigated through a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was developed and sent to all eligible bovine farmers in Cyprus (n = 353), and 30% (n = 105) of them returned the completed questionnaire. Results revealed there are some gaps in farmers' knowledge. The use of manure for fertilising crops dominated. Only half of the farmers stored manure in appropriate facilities, with 28.5% of them using a dedicated area with cement floors and 21.5% utilising leakproof tanks. The majority (65.7%) stored manure for more than three months before its use as a fertiliser in a dried form. In multiple regression analysis, education level and farming purpose were significant determinants of farmer knowledge. In conclusion, Cypriot farmers' knowledge must be reinforced to ensure proper manure management. The results highlight the importance of providing relevant training to farmers. Although the current practices partially decrease manure pathogens, interventions to promote the use of more effective treatment methods, such as biogas transformation and composting, would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Pentieva
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK
| | - George Botsaris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3603, Cyprus
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Ni X, Zhao G, Ye S, Li G, Yuan H, He L, Su D, Ding X, Xie L, Pei S, Laws EA. Spatial distribution and sources of heavy metals in the sediment and soils of the Yancheng coastal ecosystem and associated ecological risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18843-18860. [PMID: 36219297 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of heavy metal pollution are essential for the protection of coastal environments. In this study, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and a GeoDetector model were used to evaluate the sources of heavy metal contamination and associated ecological risks along the Yancheng Coastal Wetland. The distribution of heavy metals was shown to be greatly affected by clay content, except for Cr in shoal. Components from 6.5 to 9φ have the strongest ability to absorb heavy metals, where the effects of Cd and Zn sequestration in the wetlands were most apparent. The abilities of various wetland environments to sequester heavy metals were shown to be Spartina alterniflora wetland > woodland > Phragmites australis wetland > aquaculture pond > shoal > paddy > meadow > dry land. The sources of the heavy metals included parent soil material (59%), agriculture (15%), and industrial pollutants (26%). According to the single-factor pollution index, there was no evidence of pollution except Cr and Pb. In general, the heavy metal pollution was insignificant. The order of pollution loading index was shoal > paddy field > dry land > Spartina Alterniflora wetland > aquaculture ponds > woodland > meadow > Phragmites australis wetland. The ecological harm of heavy metal exposure was slight except for Cd and Hg, where vehicle emissions appeared to be the main cause of heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ni
- College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Zhao
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, People's Republic of China.
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangxue Li
- College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei He
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Su
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xigui Ding
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liujuan Xie
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofeng Pei
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetlands Biogeosciences, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward A Laws
- College of the Coast & Environment, Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803-4110, USA
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Wang Y, Liang L, Liu J, Guo D, Zhu Z, Dong H. Impact of anaerobic digestion on reactive nitrogen gas emissions from dairy slurry storage. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 316:115306. [PMID: 35594822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogas digesters are commonly used to treat animal manure/slurry, and abundant digested slurry is generated during the digestion process. Gas emissions from digested and raw slurry may vary with the change in slurry parameters after digestion, but the mechanism is not well understood. Gas emissions from raw dairy slurry (RS) and digested dairy slurry (BS) during 98 days of storage were investigated in this study to evaluate the effects of anaerobic digestion on reactive nitrogen emissions from slurry storage. Results showed that much higher N2O and NO emission and lower NH3 emission was achieved in BS than in RS. The mean gaseous emission of RS and BS accounted for 27.8% ± 6.9% and 17.1% ± 2.3% of the initial TN for NH3, 0.1% ± 0.1% and 3.5% ± 1.6% of the initial TN for N2O, and 0.0% ± 0.0% and 0.2% ± 0.0% of the initial TN for NO, respectively. Among all detected N2O-forming and reducing microbial genes, the abundance of amoA genes was the most closely related to N2O flux (r = 0.54, p < 0.01). More aerobic conditions occurred in BS, and dissolved oxygen (DO) increased to 0.4-1.6 mg L-1 after 35 days because the low organic matter of BS resulted in good infiltration of surface air into the slurry. The increased DO stimulated the growth of Nitrosomonas and the increase in amoA gene copies and contributed to the high N2O and NO emissions in BS through the nitrification process. Vulcanibacillus, Thauera, Castellaniella, and Thermomonas were the major denitrifying bacteria that occurred in BS and caused an incomplete denitrification process, which could be another reason for the increase in N2O and NO emissions from BS. Our study indicated that anaerobic digestion reduced the organic matter content of the slurry and caused an active microbial environment that facilitated the transformation of slurry N to N2O in BS storage, thus lowering the NH3 emission compared with RS storage. Therefore, aside from NH3, N2O should also be preferentially mitigated during BS storage because N2O is a greenhouse gas with high global warming potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100087, China.
| | - Lina Liang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100087, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100087, China
| | - Dongpo Guo
- Asia Dairy Fab. Ltd, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhiping Zhu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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Ren Z, Yu Y, Ramesh M, Li B, Poopal RK. Assessment of eco-toxic effects of commonly used water disinfectant on zebrafish (Danio rerio) swimming behaviour and recovery responses: an early-warning biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41849-41862. [PMID: 35098459 PMCID: PMC8801285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eco-toxicity profiles for commonly used disinfectants were lacking. Available traditional toxicity techniques have some limitations (assessments and ethical issues). Behaviour toxicology is a promising research area towards early warning and non-invasive approaches. We studied the potential eco-toxic effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the swimming behaviour of zebrafish. Zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations (Treatment I, Treatment II, Treatment III, and Treatment IV) of NaOCl for 360 h. Recovery study (144 h) was conducted for NaOCl treatment groups. The swimming behaviour of zebrafish was quantified efficiently using an online monitoring system (OMS). OMS dataset was processed for determination of behavioural differences by MATLAB and SPSS. Compared to the control group, the swimming strength of zebrafish under NaOCl treatments declined significantly (p < 0.001). Avoidance behaviour has occurred on zebrafish under NaOCl exposure periods. Furthermore, NaOCl toxicity also adjusted circadian rhythms on zebrafish. Zebrafish swimming strength was significantly (p < 0.001) improved under-recovery periods. Moreover, normal diurnal patterns have occurred. NaOCl could cause behavioural abnormalities in non-target organisms. Continuous exposure to common disinfectants could cause external and internal stress on non-target organisms, resulting in behavioural changes and circadian rhythm adjustments. Continuous changes in behavioural and circadian rhythms might reduce organisms' fitness and adaptation capacity. This study highlights (1) the importance of computer-based toxicity assessments, and (2) swimming behaviour is an early warning biomarker for eco-toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Yaxin Yu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
| | - Rama-Krishnan Poopal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
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Shao Z, Guo X, Qu Q, Kang K, Su Q, Wang C, Qiu L. Effects of chlorine disinfectants on the microbial community structure and the performance of anaerobic digestion of swine manure. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 339:125576. [PMID: 34303098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The residual chlorine disinfectants (CDs) in swine slurry could negatively impact the anaerobic digestion (AD). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CDs on mesophilic and thermophilic AD. The results indicated that CDs exerted inhibition effects on methanogenesis at the initial stage of mesophilic AD, leading to the extension of lag time from 0.62 days for control to 0.85, 1.9, 3.8, and 5.5 days with the increasing CDs concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L, respectively. Under thermophilic condition, the inhibition effects reduced significantly at the initial stage but a decrease of CMPu at later stage was observed. The microbial analysis revealed that CDs resulted in the enrichment of chlorine-resistant bacteria (Clostridum_sensu_stricto_1) and archaea (Methanosarcina). Addition of activated carbon (AC), zero-valent iron (ZVI) and biochar (BC) was evaluated for alleviating the inhibitions of CDs and proved to be feasible strategies to alleviate the inhibited AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijiang Shao
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kang Kang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiyuan Su
- Northwest A&F University, College of Life Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Northwest A&F University, College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Northwest Research Center of Rural Renewable Energy Exploitation and Utilization of M.O.A, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Ding H, Zhang Q, Xu H, Yu X, Chen L, Wang Z, Feng J. Selection of copper and zinc dosages in pig diets based on the mutual benefit of animal growth and environmental protection. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112177. [PMID: 33839484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dietary copper and zinc additives facilitate the growth and development of animals, but heavy metal in feces threatens the ecological environment, and balance is the key to solving the problem. In this study, a trial of 2000 pigs (early nursery, 9-15 kg; late nursery, 15-25 kg; grower: 25-60 kg) was conducted to analyze the effects of different diets (gradient dosage of copper and zinc additives) on growth performance, antioxidant performance, immune function, and fecal heavy metal excretion of piglets and growing pigs. Although no significant differences were observed in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) between treatments during the entire nursery-grower period, the addition of appropriate high doses of copper and zinc to the diet had a beneficial effect on the antioxidant status and immune function of weaned piglets. Especially at early nursery, compared with the low-copper group (5 mg/kg Cu), the high-copper group (120 mg/kg Cu) could significantly increase the peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT) and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), cortisol in the serum. Moreover, the addition of zinc and copper in the diet not only increased the concentration of corresponding trace elements in the serum, but also affected the concentration of other trace elements in the serum. The reduction of copper and zinc content in the diet contributed to reducing the copper and zinc content in feces. In conclusion, we have formulated the mutual benefit dosages of copper and zinc (9-15 kg: 5 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 15-25 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 50 mg/kg Zn; 25-60 kg: 4 mg/kg Cu and 10 mg/kg Zn) for weaning piglets and growing pigs, which would help ensure the healthy growth of animals and reduce environmental heavy metal residues. CAPSULE: This study developed a mutually beneficial dose of copper and zinc in pig diets, which promotes animal growth and protects the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxuan Ding
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huangen Xu
- Research Center of Zhejiang Kesheng Feed Co., Ltd., Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaonan Yu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingjun Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghang Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Hall MC, Duerschner J, Gilley JE, Schmidt AM, Bartelt-Hunt SL, Snow DD, Eskridge KM, Li X. Antibiotic resistance genes in swine manure slurry as affected by pit additives and facility disinfectants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 761:143287. [PMID: 33168251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Manure storage facilities are critical control points to reduce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in swine manure slurry before the slurry is land applied. However, little is known about how exogenous chemicals entering the manure storage facilities may affect the fate of ARGs. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of six commonly used pit additives and four facility disinfectants on the concentration of ARGs in swine manure slurry. Bench scale reactors, each containing approximately 50 L of liquid swine manure, were dosed with additives or disinfectants and were sampled for 40 days. Seven antibiotic resistance genes along with the intI1 gene and the 16S rRNA gene were monitored. Out of the six additives tested, Sludge Away significantly reduced the time-averaged absolute abundance of erm(C), erm(F), tet(Q), and the 16S rRNA gene as compared to the no additive control. Out of the four disinfectants tested, Tek-Trol significantly reduced the time-averaged absolute abundance of erm(B), erm(C), erm(F), intI1, tet(Q), and tet(X) than did the no-disinfectant control. According to Spearman's rank correlation, three genes erm(F), tet(Q), and tet(X) showed a strong to perfectly positive correlation and the two genes erm(B) and tet(O) showed a moderate to strong correlation in both the additive and disinfectant tests. Overall, the disinfectants were more effective in controlling the absolute abundance of ARGs than were the pit additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Hall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Jon Duerschner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | | | - Amy M Schmidt
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Shannon L Bartelt-Hunt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States
| | - Daniel D Snow
- School of Natural Resources, Water Sciences Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Kent M Eskridge
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, United States
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
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Horticulture and Orchards as New Markets for Manure Valorisation with Less Environmental Impacts. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13031436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal manure management is a real challenge to minimize environmental impacts and ensure that this valuable material is efficiently used in a circular economy context. One of the main limitations for larger use of animal manure as fertilizer is the availability of land to receive it in an area close to the farm. Indeed, animal manure is traditionally used for cereals and animal feed growth, but the soil area occupied with these crops might not be enough to receive all the manure produced and/or part of this soil might have nutrient contents, namely phosphorous, that do not permit further application of manure. Hence, extra land used for other agricultural activities might be an option. The main objective of the present review was to analyse the constraints and solutions to increase the use of manure in horticulture and orchards. Emphasis was given to the legal framework for manure utilization in the EU that might stimulate or restrain such a solution. The main characteristics of manure that might limit or stimulate manure reuse were also described, and the potential of some treatments to valorise manure was analysed. Several examples of alternative uses of manure in horticulture and orchards were examined, and the society and farmers’ acceptance of the proposed solution was addressed.
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