1
|
Han Y, Meng J, Ling X, Pan Z, Zhang H, Zhong B, Chen S, Pang J, Ma Y, Chen J, Liu L. DNMT1 regulates hypermethylation and silences hsa_circ_401351 in hydroquinone-induced malignant TK6 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2092-2101. [PMID: 38108535 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzene and its metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) are widely used in daily life, and long-term exposure to benzene or HQ can induce acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are mostly produced by reverse splicing of gene exon mRNA precursors. The modulation of circRNA expression is connected to leukemia progression; however, the molecular mechanism is still unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the cells were divided into four groups: PBS control group (PBS-TK6), TK6 malignantly transformed cells induced by 10.0 μmol/L HQ (HQ-TK6), and HQ-TK6 cells treated with 5 μmol/L 5-AzaC (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) for 24 h (HQ + 5-AzaC). HQ-TK6 cells were treated with 200 nmol/L TSA (histone deacetylation inhibitor) for 24 h (HQ + TSA). qRT-PCR was used to identify the differential hsa_circ_401351 expression between the four groups. We further determined the hsa_circ_401351 promoter methylation level with methylation-specific PCR. DNMT1 and DNMT3b were knocked down by CRISPR/Cas9 to elucidate the specific molecular mechanism of hsa_circ_401351 in HQ-TK6 cells. CCK-8 and flow cytometry detected cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively, after hsa_circ_401351 was overexpressed in HQ-TK6 cells. RESULTS Compared with the PBS-TK6 group, the expression of hsa_circ_401351 was found to be lower in the HQ-TK6 group. Nevertheless, treatment with 5-AzaC or TSA increased hsa_circ_401351 expression, with the upregulation being more pronounced in the TSA group. The expression of hsa_circ_401351 in the DNMT1 knockdown group was dramatically increased by 50% compared to that in the control group, and the DNA methylation level of the hsa_circ_401351 promoter region was decreased. When hsa_circ_401351 was overexpressed, HQ-TK6 cell proliferation was significantly slowed after 48 h compared with the control group. Flow cytometry showed that cells were mainly arrested in G1 phase, and apoptosis was significantly enhanced. Similarly, qRT-PCR and Western blot data showed significant reductions in Caspase-3 mRNA and protein production, and Bcl-2 mRNA levels were also elevated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our research showed that elevated DNMT1 expression in HQ-TK6 cells increased methylation levels and decreased expression of the hsa_circ_401351 promoter region, limiting its ability to suppress HQ-TK6 cell growth and enhance apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Han
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxue Meng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ling
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Pan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqiao Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohuan Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Pang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuliang Ma
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialong Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang T, Cao Y, Xia Z, Christiani DC, Au WW. Review on novel toxicological effects and personalized health hazard in workers exposed to low doses of benzene. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:365-374. [PMID: 38142431 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03650-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reports indicate health hazards for workers with below occupational limit exposure to benzene (BZ). Our updated review indicates that such low exposures induced traditional as well as novel toxicity/genotoxicity, e.g., increased mitochondria copy numbers, prolongation of telomeres, impairment of DNA damage repair response (DDRR), perturbations of expression in non-coding RNAs, and epigenetic changes. These abnormalities were associated with alterations of gene expression and cellular signaling pathways which affected hematopoietic cell development, expression of apoptosis, autophagy, etc. The overarching mechanisms for induction of health risk are impaired DDRR, inhibition of tumor suppressor genes, and changes of MDM2-p53 axis activities that contribute to perturbed control for cancer pathways. Evaluation of the unusual dose-responses to BZ exposure indicates cellular over-compensation and reprogramming to overcome toxicity and to promote survival. However, these abnormal mechanisms also promote the induction of leukemia. Further investigations indicate that the current exposure limits for workers to BZ are unacceptable. Based on these studies, the new exposure limits should be less than 0.07 ppm rather than the current 1 ppm. This review also emphasizes the need to conduct appropriate bioassays, and to provide more reliable decisions on health hazards as well as on exposure limits for workers. In addition, it is important to use scientific data to provide significantly improved risk assessment, i.e., shifting from a population- to an individual-based risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuai Wang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yiyi Cao
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhaolin Xia
- Department of Occupational Health & Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William W Au
- School of Public and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sanjari Nia AH, Reyhani Ardabili M, Sheikhvand M, Bagheri-Mohammadi S, Niknejad H, Rasoulzadeh H, Movafagh A, Kharazi Neghad S, Baniasadi M, Ashrafi Asgarabad A, Hosseini Neiresi SM, Aghaei-Zarch SM. Non-coding RNAs: A new frontier in benzene-mediated toxicity. Toxicology 2023; 500:153660. [PMID: 37924934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most frequent environmental contaminants, benzene is still widely used as an industrial solvent around the world, especially in developing nations, posing a serious occupational risk. While the processes behind the toxicity of benzene grounds are not fully understood, it is generally accepted that its metabolism, which involves one or more reactive metabolites, is crucial to its toxicity. In order to evaluate the many ways that benzene could influence gene regulation and thus have an impact on human health, new methodologies have been created. The pathophysiology of the disorder may result from epigenetic reprogramming caused by exposure to benzene, including changes in non-coding RNA (ncRNA) markers, according to recent studies. We are interested in the identification of hazardous regulatory ncRNAs, the identification of these ncRNAs' targets, and the comprehension of the significance of these interactions in the mechanisms behind benzene toxicity. Hence, the focus of recent research is on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), and some of the more pertinent articles are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hosein Sanjari Nia
- Division of Animal Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehran Reyhani Ardabili
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sheikhvand
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadi Niknejad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.
| | - Abolfazl Movafagh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Baniasadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Ahad Ashrafi Asgarabad
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mobina Hosseini Neiresi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei-Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang H, Jiang F, Ling X, Zhong B, Han Y, Pan Z, Yuan Q, Meng J, Zheng D, Chen X, Zhong Q, Liu L. PARP-1 inhibits DNMT1-mediated promoter methylation and promotes linc01132 expression in benzene-exposed workers and hydroquinone-induced malignant transformed cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023; 33:646-655. [PMID: 37264554 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2220389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ), one of the main active metabolites of benzene, can induce the abnormal expression of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Studies have shown that lncRNA plays an important role in the occurrence of hematologic tumors induced by benzene or HQ. However, the molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) interacts with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) to regulate promoter methylation mediated linc01132 expression in HQ-induced TK6 malignant transformed cells (HQ-MT). The results revealed that the expression of linc01132 was increased in benzene-exposed workers and HQ-MT cells. The methylation of linc01132 promoter region was inhibited. Furthermore, in HQ-MT cells treated with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzaC) (DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) or trichostatin A (TSA) (histone deacetylation inhibitor), the expression of linc01132 was increased due to the regulation of DNA promoter methylation level by inhibiting DNMT1 expression. The methylation level of linc01132 promoter was correlated negatively with the expression of linc01132 in benzene-exposed workers, indicating that DNA methylation may contribute the expression of linc01132. Knockout of DNMT1, not DNMT3b, increased the expression of linc01132 as well as the demethylation of linc01132 promoter in HQ-MT cells. It was found that by knockdown PARP-1, the expression of DNMT1 in the nucleus was increased by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, leading to the inhibition of hypermethylation in the promoter region of linc01132. Therefore, PARP-1 inhibits DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-mediated promoter methylation and plays a role in linc01132 expression in benzene-exposed workers or HQ-MT cells, and is associated with benzene or HQ induced leukemia progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiao Zhang
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Fengzhi Jiang
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ling
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Bohuan Zhong
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Yali Han
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Zhijie Pan
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Qian Yuan
- Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
- Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Social Management Center, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Jinxue Meng
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Dongyan Zheng
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Qinghua Zhong
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Haghighi SS, Ghaderian SMH, Rakhshan A, Motamed N. Evaluation of the Expression of miRNAs, LncRNAs, and their Target Gene, Caspase 3 in Glioblastoma Multiform: A Case-Control Study. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1444-1452. [PMID: 36637626 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is an invasive cancer that causes high mortality in patients. Disruption of the apoptosis process is one of the main pathogenesis of the disease. Recently, LncRNAs and miRNAs have been shown to play an important role in the process of apoptosis. To follow the aim of study, 100 patients participated in the two groups of 50 individuals, including 50 GBM patients and 50 healthy individuals as the control group. Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood samples and RNA extraction was done. The expression changes of miR-17-5p, miR-20-5p, LINC01605, FAS-AS1, and Caspase 3 were examined using RT-PCR in both groups. Expression of LINC01605, miR-20-5p, and miR-17-5p increased in patients, while Caspase 3 and FAS-AS1 decreased; the difference was statistically significant between the two groups. In addition, it was found that these factors have the appropriate sensitivity and specificity as diagnostic markers. Finally, It is suggested to use the LINC01605, FAS-AS1, miR-20-5p, miR-17-5p, and Caspase 3 as apoptosis predictors in the GM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Setoodeh Haghighi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran
| | | | - Azadeh Rakhshan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shohada-E-Tajrish Educational Hospital, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Motamed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang H, Chen Y, Zeng M, Wu H, Zou X, Fang T, Zhai L, Liang H, Luo H, Tian G, Liu Q, Tang H. Long non-coding RNA LINC01480 is activated by Foxo3a and promotes hydroquinone-induced TK6 cell apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114786. [PMID: 36934544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play a critical role in the damage caused to the body by environmental exogenous chemicals; however, few studies have explored their effects during exposure to benzene and its metabolite, hydroquinone (HQ). An emerging lncRNA, LINC01480, was found to be associated with the immune microenvironment of some cancers, but its specific function remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of LINC01480 in HQ-induced apoptosis. The biological function of LINC01480 was investigated through gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments. Mechanically, nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation experiment, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual-luciferase reporter assay, and rescue experiments were performed. In this study, when TK6 cells were treated with HQ (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM) for 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, the expression of LINC01480 was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT decreased, and apoptosis increased. As compared to the control group, HQ-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced, and the relative survival rate of TK6 cells increased after silencing LINC01480, while overexpression of LINC01480 further sensitized TK6 cells to HQ-induced apoptotic cell death. LINC01480 negatively regulated the PI3K/AKT pathway in TK6 cells, and the apoptosis-inhibiting effect of LINC01480 silencing was reversed after inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. In addition, ChIP and the dual-luciferase reporter assays showed that the transcription factor Foxo3a promoted LINC01480 transcription by directly binding to the promoter regions - 149 to - 138 of LINC01480. Moreover, short-term HQ exposure promoted the expression of Foxo3a. From these findings, we can conclude that LINC01480 is activated by Foxo3a, and promotes HQ-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway, suggesting that LINC01480 might become a possible target for therapeutic intervention of HQ-induced toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Minjuan Zeng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Haipeng Wu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangli Zou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiantian Fang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zhai
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaiqin Tian
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China; Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kefayati F, Karimi Babaahmadi A, Mousavi T, Hodjat M, Abdollahi M. Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:382-411. [PMID: 36942370 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2190713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants can regulate gene expression in the absence of DNA mutations via epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs' (ncRNAs). Here, all three epigenetic modifications for seven important categories of diseases and the impact of eleven main environmental factors on epigenetic modifications were discussed. Epigenetic-related mechanisms are among the factors that could explain the root cause of a wide range of common diseases. Its overall impression on the development of diseases can help us diagnose and treat diseases, and besides, predict transgenerational and intergenerational effects. This comprehensive article attempted to address the relationship between environmental factors and epigenetic modifications that cause diseases in different categories. The studies main gap is that the precise role of environmentally-induced epigenetic alterations in the etiology of the disorders is unknown; thus, still more well-designed researches need to be accomplished to fill this gap. The present review aimed to first summarize the adverse effect of certain chemicals on the epigenome that may involve in the onset of particular disease based on in vitro and in vivo models. Subsequently, the possible adverse epigenetic changes that can lead to many human diseases were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Kefayati
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taraneh Mousavi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhong B, Ling X, Meng J, Han Y, Zhang H, Liu Z, Chen J, Zhang H, Pan Z, Liu L. Hsa_circ_0001944 regulates apoptosis by regulating the binding of PARP1 and HuR in leukemia and malignant transformed cells induced by hydroquinone. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:381-391. [PMID: 36448377 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydroquinone (HQ) is one of the major metabolites of benzene and can cause abnormal gene expression. It is a known carcinogen that alters cell cycle disruption and cell proliferation. However, its chemical mechanism remain a mystery. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a subtype of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that play a variety of roles in biological processes. Hsa_circ_001944 expression was upregulated in 30 leukemia patients and HQ-induced malignant transformed TK6 cells. Hsa_circ_001944 silencing inhibited the growth of HQ-TK6 cells and halted the cell cycle. The silencing of hsa_circ_0001944 led to increased cell accumulation in G1 versus S phase, increased apoptosis in the sh1944 versus the shNC group, and increased levels of DNA damage (γ-H2AX), leading to cell cycle arrest. In summary, inhibition of hsa_circ_001944 restricted cell growth by inhibiting cell cycle arrest and induced growth of HQ-TK6 cells by modulating PARP1 expression. Hsa_circ_0001944 targeted HuR, which is a kind of RNA-binding protein, to control PARP1 expression via RNAinter, RBPmap, and RBPdb. Fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescent labeling and western blotting experiments showed that hsa_circ_001944 was able to dissociate HuR and PARP1 binding in HQ-TK6 cells, control PARP1 production, and ultimately alter the PARP1/H-Ras pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bohuan Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ling
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxue Meng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Han
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqiao Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Occupational Disease, Huizhou Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Huizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialong Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - He Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Pan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhua Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang Z, Xu F, Teschendorff AE, Zhao Y, Yao L, Li J, He Y. Insights into the role of long non-coding RNAs in DNA methylation mediated transcriptional regulation. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1067406. [PMID: 36533073 PMCID: PMC9755597 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1067406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the most important epigenetic mechanisms that governing regulation of gene expression, aberrant DNA methylation patterns are strongly associated with human malignancies. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have being discovered as a significant regulator on gene expression at the epigenetic level. Emerging evidences have indicated the intricate regulatory effects between lncRNAs and DNA methylation. On one hand, transcription of lncRNAs are controlled by the promoter methylation, which is similar to protein coding genes, on the other hand, lncRNA could interact with enzymes involved in DNA methylation to affect the methylation pattern of downstream genes, thus regulating their expression. In addition, circular RNAs (circRNAs) being an important class of noncoding RNA are also found to participate in this complex regulatory network. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on this crosstalk between lncRNA, circRNA, and DNA methylation as well as their potential functions in complex diseases including cancer. This work reveals a hidden layer for gene transcriptional regulation and enhances our understanding for epigenetics regarding detailed mechanisms on lncRNA regulatory function in human cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation of Pudong Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation of Pudong Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrew E. Teschendorff
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Experiment Medicine Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation of Pudong Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yungang He
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation of Pudong Hospital, The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu H, Wang P, Du L, Jin J, Mi J, Yun J. Design of High-Humidity-Proof Hierarchical Porous P-ZIF-67(Co)-Polymer Composite Materials by Surface Modification for Highly Efficient Volatile Organic Compound Adsorption. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Le Du
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junsu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jimmy Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goodman S, Chappell G, Guyton KZ, Pogribny IP, Rusyn I. Epigenetic alterations induced by genotoxic occupational and environmental human chemical carcinogens: An update of a systematic literature review. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108408. [PMID: 35690411 PMCID: PMC9188653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, such as changes in DNA methylation, histones/chromatin structure, nucleosome positioning, and expression of non-coding RNAs, are recognized among key characteristics of carcinogens; they may occur independently or concomitantly with genotoxic effects. While data on genotoxicity are collected through standardized guideline tests, data collected on epigenetic effects is far less uniform. In 2016, we conducted a systematic review of published studies of genotoxic carcinogens that reported epigenetic endpoints to better understand the evidence for epigenetic alterations of human carcinogens, and the potential association with genotoxic endpoints. Since then, the number of studies of epigenetic effects of chemicals has nearly doubled. This review stands as an update on epigenetic alterations induced by occupational and environmental human carcinogens that were previously and recently classified as Group 1 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We found that the evidence of epigenetic effects remains uneven across agents. Studies of DNA methylation are most abundant, while reports concerning effects on non-coding RNA have increased over the past 5 years. By contrast, mechanistic toxicology studies of histone modifications and chromatin state alterations remain few. We found that most publications of epigenetic effects of carcinogens were studies in exposed humans or human cells. Studies in rodents represent the second most common species used for epigenetic studies in toxicology, in vivo exposures being the most predominant. Future studies should incorporate dose- and time-dependent study designs and also investigate the persistence of effects following cessation of exposure, considering the dynamic nature of most epigenetic alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Goodman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Igor P Pogribny
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Toxicol Sci 2022; 187:311-324. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
13
|
Pan Z, Zhong B, Ling X, Zhang H, Tan Q, Huang D, Chen J, Zhang H, Zheng D, Li H, Chen X, Liu L. The DNMT1-associated lncRNA UCA1 was upregulated in TK6 cells transformed by long-term exposure to hydroquinone and benzene-exposed workers via DNA hypomethylation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22920. [PMID: 34612549 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to benzene or its metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) is a risk factor for a series of myeloid malignancies, and long noncoding RNAs play an important role in the process of pathogenesis. Urothelial cancer-associated 1 (UCA1) functions as an oncogene in the development of acute myeloid leukemia. However, the association between DNMT1 and UCA1 with benzene or HQ exposure has not been explored. We characterized UCA1 expression in cells briefly exposed to HQ (HQ-ST cells) and HQ-induced malignantly transformed (TK6-HT cells) treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AzaC) or trichostatin A (TSA). Compared to that in control cells, UCA1 expression was increased, whereas DNMT1 was decreased in HQ-ST cells and TK6-HT cells treated with 5-AzaC or TSA. Moreover, UCA1 expression was also upregulated and positively correlated with benzene exposure time in benzene-exposed workers. Furthermore, the expression of UCA1 was negatively associated with the DNA methylation level of its promoter in benzene-exposed workers. DNMT1 rather than DNMT3b knockout in TK6-HT cells activated the expression of UCA1 by inducing its promoter hypomethylation. These results suggest that benzene or HQ exposure leads to UCA1 upregulation via DNA hypomethylation in the UCA1 promoter, which is mediated by DNMT1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Pan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bohuan Zhong
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ling
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Haiqiao Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Hospital Infection Management, Dongguan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dongguan, China
| | - Qiang Tan
- Integrated Services Division, Foshan Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention and Control, Foshan, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jialong Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - He Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Dongyan Zheng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huifang Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ma K, Li C, Xu J, Ren F, Xu X, Liu C, Niu B, Li F. LncRNA Gm16410 regulates PM 2.5-induced lung Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition via the TGF-β1/Smad3/p-Smad3 pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111327. [PMID: 32961493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to PM2.5 can cause serious harm to the respiratory system. Until now, although many toxicological studies have shown that pulmonary fibrosis can be caused by long-term PM2.5 exposure, there is no evidence that Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) can trigger the process of pulmonary fibrosis after exposure. LncRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs detected in mammalian cells. Nevertheless, researchers have not found whether lncRNAs participate in PM2.5 induced EndMT during pathophysiological duration. The Balb/c mouse model was exposed to PM2.5 for 4 months by dynamic intoxication. The levels of specific endothelial and mesenchymal markers were evaluated by molecular biology experiments to elucidate the mechanisms of EndMT induced by PM2.5 in lung tissues. LncRNA microarray analysis of the established mouse model of PM2.5 exposure was performed. Based on a bioinformatics analysis and RT-qPCR analysis, lncRNA Gm16410 attracted our attention. The change of lncRNA Gm16410 in mouse pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (MHCs) exposed to PM2.5 was verified, and the mechanism of lncRNA Gm16410 in EndMT was discussed. The changes of cell function were evaluated by cell migration and proliferation experiments. The molecular biology experiments proved that PM2.5 induced EndMT by activating the TGF-β1/Smad3/p-Smad3 pathway in vitro. The relationship of EndMT and lncRNA Gm16410 was verified in mouse lung tissues and MHC cells by PM2.5 exposure. The involvement of lncRNA Gm16410 in PM2.5-induced EndMT highlights the potential of lncRNA to promote pulmonary fibrosis under environmental pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Ma
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Clincal Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, 110031, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Cailong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jingbin Xu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fei Ren
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chaosheng Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ben Niu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeng M, Chen S, Zhang K, Liang H, Bao J, Chen Y, Zhu S, Jiang W, Yang H, Wei Y, Guo L, Tang H. Epigenetic changes involved in hydroquinone-induced mutations. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1744660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minjuan Zeng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | | | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jie Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Shiheng Zhu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yixian Wei
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Lihao Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| |
Collapse
|