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Seong SM, Go RE, Lee HK, Choi KC. Fludioxonil induces cardiotoxicity via mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in two cardiomyocyte models. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:2993-3002. [PMID: 38314641 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Fludioxonil (Flu) is a phenylpyrrole fungicide and is currently used in over 900 agricultural products globally. Flu possesses endocrine-disrupting chemical-like properties and has been shown to mediate various physiological and pathological changes, such as apoptosis and differentiation, in diverse cell lines. However, the effects of Flu on cardiomyocytes have not been studied so far. The present study investigated the effects of Flu on mitochondria in AC16 human cardiomyocytes and H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts. Flu decreased cell viability in a water-soluble tetrazolium assay and mediated morphological changes suggestive of apoptosis in AC16 and H9c2 cells. We confirmed that annexin V positive cells were increased by Flu through annexin V/propidium iodide staining. This suggests that the decrease in cell viability due to Flu may be associated with increased apoptotic changes. Flu consistently increased the expression of pro-apoptotic markers such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved-caspase 3. Further, Flu reduced the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in AC16 and H9c2 cells, which is associated with decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as observed through JC-1 staining. In addition, Flu augmented the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, which can trigger oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that Flu induces mitochondrial dysregulation in cardiomyocytes via the downregulation of the OCR and MMP and upregulation of the oxidative stress, consequently resulting in the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. This study provides evidence of the risk of Flu toxicity on cardiomyocytes leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases and suggests that the use of Flu in agriculture should be done with caution and awareness of the probable health consequences of exposure to Flu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Seong
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Eun Go
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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2
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Santos LC, dos Anjos Cordeiro JM, Cunha MCDSG, Santos BR, de Oliveira LS, da Silva AL, Barbosa EM, Niella RV, de Freitas GJC, Santos DDA, Serakides R, Ocarino NDM, Borges SC, de Lavor MSL, Silva JF. Kisspeptin-10 Improves Testicular Redox Status but Does Not Alter the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) That Is Downregulated by Hypothyroidism in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1514. [PMID: 38338793 PMCID: PMC10855899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypothyroidism compromises the testicular redox status and is associated with reduced sperm quality and infertility in men. In this regard, studies have demonstrated the antioxidant potential of kisspeptin in reproductive and metabolic diseases. In this study, we evaluate the effects of kisspeptin-10 (Kp10) on the testicular redox, as well as mediators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in adult rats with hypothyroidism. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly separated into the Control (n = 15), Hypo (n = 13) and Hypo + Kp10 (n = 14) groups, and hypothyroidism was induced with 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) for three months. In the last month, half of the hypothyroid animals received Kp10. Testis samples were collected for enzymatic, immunohistochemical and/or gene evaluation of mediators of oxidative stress (TBARs, lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), ROS, peroxynitrite, SOD, CAT and GPX), endoplasmic reticulum stress (GRP78, ATF6, PERK, CHOP, HO-1 and sXBP1) and antiapoptocytes (BCL-2). Hypothyroidism increased apoptosis index, TBARS and LOOH concentrations, and reduced testicular gene expression of Sod1, Sod2 and Gpx1, as well as the expression of Grp78, Atf6, Ho1 and Chop. Treatment with Kp10, in turn, reduced testicular apoptosis and the production of peroxynitrite, while increased SOD1 and GPX ½ expression, and enzymatic activity of CAT, but did not affect the lower expression of UPR mediators caused by hypothyroidism. This study demonstrated that hypothyroidism causes oxidative stress and dysregulated the UPR pathway in rat testes and that, although Kp10 does not influence the low expression of UPR mediators, it improves the testicular redox status, configuring it as an important antioxidant factor in situations of thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Cardoso Santos
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Jeane Martinha dos Anjos Cordeiro
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Maria Clara da Silva Galrão Cunha
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Bianca Reis Santos
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Luciana Santos de Oliveira
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Adriana Lopes da Silva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Erikles Macêdo Barbosa
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Raquel Vieira Niella
- Veterinary Hospital, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (R.V.N.); (M.S.L.d.L.)
| | - Gustavo José Cota de Freitas
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.J.C.d.F.); (D.d.A.S.)
| | - Daniel de Assis Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (G.J.C.d.F.); (D.d.A.S.)
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.S.); (N.d.M.O.)
| | - Natália de Melo Ocarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.S.); (N.d.M.O.)
| | - Stephanie Carvalho Borges
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
| | - Mário Sérgio Lima de Lavor
- Veterinary Hospital, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (R.V.N.); (M.S.L.d.L.)
| | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- Electron Microscopy Center, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Campus Soane Nazare de Andrade, Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil; (L.C.S.); (J.M.d.A.C.); (M.C.d.S.G.C.); (B.R.S.); (L.S.d.O.); (A.L.d.S.); (E.M.B.); (S.C.B.)
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3
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Pan J, Liu P, Yu X, Zhang Z, Liu J. The adverse role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the reproductive system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1324993. [PMID: 38303976 PMCID: PMC10832042 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1324993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproductive system diseases pose prominent threats to human physical and mental well-being. Besides being influenced by genetic material regulation and changes in lifestyle, the occurrence of these diseases is closely connected to exposure to harmful substances in the environment. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), characterized by hormone-like effects, have a wide range of influences on the reproductive system. EDCs are ubiquitous in the natural environment and are present in a wide range of industrial and everyday products. Currently, thousands of chemicals have been reported to exhibit endocrine effects, and this number is likely to increase as the testing for potential EDCs has not been consistently required, and obtaining data has been limited, partly due to the long latency of many diseases. The ability to avoid exposure to EDCs, especially those of artificially synthesized origin, is increasingly challenging. While EDCs can be divided into persistent and non-persistent depending on their degree of degradation, due to the recent uptick in research studies in this area, we have chosen to focus on the research pertaining to the detrimental effects on reproductive health of exposure to several EDCs that are widely encountered in daily life over the past six years, specifically bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates (PAEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), parabens, pesticides, heavy metals, and so on. By focusing on the impact of EDCs on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which leads to the occurrence and development of reproductive system diseases, this review aims to provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of EDCs' damage to human health and to encourage further in-depth research to clarify the potentially harmful effects of EDC exposure through various other mechanisms. Ultimately, it offers a scientific basis to enhance EDCs risk management, an endeavor of significant scientific and societal importance for safeguarding reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Gynecology Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Gynecology Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongming Zhang
- Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Jinxing Liu
- Gynecology Department, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Chen T, Jiao Q, Ye C, Wu J, Zheng Y, Sun C, Hao P, Yu X. A Novel Cuticular Protein-like Cpr21L Is Essential for Nymph Survival and Male Fecundity in the Brown Planthopper. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2163. [PMID: 36768487 PMCID: PMC9916611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular proteins (CPs) are a large family and perform a variety of functions. However, the physiological roles of cuticle protein 21-like (Cpr21L) in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens, BPH), one of the most destructive insect pests of rice, are largely unclear. In this study, Cpr21L was revealed to be expressed in both BPH nymphs and adults, and the mRNA expression level was much higher in male adults than female adults. Spatially, the expression of Cpr21L in the testis was higher than in the ovary. The RNA interference (RNAi) of Cpr21L seriously decreased nymph survival, and no individual survived 8 days post-dsCpr21L injection. The RNAi of Cpr21L in adults also decreased the fertility of males, especially in the dsCpr21L♂ × dsGFP♀ group. The average number of eggs laid by one female in this group significantly decreased by 50.1%, and the eggs' hatchability decreased from 76.5% to 23.8% compared with the control (dsGFP♂ × dsGFP♀). Furthermore, observations under a stereomicroscope showed that the RNAi of Cpr21L severely impaired the development of the testes. Therefore, Cpr21L is essential for the nymphal survival and male fecundity of BPH, thus providing a possible target for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiqi Jiao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chenglong Ye
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiangen Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chuanxin Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7080, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peiying Hao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Macar O, Kalefetoğlu Macar T, Çavuşoğlu K, Yalçın E. Risk assessment of oxidative stress and multiple toxicity induced by Etoxazole. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20453. [PMID: 36443484 PMCID: PMC9705279 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoxazole is among the systemic pesticides with acaricidal and insecticidal characteristics. This paper reports the first evaluation of the toxic effects of Etoxazole on Allium cepa L. Etoxazole solutions were applied to three groups formed from A. cepa bulbs at 0.125 mL/L, 0.25 mL/L and 0.5 mL/L doses, respectively. The control group was treated with tap water throughout the experimental period. The toxic effects of Etoxazole became more apparent as the dose of Etoxazole was increased. The growth-limiting effect was most pronounced in the highest dose group with approximately 29%, 70% and 58.5% reductions in germination percentage, root elongation and weight gain, respectively. The genotoxic effect of Etoxazole was most severe in the 0.5 mL/L dose group. In this group, the mitotic index decreased by 30% compared to the control group, while the micronucleus frequency increased to 45.3 ± 3.74. The most observed aberrations were fragment, vagrant chromosome, sticky chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin, bridge, reverse polarization and nucleus with vacuoles. The malondialdehyde level showed a gradual increase with increasing Etoxazole doses and reached 2.7 times that of the control group in the 0.5 mL/L Etoxazole applied group. Catalase and Superoxide dismutase activities increased in the groups exposed to 0.125 mL/L and 0.25 mL/L Etoxazole with dose dependence and decreased abruptly in the group treated with 0.5 mL/L Etoxazole. Etoxazole triggered meristematic cell damages, such as epidermis cell damage, thickening of cortex cell walls, flattened cell nucleus and indistinct transmission tissue. Considering the versatile toxicity induced by Etoxazole, we announce that this chemical has the potential to cause serious damage to non-target organisms. It should be noted that the higher the dose of exposure, the more severe the level of damage. This study will be an important reminder to limit the indiscriminate use of this highly risky agrochemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksal Macar
- grid.411709.a0000 0004 0399 3319Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Kalefetoğlu Macar
- grid.411709.a0000 0004 0399 3319Department of Food Technology, Şebinkarahisar School of Applied Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kültiğin Çavuşoğlu
- grid.411709.a0000 0004 0399 3319Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Emine Yalçın
- grid.411709.a0000 0004 0399 3319Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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El-Hak HNG, Al-Eisa RA, Ryad L, Halawa E, El-Shenawy NS. Mechanisms and histopathological impacts of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43114-43125. [PMID: 35091933 PMCID: PMC9148279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) and azoxystrobin (fungicide) are widespread pesticides used for pest management, but they have the potential for toxicity to mammals. The goal of this study was to look for oxidative stress, metabolic alterations, and reproductive problems in male rats' serum after 2 months of exposure to sub-lethal dosages of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin. Seven classes of male rats were formed: control, 3 groups of acetamiprid (1/10, 1/20, 1/40 LD50), and 3 groups of azoxystrobin (1/10, 1/20, 1/40 LD50) and were orally daily treated (n = 8/group). Our findings revealed that acetamiprid and azoxystrobin disrupted oxidative and metabolic processes in the examined rats throughout 30 and 60 days of testing. The levels of nitric oxide increased significantly, while catalase, a superoxide dismutase enzyme, and glutathione reductase activity were reduced. Serum levels of sex hormones, calcium, and total protein have all dropped substantially in rats. In comparison to the control group, the testis and liver structure, as well as spermatozoa parameters, had distinct histological characteristics. In conclusion, acetamiprid and azoxystrobin exhibit dose- and time-dependent effects on oxidative parameters that cause testis damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Nageh Gad El-Hak
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Al-Eisa
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamia Ryad
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ekramy Halawa
- Agricultural Research Center, Central Lab of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Hou H, Yu X, Dong B, Hu J. Residues and Safety Evaluation of Etoxazole, Bifenazate and Its Metabolite Bifenazate-diazene in Citrus Under Open-Field Conditions. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:281-288. [PMID: 34264365 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The residues of bifenazate (sum of bifenazate and bifenazate-diazene) and etoxazole in whole citrus and pulp collected from twelve regions of China were monitored and their chronic dietary risk to consumer were also evaluated. The citrus samples were extracted by a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The average recoveries of target compounds were ranged from 83 to 100% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.59-11.8%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for three analytes were 0.01 mg/kg. At the interval to harvest of 20 and 30 days, the residues of total bifenazate and etoxazole were from below 0.02 to 0.26 mg/kg and from below 0.01 to 0.30 mg/kg in citrus samples. The chronic risk quotients (RQs) were below 100%, indicating no unacceptable risk to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Hou
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxu Yu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bizhang Dong
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiye Hu
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residues and Environmental Toxicology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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