Mechanisms and histopathological impacts of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin in male rats

Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid insecticide) and azoxystrobin (fungicide) are widespread pesticides used for pest management, but they have the potential for toxicity to mammals. The goal of this study was to look for oxidative stress, metabolic alterations, and reproductive problems in male rats' serum after 2 months of exposure to sub-lethal dosages of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin. Seven classes of male rats were formed: control, 3 groups of acetamiprid (1/10, 1/20, 1/40 LD₅₀), and 3 groups of azoxystrobin (1/10, 1/20, 1/40 LD₅₀) and were orally daily treated (n = 8/group). Our findings revealed that acetamiprid and azoxystrobin disrupted oxidative and metabolic processes in the examined rats throughout 30 and 60 days of testing. The levels of nitric oxide increased significantly, while catalase, a superoxide dismutase enzyme, and glutathione reductase activity were reduced. Serum levels of sex hormones, calcium, and total protein have all dropped substantially in rats. In comparison to the control group, the testis and liver structure, as well as spermatozoa parameters, had distinct histological characteristics. In conclusion, acetamiprid and azoxystrobin exhibit dose- and time-dependent effects on oxidative parameters that cause testis damage.

Evaluation of acetamiprid and azoxystrobin residues and their hormonal disrupting effects on male rats using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Endocrine-disrupting compounds as pesticides affect the hormonal balance, and this can result in several diseases. Therefore, the analysis of representative hormones with acetamiprid (AC) and azoxystrobin (AZ) was a good strategy for the investigation of the endocrine-disrupting activity of pesticides. Hence, a sensitive and rapid analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. The method was validated for the analysis of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone in the serum, testis, and liver of rats. The correlation between the residues of pesticides and the disturbance of the endocrine system was evaluated. The different mass parameters, mobile phase types, analytical columns, injection volumes, and extraction solvents were compared to get the lowest limit of detection of the studied compounds. The detection limits of AC, AZ, estriol, estrone, progesterone, and testosterone were 0.05, 0.05, 1.0, 10, and 1.0 ng/ml, respectively. The method developed was applied to evaluate the changes in these hormones induced by the duration of exposure to AC and AZ in rat testis and serum. The hormones level in rat serum and testis had a significant decrease as they were oral gavage treated with different high concentrations of studied pesticides. Both pesticides were distributed in the body of rats by the multi-compartment model (liver, testis, and serum).

Degradation of some organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous solution by gamma irradiation

This study reviews the effect of different gamma radiation doses (1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 kGy) on the degradation of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, and profenofos at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 5 μg/mL) in aqueous solutions (deionized, tap, and groundwater). The role of initial concentration, measured total dissolved solids and pH on degradation was investigated. The degradation of the four tested organophosphates due to gamma irradiation was determined using LC-MS/MS. The radiolytic degradation products were studied using the scan mode of GC-MS/MS. The radiation chemical yield, dose constant, D_0.5, and D_0.9 were calculated to evaluate degradation efficiency for each compound. All pesticides are completely eliminated, despite water type, at low concentration levels of 0.5 and 1 μg/mL. At concentration level 5 μg/mL, gamma irradiation could completely remove pesticides concentration in de-ionized water, but the binding effect of total dissolved solids decreased degradation efficiency of some organophosphates such as diazinon. The D_0.9 of 5 μg/mL concentration of chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, dimethoate, and profenofos in de-ionized water were 6.6, 8.7, 11.0, and 17.6 respectively. Also, Gamma irradiating of an agriculture wastewater sample resulted in the removal of carbaryl, carbosulfan, and diazinon at 6 kGy dose.