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Wu H, Yang K, Wang X, Fang N, Weng P, Duan L, Zhang C, Wang X, Liu L. Xenon-lamp simulated sunlight-induced photolysis of pyriclobenzuron in water: Kinetics, degradation pathways, and identification of photolysis products. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115272. [PMID: 37473704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Pyriclobenzuron 1(PBU) is a novel molluscicide developed to control Pomacea canaliculate, and little information on its environmental fate has been published. In this study, the photolysis of PBU in an aqueous environment was simulated using a xenon lamp. Results showed that the photolysis of PBU in water followed first-order kinetics, exhibiting a t0.5 of 95.1 h and 83.6 h in Milli-Q water and river water, respectively. Two main photolysis products 2(PPs) were detected by HPLC-UV and identified by UPLC-Q/TOF MS, which were formed via the hydroxylation and photocatalytic hydro-dehalogenation of PBU, respectively. The initial relative abundance of photolysis product 1 3(PP-1) in Milli-Q water was 1.55 times higher than that in river water. PP-1 was detected at 26.5 % and 76.8 % of the maximum relative abundance in the river water and Milli-Q water after 720 h, respectively. Photolysis product 2 4(PP-2) was stable in water because of its weak hydrophilicity. The PP-2 detected after 720 h in Milli-Q water and river water was 93.7 % and 93.5 % of the maximum relative abundance, respectively. Finally, ECOSAR software was used to evaluate the acute aquatic toxicity of PBU and its PPs, revealing that the PPs had lower toxicity levels to non-target aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqi Wu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Kongtan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Xumi Wang
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Nan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Peifang Weng
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Liping Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Changpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Agro-Products Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Lianliang Liu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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2
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Reis R, Dhawle R, Du Pasquier D, Tindall AJ, Frontistis Z, Mantzavinos D, de Witte P, Cabooter D. Electrochemical degradation of 17α-ethinylestradiol: Transformation products, degradation pathways and in vivo assessment of estrogenic activity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 176:107992. [PMID: 37244003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Conventional water treatment methods are not efficient in eliminating endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in wastewater. Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (eAOPs) offer a promising alternative, as they electro-generate highly reactive species that oxidize EDCs. However, these processes produce a wide spectrum of transformation products (TPs) with unknown chemical and biological properties. Therefore, a comprehensive chemical and biological evaluation of these remediation technologies is necessary before they can be safely applied in real-life situations. In this study, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), a persistent estrogen, was electrochemically degraded using a boron doped diamond anode with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl) as supporting electrolytes. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for the quantification of EE2 and the identification of TPs. Estrogenic activity was assessed using a transgenic medaka fish line. At optimal operating conditions, EE2 removal reached over 99.9% after 120 min and 2 min, using Na2SO4 and NaCl, respectively. The combined EE2 quantification and in vivo estrogenic assessment demonstrated the overall estrogenic activity was consistently reduced with the degradation of EE2, but not completely eradicated. The identification and time monitoring of TPs showed that the radical agents readily oxidized the phenolic A-ring of EE2, leading to the generation of hydroxylated and/or halogenated TPs and ring-opening products. eAOP revealed to be a promising technique for the removal of EE2 from water. However, caution should be exercised with respect to the generation of potentially toxic TPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Dhawle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - David Du Pasquier
- Laboratoire WatchFrog, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Andrew J Tindall
- Laboratoire WatchFrog, Bâtiment Genavenir 3, 1 Rue Pierre Fontaine, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50132 Kozani, Greece; School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, Belgium.
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Cardoso RM, Becker RW, Jachstet LA, Scunderlick D, Dallegrave A, Ruiz-Padillo A, Sirtori C. Qualitative evaluation of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in hospital effluent: Influence of sample preparation technique and outranking by environmental risk using the ELECTRE method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155119. [PMID: 35398122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in effluents has become a serious environmental problem, so it is essential to be able to monitor these microcontaminants using qualitative approaches, as well as to assess the potential environmental risks that such compounds may present. Therefore, in this study, suspect screening analysis was performed of 2030 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in hospital effluent samples, applying different sample preparation techniques. Additionally, a pioneering association of (Q)SAR assessment of identified contaminants with the ELECTRE multi-criteria decision analysis technique made it possible to prioritize analytes according to their environmental risk, in order to enable their inclusion in environmental monitoring programs. The results showed that the most advantageous alternative sample preparation technique consisted of cleanup (100 mg of silica/alumina sorbent) + dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (7.5 of aqueous matrix, 325 μL of chloroform (extracting solvent), and 500 μL of acetonitrile as dispersing solvent). This procedure resulted in the identification of 70 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in the composite sample tested. The suspect screening analysis found a total of 105 microcontaminants, 28 of them being "confirmed compounds" and 77 being "suspect compounds". Of the compounds identified, 87% were pharmaceuticals and 13% were metabolites. The compounds identified were subsequently evaluated using different open access software packages, considering eight endpoints: mobility, persistence, estrogen receptor binding, wastewater treatment plant total removal, biodegradability, PBT (persistent, bioaccumulation and toxic), mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. The (Q)SAR prediction results were used as input data for the ELECTRE outranking method. Categorization of the identified compounds by ELECTRE resulted in the kernel (priority compounds) and a further 19 groups. ELECTRE sensitivity evaluation indicated that for all the cases, the kernel and the following two groups coincided. The categorization provided by the ELECTRE method constitutes a highly intuitive decision and choice tool, which can assist in the selection of compounds if subsequent quantitative analysis is to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Martins Cardoso
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raquel Wielens Becker
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Alves Jachstet
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Davi Scunderlick
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Dallegrave
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Padillo
- Mobility and Logistics Laboratory, Transportation Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29205, United States
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz 56068, Germany
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5
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Wielens Becker R, Alves Jachstet L, Dallegrave A, Ruiz-Padillo A, Zanella R, Sirtori C. Multi-criteria decision-making techniques associated with (Q)SAR risk assessment for ranking surface water microcontaminants identified using LC-QTOF MS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149002. [PMID: 34303982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) have been a focus of study for years, with investigations revealing the contamination of different environmental matrices (surface water, soil, air, and sediment) by diverse classes of microcontaminants. Understanding the contamination profiles requires identification and risk assessment of the microcontaminants. In the present work, analysis was made of the presence of 3250 compounds in 27 samples from the Conceição River (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil), using an SPE-LC-QTOF MS method. In total, 150 microcontaminants (confirmed and suspected) of different classes, especially pesticides and pharmaceuticals, were identified by an initial qualitative analysis. Subsequently, in silico predictions of eight endpoints, using quantitative structure-activity relationship ((Q)SAR) models, were employed to determine the risk of each previously screened microcontaminant. This large amount of (Q)SAR data, frequently with conflicting information in relation to the responses of the different endpoints, makes it difficult to define which microcontaminants should be prioritized for analysis. Therefore, in order to rank the identified microcontaminants by risk assessment, two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) ranking techniques (ToxPi and TOPSIS), associated with a weighting method, were performed to establish the order of priority for further quantitative analysis of the most hazardous microcontaminants. The two rankings were statistically similar, especially for the 20 highest priority microcontaminants. Nonetheless, sensitivity tests carried out for the ToxPi and TOPSIS outputs showed higher performance robustness of TOPSIS, compared to ToxPi. This is the first time that such an approach (screening/(Q)SAR/MCDM methods) has been performed in the context of microcontaminant environmental risk evaluation and demonstrated to be an available strategy to help rank the most concern microcontaminants identified in aqueous environment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Wielens Becker
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Alves Jachstet
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Dallegrave
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Ruiz-Padillo
- Mobility and Logistics Laboratory, Transportation Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Roraima Av., 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Laboratório de Análises de Resíduos de Pesticidas (LARP) -Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Psoma AK, Rousis NI, Georgantzi EN, Τhomaidis ΝS. An integrated approach to MS-based identification and risk assessment of pharmaceutical biotransformation in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144677. [PMID: 33508673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The omnipresence of pharmaceuticals at relatively high concentrations (μg/L) in environmental compartments indicated their inadequate removal by wastewater treatment plants. As such, batch reactors seeded with activated sludge were set up to assess the biotransformation of metformin, ranitidine, lidocaine and atorvastatin. The main objective was to identify transformation products (TPs) through the establishment of an integrated workflow for suspect and non-target screening based on reversed phase liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To support the identification, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was used as a complementary tool, in order to enhance the completeness of the developed workflow by identifying the more polar TPs. The structure assignment/elucidation of the candidate TPs was mainly based on interpretation of MS/MS spectra. Twenty-two TPs were identified, with fourteen of them reaching high identification confidence levels (level 1: confirmed structure by reference standards and level 2: probable structure by library spectrum match and diagnostic evidence). Finally, retrospective analysis in influent and effluent wastewater was performed for the TPs for four consecutive years in wastewater sampled in Athens, Greece. The potential toxicological threat of the compounds to the aquatic environment was assessed and atorvastatin with two of its TPs showed a potential risk to the aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini K Psoma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni N Georgantzi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Νikolaos S Τhomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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Macías-Vargas JA, Campos-Mañas MC, Agüera A, Sánchez Pérez JA, Ramírez-Zamora RM. Enhanced activated persulfate oxidation of ciprofloxacin using a low-grade titanium ore under sunlight: influence of the irradiation source on its transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:24008-24022. [PMID: 33415630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the activated persulfate oxidation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) using a low-grade titanium ore under sunlight or simulated sunlight were conducted to analyze the CIP degradation efficiency and to identify the transformation products (TPs) generated during oxidation under both types of irradiation sources by using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). All advance oxidation process experiments were performed in a 2700-mL raceway reactor at a pH value of ~ 6.5 and an initial CIP concentration of 1 mg/L, during 90 min of reaction time. The control experiments carried out under simulated sunlight achieved a 97.7 ± 0.6% degradation efficiency, using 385 W/m2 of irradiation with an average temperature increase of 11.7 ± 0.6 °C. While, the experiments under sunlight reached a 91.2 ± 1.3% degradation efficiency, under an average irradiation value of 19.2 ± 0.3 W/m2 in October-November 2019 at hours between 11:00 am and 3:00 pm with an average temperature increase of 1.4 ± 0.8 °C. Mass spectrometry results indicated that 14 of the 108 possible TPs reported in the literature were detected. The calculated exact mass, measured accurate mass, and its characteristic diagnostic fragment ions were listed, and two new TPs were tentative identified. The TP generation analysis showed that some specific compounds were detected in different time intervals with kinetic variations depending on the irradiation used. Consequently, two CIP degradation pathways were proposed, since the type of irradiation determines the CIP degradation mechanism. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Alberto Macías-Vargas
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Alcaldía Coyoacán, 04510, México City, Mexico
| | - Marina Celia Campos-Mañas
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Ana Agüera
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - José Antonio Sánchez Pérez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Ctra. de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Rosa-María Ramírez-Zamora
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Alcaldía Coyoacán, 04510, México City, Mexico.
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