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Eghbaljoo H, Rezvani Ghalhari M, Shariatifar N, Jahed Khaniki G, Molaee Aghaee E, Alizadeh Sani M, Mansouri E, Arabameri M. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in edible oils using the QuEChERS/GC-MS method: A health risk assessment study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21317. [PMID: 37954364 PMCID: PMC10632704 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Population growth has made it difficult to provide safe food; because various toxic substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can contaminate food products such as edible oils which have very high-rate consumption worldwide. Aims of study are to determine the concentration of PCBs in edible oil samples and to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of PCBs in them among Iranian people by Monte Calo Simulation (MCS). After finding the location of high customer hyper market in Tehran, 42 samples of 7 various types of edible oils were collected; then PCBs content of them measured using the modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction method and GC/MS technique. According to the findings the mean level of NDL-PCB in oil samples were ranged from 1.88 to 25.62 ng/g fat. Results of uncertainty analysis showed that among children the 95th percentile of Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) were 7.80E-3, 5.37E-4, 5.37E-4, 2.00E-3, 1.59E-3, 13.9E-3 and 7.04E-4 for animal oil, corn oil, frying oil, olive oil, bran oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil, respectively. Also, the 95th percentile of ILCR among adults were 4.12E-2, 3.04E-3, 3.09E-3, 1.06E-2, 8.43E-3, 7.38E-3 and 3.74E-3 for animal oil, corn oil, frying oil, olive oil, bran oil, sesame oil and sunflower oil, respectively. The risk evaluation showed that in all edible oils the 95th percentile of simulated ILCR were more than 10-5, so it can be threatening health among both aging groups, although, the producers don't deliberately subject the users' lives to such danger, but high consumption rate and accumulation of PCBs in body tissues are contribute to increasing carcinogenic risk. Also, the 95th percentile of ILCR among adults were more than children, because the edible oil ingestion rate among adults was more than children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Eghbaljoo
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezvani Ghalhari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Molaee Aghaee
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Mahfoudhi G, Ameur WB, Malysheva SV, Szternfeld P, Touil S, Driss MR, Joly L. First study of bromophenols and hexabromocyclododecanes in seafood from North Africa (case of Bizerte Lagoon, Tunisia): occurrence and human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64499-64516. [PMID: 37071363 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the fact that bromophenols (BPs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) are widely used as flame retardants, no data was available until now on the levels of these two chemicals in North Africa biota. Seafood products might represent one of the main sources of dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants such as non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the concentrations of the ndl-PCBs, PAH4, and BFRs were determined in seafood products from a North African lagoon (Bizerte lagoon). Almost all the compounds were detected (15 out of 18) in the analyzed marine organisms. The accumulation of the contaminants followed the order BFRs > ndl-PCB > PAH4. Mean contaminants concentrations ranged from 0.35 to 28.7 ng g-1 ww for ∑ndl-PCBs; from below limit of quantification to 476 ng g-1 ww for ∑BFRs and from below limit of quantification to 5.30 ng g-1 ww for ∑PAH4. PCB 138, 153, and 180 were the most frequently detected ndl-PCB congeners due to their high resistance to metabolic degradation. 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) was the predominant BFR. Chrysene (Chr) was found to be the main contributor to the total PAH4 concentration. Contaminant profiles varied significantly among seafood which may be due to the difference in lipid content, trophic level, feeding behavior, and metabolism. To assess the human health risks, the average daily dose exposure of ndl-PCBs, the dietary daily intake of PAHs and the estimated dietary intake of 3,3-,5,5-tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and HBCD from seafood were estimated. Findings indicated no adverse effects for human health from any of the analyzed contaminants, except for ndl-PCBs in eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghzela Mahfoudhi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Walid Ben Ameur
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia.
- Ecologie de La Faune Terrestre UR17ES44, Département Des Sciences de La Vie, Faculté Des Sciences de Gabès, Université de Gabès, Gabès, Tunisia.
| | - Svetlana V Malysheva
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Szternfeld
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Laure Joly
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Rue Juliette Wytsman 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Corrêa B, Paiva LG, Santos-Neto E, Vidal LG, Azevedo-Silva CE, Vianna M, Lailson-Brito JL. Organochlorine contaminants in Rio skate (Rioraja agassizii), an endangered batoid species, from southeastern coast of Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:114002. [PMID: 35939933 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A global movement towards decreases in elasmobranch overfishing has been noted in the last decades. However, discussion concerning the effects of POP contamination on the health and survival of these organisms is still recent. These compounds can affect the immune and endocrine systems of both sharks and batoids, impairing reproduction and impacting species recruitment, acting synergistically alongside overfishing effects. In this context, this study investigated the concentration of organochlorine compounds in liver of 29 individuals of Rioraja agassizii, a commercially exploited skate classified as Vulnerable by IUCN and as Endangered in Brazil. Contaminant concentrations were higher in adults compared to juveniles. Distinct contamination profiles were observed, suggesting different groups within the investigated population and revealing contaminants as a potential tool to assess population ecology. PCB levels were considered a concern as they resemble concentrations in ecosystems from the northern hemisphere, where deleterious effects on elasmobranchs have been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Corrêa
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores Professora Izabel Gurgel, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Larissa G Paiva
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores Professora Izabel Gurgel, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Elitieri Santos-Neto
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores Professora Izabel Gurgel, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lara G Vidal
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores Professora Izabel Gurgel, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cláudio E Azevedo-Silva
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; IMAM-AquaRio - Rio de Janeiro Aquarium Research Center, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José L Lailson-Brito
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores Professora Izabel Gurgel, Faculdade de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Ravanipour M, Nabipour I, Yunesian M, Rastkari N, Mahvi AH. Exposure sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and health risk assessment: a systematic review in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55437-55456. [PMID: 35676570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to identify the sources of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), portioning, and human health risk assessment in Iran. The literature was searched in the international databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the national databases of SID and MagIran up to November 14, 2020. Among all 153 articles, 21 eligible papers were identified. Among them, only one article was related to drinking water, the rest was related to food and soil, and no article was found on ambient air. The corrected portion of each exposure source was determined to be 90% for food, 9% for water, and 1% for air. The total hazard quotient (HQ) was determined to be within an unsafe range, and the total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was determined to be at a high risk of oral carcinogenesis. It is suggested that a comprehensive study be conducted in a specific period for all sources of exposure in all counties of Iran. Moreover, it is recommended that the policymakers set national standards for this pollutant in near future in some sources of exposure (e.g., drinking water) which have no standards in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ravanipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St, Tehran, 141761315, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St, Tehran, 141761315, Iran
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St, Tehran, 141761315, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Varsi K, Torsvik IK, Huber S, Averina M, Brox J, Bjørke-Monsen AL. Impaired gross motor development in infants with higher PFAS concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112392. [PMID: 34800539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Industrial produced perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent and found in humans around the globe. PFAS is transferred from mother to child during pregnancy and lactation and PFAS concentrations are high in infants. PFAS exposure in early life has been linked to a range of negative health effects. In the present study we have investigated PFAS concentrations in mothers (pregnancy week 18, 28 and 36 and six weeks, four and six months postpartum, n = 114) and in infants at six months age (n = 94), and studied the effects of PFAS status on infant gross motor development by Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) at age six months. PFAS concentrations declined in the mothers during pregnancy and postpartum period, and the highest concentrations were seen in infants aged six months. Parity was a strong negative predictor and fish intake a strong positive predictor of maternal PFAS status, while maternal concentrations of PFAS in pregnancy week 18 and months of exclusive breastfeeding determined the PFAS concentrations in infants at six months. Infants who scored below the median on gross motor development had higher PFAS concentrations than infants with a better gross motor development. Ninety percent of the women reported having fish for dinner at least once a week, with fatty fish as the most popular choice (72%). A higher maternal fish intake in pregnancy week 18 was associated with a poorer gross motor development in the infants at six months. Infant gross motor development is a marker of later cognitive outcome and our findings indicate that higher PFAS concentrations in young infants and maternal fatty fish intake may impair neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Varsi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Sandra Huber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Averina
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jan Brox
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anne-Lise Bjørke-Monsen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Ghidini S, Varrà MO, Bertocchi L, Fusi F, Angelone B, Ferretti E, Foschini S, Giacometti B, Fedrizzi G, Menotta S, Zanardi E, Lorenzi V. The influence of different production systems on dioxin and PCB levels in chicken eggs from Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy regions (Italy) over 2017-2019 and consequent dietary exposure assessment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:130-148. [PMID: 34732106 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1991003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hen eggs from farms with different production systems (organic, free range, barn, and in cage) sited in two regions of Italy (Emilia-Romagna and Lombardy) were collected from 2017 to 2019 to monitor the levels of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) and the 6 non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl indicators (ndl-PCBs). Average concentrations of PCDD/Fs (0.21 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/g fat), PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs (0.43 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/g fat) and ndl-PCBs (6.41 ng/g fat) were below the maximum limits established at European level in eggs, but significantly higher amounts of PCDD/Fs and PCDD/Fs + dl-PCBs were found in eggs from free-range housing system compared to barn, cage, and organic ones. The potential dietary intake of the monitored contaminants by Italian population age groups through the consumption of locally produced eggs was also evaluated. Exposure levels to PCDD/Fs plus dl-PCBs were below the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 2 pg WHO(2005)-TEQ/kg bw/week recently set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). However, the younger population was found to be more vulnerable than other age groups to exposure to these contaminants. Specifically, the preferential consumption of free-range eggs by infants, toddlers, and children contributed more than 30% to the TWI. The results confirm the need to continuously monitor the levels of chemical contaminants in the environment and provide a reminder of the importance of targeted intervention measures aimed to reduce their occurrence in food and feed, firstly by improving the management practices on egg-producing farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Bertocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Angelone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrica Ferretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Foschini
- Unità Organizzativa Veterinaria, Direzione Generale Welfare Regione Lombardia, Milano, Italy
| | - Bruno Giacometti
- Servizio Veterinario e Igiene degli Alimenti, Assessorato Politiche per la Salute, Regione Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Reparto Chimico degli Alimenti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Reparto Chimico degli Alimenti, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Centro di Referenza Nazionale per il Benessere Animale (CReNBA), Brescia, Italy
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