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Medina-Ruiz A, Jiménez-Millán J, Abad I, Gálvez A, Grande MJ, Jiménez-Espinosa R. Aragonite crystallization in a sulfate-rich hypersaline wetland under dry Mediterranean climate (Laguna Honda, eastern Guadalquivir basin, S Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171362. [PMID: 38428615 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
This research investigates the influence of water composition, the presence of seasonal algal mats, detrital inputs and the activity of microorganisms on the crystallization of aragonite in the sediments deposited in the hypersaline Laguna Honda wetland (S of Spain). The high alkaline and hypersaline waters (pH > 9.2 and C.E. > 70 mS/cm) of the wetland lake are rich in SO42- (>24,000 mg/l), Cl- (>21,000 mg/l), Na+ (>11,000 mg/l) Mg2+ (>8400 mg/l) and Ca2+ (>1000 mg/l), and are supersaturated for dolomite, calcite and aragonite. Sediments have lower pH values than column waters, oscillating from 8.54 in the low Eh (up to -80.9 mV) central deep sediments and 6.33 in the shallower higher Eh (around -13.6 mV) shore sediments. Erosion of the surrounding olive groves soils produced detrital silicates rich sediments with concretions of carbonate or sulfate. Aragonite (up to 19 %) and pyrite (up to 13 %) are mainly concentrated in the organic matter rich samples from the upper part of the sediment cores, whereas gypsum is preferably concentrated in low organic matter content samples. Mineral crusts containing a MgAl silicate phase, epsomite, halite and gypsum are precipitated on the floating algal mats covering the wetland waters. Floating algal mats deposit increased the organic matter content of the upper sediments which promoted the presence of fermentative microorganisms, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) communities and variations of Eh that influence the authigenesis of carbonate and S-bearing minerals. Replacement of poorly crystalline MgSi phases infilling algal cells by aragonite was favored in the organic matter rich sediments with low Eh values and important SRB communities that promoted sulfate bioreduction processes to form pyrite. Aragonite precipitation was favored by the increase of carbonate and bicarbonate concentration produced by the SRB oxidation of organic matter, the CO2 degassing by high summer temperatures and the CO2 uptake by photosynthesis of the algal mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Medina-Ruiz
- Department of Geology and CEACTEMA, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan Jiménez-Millán
- Department of Geology and CEACTEMA, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
| | - Isabel Abad
- Department of Geology and CEACTEMA, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Microbiology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - María José Grande
- Microbiology Division, Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez-Espinosa
- Department of Geology and CEACTEMA, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén, Spain
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2
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Fei Q, Li W, Wang S, Zhou Z, Wang W, Li M. Risk and mechanisms of phosphorus release at the sediment-water interface of lakes in cold and arid regions during non-frozen seasons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:23579-23590. [PMID: 38421544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the eutrophication of lakes has accelerated in cold arid regions; the release of nutrients from sediments is an important contributor. The sequential extraction method, high-resolution peeper (HR-Peeper), and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) techniques were used to study the occurrence characteristics, release risk, and release mechanism of phosphorus (P) at the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Ulanor Wetland in the Hulun Lake Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. The mean total P concentration in overlying water was lower in August than that in May. Dissolved organic P (DOP) or particulate P (PP) was the main form of P in the overlying water. PP dominates in May and DOP in August. Refractory P was the main form of P in sediments. The concentrations of soluble reactive P and DGT-active P in the pore water of the sediment column were higher than those in the overlying water, and the concentrations were higher in August than those in May. Release of P in the wetland sediments occurred during the non-frozen seasons, with a higher risk in August than in May. The good linear correlation between dissolved P, Fe, and Mn in the DGT profiles verified their co-release due to the anaerobic reduction of Fe/Mn oxides. Moreover, alkaline sediments are also conducive to the release of sediment P. This study can provide data and theoretical support for eutrophication control in Ulanor Wetland and other similar water bodies in cold and arid regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhanqi Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Mengze Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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Huang Z, Liu X, Wen J, Fang H, Lin S, Li W, Wang J, Zeng F, Du H, Shi L. Characteristics and fractionations of sediment oxygen demand in a complex tidal river network area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 354:120352. [PMID: 38367503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Tidal river networks are affected by the tide and influenced by complex factors related to sediment oxygen demand (SOD). In this study, we used chemical inhibition to measure the oxygen consumption of different types of SOD to explore the specific oxygen consumption mechanism of sediments. Then, we evaluated the diffusion fluxes of the sediment-water interface and factors affecting SOD using diffusive gradients in thin films. Total SOD in the tidal river network area of the Pearl River basin was ∼0.5928 g/m2/day, which was 8.47% higher than that in the non-tidal river network area but lower than that in black and odorous water reported previously. In the tidal river network area, biological SOD was 15.6% higher in summer than in winter, and the difference in total SOD was greatly influenced by human activity. We observed a significant effect of sediment on SOD in winter, whereas there were no significant correlations between sediment and SOD in summer. Different particle-size distributions lead to different organic matter contents, resulting in different biological SOD ratios between seasons. Our study found that seasonal tidal changes can affect ion exchange at the sediment water interface, leading to changes in SOD.These findings will be of great significance for the study of phenomena associated with low dissolved oxygen in tidal river networks and provide directions for future sediment pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Jinan university, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
| | - Huaiyang Fang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
| | - Shu Lin
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
| | - Weijie Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
| | - Fantang Zeng
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
| | - Hongwei Du
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, China.
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Cao Y, Zhu J, Gao Z, Li S, Zhu Q, Wang H, Huang Q. Spatial dynamics and risk assessment of phosphorus in the river sediment continuum (Qinhuai River basin, China). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:2198-2213. [PMID: 38055174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31241-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the concentration and fractionation of phosphorus (P) using sequential P extraction and their influencing factors by introducing the PLS-SEM model (partial least squares structural equation model) along this continuum from the Qinhuai River. The results showed that the average concentrations of inorganic P (IP) occurred in the following order: urban sediment (1499.1 mg/kg) > suburban sediment (846.1-911.9 mg/kg) > rural sediment (661.1 mg/kg) > natural sediment (179.9 mg/kg), and makes up to 53.9-87.1% of total P (TP). The same as the pattern of IP, OP nearly increased dramatically with increasing the urbanization gradient. This spatial heterogenicity of P along a river was attributed mainly to land use patterns and environmental factors (relative contribution affecting the P fractions: sediment nutrients > metals > grain size). In addition, the highest values of TP (2876.5 mg/kg), BAP (biologically active P, avg, 675.7 mg/kg), and PPI (P pollution index, ≥ 2.0) were found in urban sediments among four regions, indicating a higher environmental risk of P release, which may increase the risk of eutrophication in overlying water bodies. Collectively, this work improves the understanding of the spatial dynamics of P in the natural-rural-urban river sediment continuum, highlights the need to control P pollution in urban sediments, and provides a scientific basis for the future usage and disposal of P in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Zhimin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Sanjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qiuzi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Qi Huang
- College of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, Zhejiang, China
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He W, Li J, Chen M, Sun H, Zhang L, Lu Y, Jia Y, Zhang H. A mathematical model to simulate the release of Fe and Mn from sediments in a drinking water reservoir. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117232. [PMID: 37793584 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Fe and Mn release from sediments promotes the release of other chemicals and jointly affects downstream water safety, especially in drinking water reservoirs. Quantitative research on release processes and flux estimation methods for endogenous Fe and Mn in reservoirs is still limited. Static incubation experiments were designed to systematically explore the effects of water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, carbon sources, and microbial activity on Fe and Mn release. The results showed that increased WT and carbon source addition promoted the release of acid-extractable Fe and Mn from the sediments; hypoxia and acidification promoted the dissolution of reducible sediment Fe and Mn; and microorganisms participated in the cycling of Fe and Mn. Based on the experimental results, first-order kinetic equations for sediment Fe and Mn release to overlying water were proposed, and the relationships between release rate and environmental factors were mathematically represented by a surface equation (R2 = 0.88 and 0.86, respectively). A diffusion gradients in thin films (DGT) device based on the diffusion model was used in situ to obtain the diffusion fluxes of Fe (JFe = 13.93 mg m-2 d-1) and Mn (JMn = 3.48 mg m-2 d-1). When environmental factors obtained in the field were introduced into the established mathematical model, the modeled release fluxes of Fe and Mn were RFe = 20.92 mg m-2 d-1 and RMn = 13.12 mg m-2 d-1, respectively. The established model filled gaps in the diffusion model, which does not account for differences in release fluxes under changing physicochemical water conditions. This work serves as a reference for studying the release fluxes of endogenous chemicals in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan He
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Tianfu Yongxing Laboratory, Chengdu, 610217, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Min Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hailong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Linglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yongao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yunxiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute Tsinghua University, Chengdu, 610217, China; Key Laboratory of Hydrosphere Sciences of the Ministry of Water Resources, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Zhuo T, He L, Chai B, Zhou S, Wan Q, Lei X, Zhou Z, Chen B. Micro-pressure promotes endogenous phosphorus release in a deep reservoir by favouring microbial phosphate mineralisation and solubilisation coupled with sulphate reduction. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120647. [PMID: 37738938 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Deep reservoirs vary in their hydrostatic pressure owing to artificial water level control. The potential migration of phosphorus (P) in reservoir sediments raises the risk of harmful algal blooms. To ascertain the mechanisms of endogenous P release in reservoirs, we characterised aquatic microbial communities associated with coupled iron (Fe), P and sulphur (S) cycling at the sediment-water interface. The responses of microbial communities to hydrostatic pressures of 0.2-0.7 mega pascals (MPa; that is, micro-pressures) were investigated through a 30-day simulation experiment. Our findings unravelled a potential mechanism that micro-pressure enhanced the solubilisation of Fe/aluminium (Al)-bound P caused by microbially-driven sulphate reduction, leading to endogenous P release in the deep reservoir. Although the vertical distribution of labile Fe was not affected by pressure changes, we did observe Fe resupply at sediment depths of 2-5 cm. Metagenomic analysis revealed increased abundances of functional genes for P mineralisation (phoD, phoA), P solubilisation (pqqC, ppx-gppA) and sulphate reduction (cysD, cysC) in sediments subjected to micro-pressure, which contrasted with the pattern of S oxidation gene (soxB). There was a tight connection between P and S cycling-related microbial communities, based on significant positive correlations between labile element (P and S) concentrations and functional gene (phoD, cysD) abundances. This provided strong support that Fe-P-S coupling processes were governed by micro-pressure through modulation of P and S cycling-related microbial functions. Key taxa involved in P and S cycling (for example, Bradyrhizobium, Methyloceanibacter) positively responded to micro-pressure and as such, indirectly drove P release from sediments by facilitating P mineralisation and solubilisation coupled with sulphate reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhuo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lixin He
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Regulation and Comprehensive Management of Water Resources and Water Environment, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Water Conservancy, School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Beibei Chai
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Regulation and Comprehensive Management of Water Resources and Water Environment, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Water Conservancy, School of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China.
| | - Shilei Zhou
- Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Qiong Wan
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Xiaohui Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Bin Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Proshad R, Dey HC, Khan MSU, Baroi A, Kumar S, Idris AM. Source-oriented risks apportionment of toxic metals in river sediments of Bangladesh: a national wide application of PMF model and pollution indices. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6769-6792. [PMID: 36633753 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Intense human activities, particularly industrial and agricultural output, has enriched metal(loid)s in riverine sediment and endangered aquatic ecosystems and human health. Promoting proper river management requires an assessment of the possible ecological hazards and pollution posed by metal(loid)s in sediments. However, there are limited large-scale risk assessments of metal(loid)s contamination in riverine sediment in heavily populated nations like Bangladesh. This study compiled data on sediment metal(loid)s, for example, Cd, As, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, and Zn, from 24 major rivers located across Bangladesh between 2011 and 2022 and applied positive matrix factorization (PMF) to identify the critical metal(loid)s sources and PMF model-based ecological risks. Based on studied metal(loid)s, 12-78% of rivers posed higher contents than the upper continental crust and 8% of the river sediments for Cr and Ni, whereas 4% for Cd and As exceeded probable effect concentration. Cr and Ni in the sum of toxic units (STU), whereas Mn, As and Cd in potential ecological risk (PER) posed the highest contribution to contaminate sediments. In the studied rivers, sediment contaminant Mn derived from natural sources; Zn and Ni originated from mixed sources; Cr and Cu were released from the tannery and industrial emissions and Cd originated from agricultural practices. Source-based PER and NIRI indicated that mixed source (4% rivers) and tannery and industrial emission (4% rivers) posed very high risks in sediments. For the creation of macroscale policies and the restoration of contaminated rivers, our national-scale comprehensive study offers helpful references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Proshad
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Hridoy Chandra Dey
- Faculty of Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shihab Uddine Khan
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Artho Baroi
- Department of Crop Botany, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Sazal Kumar
- University of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Abubakr M Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
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Lu Y, Lin J, Wu X, Zhan Y. Control of phosphorus release from sediment by hydrous zirconium oxide combined with calcite, bentonite and zeolite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138892. [PMID: 37169085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness and mechanism for the control of internal phosphorus (P) liberation from sediment by hydrous zirconium oxide (HZrO2) combined with calcite, bentonite and zeolite. The results suggested that coexisting calcite, calcium-modified bentonite (CaBT) and calcium-modified zeolite (CaZ) all had the ability to promote the adsorption of phosphate (PO43-) onto HZrO2. The mechanisms of PO43- elimination by HZrO2/calcite mixture involved the adsorption of PO43- on calcite, the precipitation of PO43- with Ca2+, and the inner-sphere complexation of PO43- with HZrO2. The amendment of sediment with HZrO2/calcite, HZrO2/CaBT or HZrO2/CaZ mixture can effectively prevent the sedimentary P release, and the immobilization of mobile P in the sediment and the uptake of dissolved reactive P (DRP) from the interstitial water by the amendment material played a key role in the control of P release from sediment by the combined amendment. Capping sediment with HZrO2/calcite, HZrO2/CaBT or HZrO2/CaZ mixture also can effectively intercept sediment P release, and the formation of P static layer attributed to the uptake of interstitial water DRP and DGT (diffusive gradient in thin-films)-unstable P in the upper sediment by the capping material was a key to the inhibition of sedimentary P migration into the overlying water by the combined capping. The great majority of P immobilized by the HZrO2/calcite, HZrO2/CaBT or HZrO2/CaZ combined covering layer is stable P and it has a low re-releasing risk under dissolved oxygen-deficit and pH 5-9 condition. The stability of P bound by the combined covering layer was larger than that by the single HZrO2 covering layer. The results of this research show that the combined use of HZrO2 and calcite, HZrO2 and CaBT, or HZrO2 and CaZ as a capping material has great potential in the reduction of sediment P loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Lu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jianwei Lin
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xugan Wu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yanhui Zhan
- College of Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Chen C, Kang Y, Chen H, Liu Y, Xu M, Long L, Zhang Y, Wu J, Huang C, Wang Y, Yang G. Effects of overwintering cyanobacteria on phosphorus and iron regeneration across the sediment-water interface: A pilot simulation experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161518. [PMID: 36642276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are a major environmental problem in eutrophic reservoirs in China. Algal cells can migrate to the sediment surface in winter and maintain biological activity, which could further affect the cycling process of sediment phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe). In this study, a pilot simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of overwintering cyanobacteria (Owc) on P and Fe regeneration across the sediment-water interface (SWI). Owc esterase activity ranged from 16.4 to 26.6 nmol (FDA)/(L·h), with a fluctuating increasing trend within the incubation time. Compared with the control (no Owc), Owc treatment increased the redox potential value (Eh) at the SWI but slightly decreased the pH during the first stage of this experiment (0-24 d); however, the Eh at the SWI under Owc treatment decreased to 50.9 % of that of the control on day 90. The Fe(II) could rapidly oxidized to Fe (oxyhydro)oxides and combine with phosphate in high Eh environments, and Owc inhibited P and Fe release at the SWI within 24 days; however, the continuous decrease in Eh resulted in the reduction of Fe(III). Thus, the Fe concentration measured via diffusive gradients in thin films in the Owc-treated interstitial water gradually increased to 1.92 times that of the control, promoting the release of Fe and P across the SWI. For 13 days after Owc addition, the amount of mobile P in the sediment was significantly higher than that in the control, and it gradually decreased from day 24 to 90, with the lowest being approximately 74.1 % of the amount in the control. The reactive Fe concentration in the sediment showed a similar variation trend. These results indicate that mobile P and reactive Fe in the sediment could be the main sources of regeneration across the SWI in the presence of Owc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuxie Kang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Min Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lulu Long
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yanzong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Chengyi Huang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yiyao Wang
- Chengdu Operation Center for Environmental Emergencies, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Zheng Y, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Han C, Wang Z, Liu C, Ke F, Zhang L, Shen Q. Evaluation of the distribution and mobility of labile phosphorus in sediment profiles of Lake Nansi, the largest eutrophic freshwater lake in northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 315:137756. [PMID: 36610514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Understanding various biogeochemical processes, especially in eutrophic sediments, necessitates fine-scale phosphorus (P) measurements in pore waters. To the best of our knowledge, the fine-scale distributions of P across the sediment profiles of Lake Nansi have rarely been investigated. Herein we evaluated the dynamic distributions of labile P and Fe across the sediment-water interface (SWI) of Lake Nansi at two-dimensional (2D) and sub-millimeter resolution, using well-established colorimetric diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) methodology. The concentrations of labile P in all investigated sediment profiles exhibited strong spatial variations, ranging from 0 to 1.50 mg/L with a considerable number of hotspots. Lake Nanyang (0.55 ± 0.21 mg/L) had the highest mean concentration of labile P, followed by Lake Dushan (0.38 ± 0.19 mg/L), Lake Weishan (0.28 ± 0.21 mg/L), and Lake Zhaoyang (0.18 ± 0.09 mg/L). The highest concentrations of labile P were always detected in Lake Dushan, which had been subjected to excessive exogenous P pollution. The co-distributions of labile P and Fe in the majority of the sediment of Lake Nansi confirmed highly positive correlations (P < 0.01), suggesting that the mobility of labile P throughout the SWI was likely governed by iron redox processes. The apparent diffusion fluxes of P across the SWI ranged from -7.7 to 33.6 μg/m2·d, with a mean value of 5.26 ± 7.80 μg/m2·d. Positive apparent fluxes for labile P were recorded in most sediment cores, demonstrating the strong upward mobility of P from the sediment to the overlying water. Our results provided accurate and extensive information regarding the micro-distribution and dynamic exchange of labile P across the SWI. This allows for a better understanding of eutrophication processes and the implementation of P management strategies in Lake Nansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; School of Civil & Architecture Engineering, Xi' an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- School of Civil & Architecture Engineering, Xi' an Technological University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zhaode Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Fan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qiushi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
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11
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Chen Y, Yao Y, Han X, Li D, Han R. In Situ Simultaneous Analysis of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Migration in Urban Black Odorous Runoff. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13240. [PMID: 36293820 PMCID: PMC9603257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The extremely serious urban runoff eutrophication and black odorous phenomenon pose a significant threat to the lake aquatic ecosystem, resulting in a significantly increased frequency, magnitude, and duration of algal blooms in lakes. However, few investigations focus on small tributaries of the lakes, despite the ubiquity and potential local importance of these runoffs. Thus, the labile sediments NH4+-N, NO3--N, PO43-, Fe2+, and S2- in black odorous runoff at Wuxi were overall analyzed at high resolution using diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). The variations in labile N, P, Fe, and S distribution profiles at different sampling sites indicated high heterogeneity in sediments. The concentrations of labile P, Fe, and S showed synchronous variation from the sediment-water interface (SWI) up to -20 mm along sediment profiles. Moreover, there existed a significant positive correlation among labile P, Fe, and S concentrations (p < 0.05), which might represent typical odor compounds' FeS and H2S synchronous release process in urban runoff. Furthermore, the apparent diffusion fluxes of labile P, Fe, and S across the SWI were all released upward, while fluxes of NH4+-N and NO3--N release downward, indicating the sediments act as source and sink of P and N, respectively. Sediments' potential for endogenous P and N fractions release results in the black-odorous water, and sediment finally abouchement the Taihu, which intensifies further lake eutrophication phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Han
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dujun Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ruiming Han
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Eco-Remediation, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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12
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Wang WH, Wang Y, Yang PL, Wang M, Zhou K. Physi-chemical mechanism and control effect of CaO 2 inhibiting phosphorus release from sediments under different dosing modes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135283. [PMID: 35688200 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CaO2 is known as an outstanding restoration agent to control phosphorus (P) release from sediments, and its mechanism is believed to depend on chemical passivation. However, we found that the physical actions might also be involved in inhibiting endogenous P release induced by CaO2. To further explore the mechanism of CaO2 controlling P release and optimize the dosing method, a 94-day incubation experiment was conducted under different CaO2 dosing modes. The results showed that CaO2 could form a dense passivation layer near its dosing position by reducing the median diameter of sediments, thereby inhibiting P release through physical obstruction. At the same time, the increase in the specific surface area and Ca content of sediments induced by CaO2 could synchronously enhance the physical and chemical adsorption properties of sediments to P. In addition, CaO2 could significantly reduce the P concentration in sediment interstitial water and the mobile-P and BAP contents in sediments through chemical oxidation and chemical precipitation. Under the combined actions of physical obstruction, physi-chemical adsorption, chemical oxidation, and chemical precipitation, CaO2 effectively inhibited endogenous P release. Finally, the P release flux in each reactor showed that multiple coverage and shallow injection had the optimal effect on inhibiting P release, and the former is recommended for the water systems with shallow sediments, and the latter is suitable for the water systems with deep sediments. In general, this experiment proposed the physi-chemical mechanism of P immobilization mediated by CaO2, studied the formation characteristics of the passivation layer, and optimized the dosing mode, which can provide valuable reference for the research and application of CaO2 controlling P release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Huai Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng-Li Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhou
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, People's Republic of China
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Zheng Z, Wang X, Jin J, Hao J, Nie Y, Chen X, Mou J, Emslie SD, Liu X. Fraction distribution and dynamic cycling of phosphorus in lacustrine sediment at Inexpressible Island, Antarctica. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 164:107228. [PMID: 35468407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) chemistry and its dynamic cycling are essential for understanding aquatic primary productivity and ecosystem structure. However, there is a lack of knowledge on P chemistry in pristine aquatic ecosystems, such as in Antarctica. Here, we applied the Standards, Measurements and Testing Program (SMT) procedure and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to reveal P speciation in two types of lacustrine sediment cores collected from Inexpressible Island, Ross Sea, East Antarctica. The Positive Matrix Factorization Model and Generalized Additive Models were applied to quantitatively identify the P sources and estimate relative effects of various environmental factors on the speciation. Our results demonstrate that orthophosphate, mainly as Ca-P, is the major component and the ortho-monoesters are the predominant organic phosphorus (OP) form in lacustrine sediments. Ornithogenic lacustrine sediments have a higher content of P as Ca-P than sediments with little or no penguin influence. Our model further suggests that penguin guano is the most important source for Ca-P, accounting for 80%, while detrital input is the predominant source for Fe/Al-P (up to 90%). The content of ortho-monoesters, as revealed by NMR, declines with depth, reflecting mineralization process of OP in the sediments. Moreover, we observed higher relative proportions of organic P in the sediments with little guano influence and the deposition of organic P are likely facilitated by microbial mats. Overall, our data suggest that burial of P in Antarctic lakes is sensitive to different P sources and sedimentary environments. The relatively higher bioavailable phosphorus in lacustrine sediments largely controls growth of aquatic microbial mats in oligotrophic lakes and ponds in Antarctica. The sediment profile data also indicate that P burial increased during the Medieval Climate Anomaly period, and climate warming is more conducive to P burial through the expansion of penguin populations and productivity of microbial mats. Our findings represent the first systematic understanding of natural P cycling dynamics and its main controlling factors in pristine ponds with different organic sources in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangqin Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jihua Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, USTC, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Yaguang Nie
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jinhua Mou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Steven D Emslie
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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14
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Mn(II) Sorption on Stream Sediments Sampled in Manganese Mining Area: Dynamics and Mechanisms. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The stream sediments that have been impacted by manganese (Mn) containing wastewater for decades contain not only abundant microorganisms but also organic/inorganic substances. To achieve effective treatment of manganese (Mn)-containing effluent and recovery of Mn from water/sediments, the Mn(II) sorption behaviors and mechanism on sediments of a stream in Mn mining areas were studied. In addition, the study analyzed the effects of various factors (initial concentration, solution pH, sediment dose, contact time, and coexisting cations) on the Mn sorption efficiency of Daxin sediments, and explored the contribution of microbial activity in the sediment sorption of Mn(II). The results showed that the sorption process of Mn(II) on the sediments was consistent with the Elovich and Freundlich models, and the removal of heavy metals was maximum at 40 °C (62.47–98.93%), pH = 8 (77.51%), initial concentration of 1 mmol·L−1 (95.37%) and sediment dosing of 12 g·L−1 (98.93%). The addition of 50 mM NaN3 inhibited the microbial activity in the Daxin sediment, reducing the sorption and removal rates of Mn(II) by 0.605 mg·g−1 and 8.92%, respectively. After sorption, the proportion of the Fe–Mn oxidation(iron–manganese) state in Daxin sediments decreased from 54% to 43%, while the proportion of the exchangeable state increased by 10.80%. Microorganisms in the sediment had a positive effect on inhibiting heavy metal migration and reducing the bioavailability of contaminants in the soil. Through this study, we hope to further understand the sorption and desorption mechanism of manganese by stream sediments in manganese ore areas, so as to provide a guide on the management and recovery of Mn from stream sediments in manganese mining areas.
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Liu J, Liu R, Yang Z, Zhang L, Kuikka S. Prioritizing risk mitigation measures for binary heavy metal contamination emergencies at the watershed scale using bayesian decision networks. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113640. [PMID: 34479155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution accidents have the characteristics of high uncertainty, rapid evolution and are difficult to control, thus posing great threats to human health, ecological security, and social stability. During the last 10 years, China has faced the occurrence of six extraordinarily serious heavy metal contamination pollution events at the watershed scale. This has alerted governments and enterprises of the significance of emergency decision-making. To quantitatively prioritize risk mitigation strategies for heavy metal emergencies, a Bayesian Decision Network-based probabilistic model is proposed under the Drivers-Pressures-States-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR) framework. A Copula-based exposure risk model is embedded to simulate the fate of heavy metal ions for each risk reduction option, whose joint probability distributions can then be used as input parameters in the Bayesian Decision Network. This method was applied to the emergency response prioritization for acute Cr(VI)-Hg(II) contamination accidents in the Danshui River watershed. The results indicated that comprehensive measure (M5) was the best option for decreasing ecological and human health risks. As for a single risk mitigation strategy, risk source prevention (M1) was the best alternative compared to exposure pathway interruption (M2) and human/ecological receptor protection (M3-M4). This probabilistic method can not only address the uncertainties between certain risk sources and receptors in the BDN structure, but also realize the risk system optimization in a satisfactory/preferred mode under the DPSIR framework. Overall, it provides the probabilistic risk estimates for watershed-scale risk management and policy making for local risk managers and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, China.
| | - Renzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Lixiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Sakari Kuikka
- Fisheries and Environmental Management Group (FEM), Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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